ЁЯУЪ

NCERT Chemistry: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Jul 9, 2024

One Shot: NCERT Related Information

Introduction

  • Focus: NCERT and more priority sections
  • Reaction mechanisms always exist, but it's not necessary to cover all mechanisms

Chapters included in One Shot

  • Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers (NCERT 12th grade, second part)
  • Haloalkanes and Haloarenes information is also necessary because they are important in reactions

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

  1. Alcohols
    • Primary, Secondary, Tertiary alcohols
    • Monohydric, Dihydric, Trihydric alcohols
  2. Phenols
  3. Ethers

Alcohols

Classification

  • Number of O Groups: Monohydric, Dihydric, Trihydric
  • Based on Degree: 1┬░, 2┬░, 3┬░ alcohols
  • Based on Hybridization: sp3 Carbon (Aliphatic, Benzylic) and sp2 Carbon (Aromatic Alcohol, Vinylic Alcohol)

Nomenclature

  • Common Name and IUPAC Name: such as Methanol, Propanol, Butanol
  • Alcohols are named using the prefix hydroxy- and the suffix -ol

Preparation

  1. Nucleophilic Substitution: RX + NaOH тЖТ ROH + NaX
  2. Addition of Water on Alkene (Markovnikov's rule, Hydroboration Oxidation)
  3. From Aldehyde/Ketone with Grignard Reagent
  4. Reaction via Ester Hydrolysis
  5. Dehydration of Alcohol (Ether formation)
  6. Commercial Methods: Methanol, Ethanol industrial production

Reactions

  1. Acidic Nature: Donating H+ (R-OH тЖТ R-O- + H+)
  2. Reaction with Metals
  3. Lucas Test: Identification of 1┬░, 2┬░, 3┬░ alcohols with HCl/ZnCl2
  4. Esterification
  5. HI as Reducing Agent (with Thionyl chloride)
  6. Oxidation: using KMnO4, PCC, or hot copper for oxidation to aldehyde/ketone

Phenols

Preparation

  1. Diazotization: Apply special conditions (very high temperature and pressure)
  2. Cumene process: in laboratory
  3. HBr and Sodium Hydroxide base process

Reactions

  1. Acidic Nature: Reactions with NaOH, Na, Zn, FeCl3
  2. Ester formation
  3. Does not undergo Friedel-Crafts Reaction

Ethers

Classification

  • Symmetrical Ethers
  • Unsymmetrical Ethers

Nomenclature

  • Common Names: Dimethyl Ether, Ethyl Methyl Ether
  • IUPAC Names: Methoxymethane, Methoxypropane

Preparation

  1. Dehydration of Alcohol: Williamson Synthesis
  2. Diazomethane: from alcohol in presence of SDH acid and BF3

Reactions

  1. Reaction with HCl
  2. Alpha Halogenation
  3. Electrophilic Substitution: at ortho and para positions

Full transcript