Overview
This lecture explores the main sources of knowledge about ancient Greek theater, its historical context, structure, genres, key playwrights, theatrical features, and the function of the chorus.
Sources of Knowledge About Greek Theater
- Our knowledge comes from surviving texts, ancient sources, archaeological remains, and pottery depicting theatrical scenes.
- Around 30 Greek tragedies and 12-14 comedies have survived.
- Painted vases often show scenes from plays and were likely sold as souvenirs.
Context and Organization of Greek Theater
- Plays were performed at the annual Festival of Dionysus in spring, a major social and religious event.
- Three tragic playwrights competed, each sponsored by a wealthy citizen for honor, not money.
- Winners were commemorated by having their names inscribed on theater walls.
Types of Greek Drama
- Three main types: tragedy, comedy, and satyr play.
- Tragedy features beautiful masks and serious themes; comedy involves ugly masks and lower-class characters.
- Satyr plays, featuring half-man, half-goat creatures, were rude comedic pieces performed after tragedies.
Key Playwrights
- Three main tragedians: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides; all Athenians from the 5th century BCE.
- Aristophanes was the primary classical comic playwright.
Structure and Architecture of Greek Theaters
- Greek theaters were open-air, built into hillsides with tiered semicircular seating.
- The orchestra ("dancing space") was at the base for the chorus, with a stage and background buildings.
- Modern theaters like the Olivier Theater imitate this ancient design for audience connection.
Masks and Performance
- Masks were used as part of religious ritual and tradition, associated with worship of Dionysus.
- Only three actors played all speaking roles, changing masks for different characters.
The Role of the Chorus
- The chorus originated from traditions of choral song and dance.
- Provided musical entertainment and represented the viewpoint of the community.
- Their presence made Greek drama inherently political, showing interactions between leaders and citizens.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Orchestra — the circular space in the theater for chorus performances.
- Chorus — a group of performers representing the community, singing and dancing.
- Satyr Play — a comic, often crude, play featuring mythological half-man, half-goat creatures.
- Tragedian — a playwright who wrote tragedies.
- Masks — facial coverings used by actors for religious reasons and character changes.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the main characteristics of Greek theater genres.
- Familiarize yourself with the key playwrights and their contributions.
- Reflect on the political aspects and community role of the Greek chorus.