Erikson's Theory of Psycho-social Development

Erikson's theory outlines eight stages of psychosocial development from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage presents a conflict that individuals must resolve to develop a healthy personality and social relationships.

Stage 1: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy: 1-2 years)

• Key Question: Can I trust the world?
• Development: Trust is developed when infants feel safe and their needs are consistently met. Mistrust can develop if they experience fear or inconsistency.
• Influence: The mother plays a pivotal role.

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (Early Childhood: 2-4 years)

• Key Question: Is it okay to be me?
• Development: Autonomy is fostered when children are encouraged to explore and discover their bodies and abilities, leading to self-confidence. Restriction can lead to shame and doubt.
• Influence: Both parents play a significant role.

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool Age: 4-5 years)

• Key Question: Is it okay for me to do what I do?
• Development: Initiative grows when children are encouraged to try new things. If restricted, they may develop guilt.
• Influence: Learning occurs within the entire family.

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age: 5-12 years)

• Key Question: Can I make it in this world?
• Development: Children develop industriousness when they receive recognition. Negative feedback can lead to feelings of inferiority.
• Influence: Neighbors and school exert the most influence.

Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence: 13-19 years)

• Key Question: Who am I?
• Development: Adolescents explore different roles and identities. Supportive environments help form identity, whereas pressures to conform can lead to role confusion.
• Influence: Peers and role models are crucial.

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood: 20-40 years)

• Key Question: Can I love?
• Development: Intimacy is achieved through meaningful relationships, while failure to do so may result in isolation.
• Influence: Friends and partners are central.

Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Adulthood: 40-65 years)

• Key Question: Can I make my life count?
• Development: Generativity involves contributing to society and helping the next generation. Unresolved conflicts can lead to stagnation.
• Influence: Home and work environments are influential.

Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Maturity: 65-death)

• Key Question: How have I done?
• Development: Reflecting on life with satisfaction leads to integrity. Regret can lead to despair.
• Influence: Comparison with others and reflection on life.

About Erik Erikson

• Background: German-American psychologist, influenced by Sigmund and Anna Freud.
• Contributions: Known for the concept of "identity crisis."
• Academic Career: Despite lacking a bachelor's degree, served as a professor at Harvard and Yale.

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