Transcript for:
Fundamentals of Spanish Language

this video contains every Spanish idea principle and fundamental that you need in order to understand how Spanish operates as a language after watching this video you will have a clear basis of Spanish and understand how to use its ideas properly in essence this video is a long collection of all of my previous videos combined that show and explain each Spanish concept individually so that way you don't have to search each concept on its own everything that you need in Spanish is in this video aside from verbs like gust and the difference between K and qu I've decided to not describe them because these are Spanish Concepts that do not need thorough explanations aside from that everything else is in this video some moments will have weird sentences like this concept is for a future video but that is because all of my videos are edited into one long video some parts will be slower quieter and maybe even faster than others and I do apologize for these moments like I said at the beginning this is a simple collection of all my previous videos combined so therefore I cannot go back and change them in any way what's in this video is the same across all of my previous videos and I will end the video with a short conclusion explaining why I showed these ideas as they are anyhow enjoy this is my first official video on my channel that's going to go in depth with the aspects of a language that you would need to know to speak I chose to go with Spanish first because I'm learning it right now and I would even say that I have an intermediate to an advanced level of Spanish in all aspects of reading and writing moderate speaking and a bit of listening though I'm not a native Spanish speaker I do have a substantial amount of knowledge when it comes down to the fundamentals of the language and by fundamentals I mean the first words phrases and sentences that you would need to know to start start speaking Spanish on a beginner level everybody has to start with the fundamentals of the language understanding the basic syntax of the language the alphabet words verbs phrases and everything in between the Spanish alphabet is actually no different than the English alphabet following the same letters but there are a few differences like having an in which is an N with a squiggle over it having 27 letters instead of 26 like in English and also every letter is pronounced differently as someone who's learning Spanish you don't necessarily need to learn how to pronounce every letter of the alphabet what you do need to learn is how to use these letters in context however I will still pronounce them for you so that you can understand how the language is spoken a b c d e f o That's How The Language sounds like one spoken as a side note people sometimes like to include the letters CH and Y making the alphabet have 29 letters but these are mainly sound letters that are used a lot less and something important to say about the sound yeah typically speaking if you're someone who is not of Spanish Heritage you will pronounce the sound as yeah two L's make a ye sound like yav which is Spanish for key now I would like to speak about the words that you would need to know to say daily if you want to speak Spanish for now the biggest advice that I can give is to just memorize these words and keep them locked in your mind and whenever I say memorize this or memorize that it basically means that I simplified the context to its easiest form it cannot get any easier than this so it's not not going to be difficult to memorize these words and have them locked in your memory here's what I'm going to begin with accents question words prepositional words and adverbs pronouns days of the week months Seasons time words and numbers number one accents accents in Spanish essentially help to indicate which syllable of a word should be stressed out when spoken out loud the accents are placed above vowels and whenever you say them you put the emphasis of the sound on that vowel here's an example and I'm using this example as an example you don't have to know the rules for now yo ablo in Spanish means I speak don't worry about the conjugation yo that's the pronunciation yo however ELO means he spoke L with an accent mark means he because without the accent it means the article the masculine and also H's in Spanish are not pronounced so whenever you see a word beginning with a followed by a vowel just say the vowel as it is it's Noto Oro it's ablo ablo ablo ablo that's Accents in Spanish number two question words the best advice for these words is again just memorize them these are the question words and in Spanish they look like this where is d when is quando what is K why is for who is Ken which is kual how is and how much or how many is Quanto quanta quantos Quantas and also whenever you write a question with them you have to put an upside down question mark in the beginning this is a rule in the language and this is something good to remember if you see these words with accents the words are used as literal questions sometimes K without an accent mark can mean that as in the sentence I wanted to tell you that I'm happy sometimes D without an accent mark can mean where I came from I'm not using it as a question I'm using it as a location additionally p means why because you can see the word being split and the emphasis is put on the K part however if you were to combine them together pronounced por this word means because por is why por is because the last thing to note is that some question words have genders and plurality for example if I ask kenes I'm asking about who as in multiple people instead of one person another example is how many if I say Quantas I'm saying how many for them feminine because the ending ah is most of the time feminine in Spanish if I say quantos I'm saying how many for them masculine because the ending o is most of the time masculine in Spanish number three prepositional words and adverbs prepositional words can be Fanboys such as for and nor but or yet so and as a bonus by for is para and is e nor is NI but is per make sure that you have one R because two RS per this would be Spanish for dog or is O yet is used as still as in the sentence I studied for my test yet I failed I studied for my test but still I failed this word is is actually used as Oro so is and by is now we have some adverbs if is C no accent because with an accent you have C which means yes then is Inon also Isen of and from both mean de but the meaning changes in context with is Con to is a in and on is n and each is kada just make sure you know this information number four pronouns I'll use this 2 X3 chart to First explain their position of order in English in English you have I you he you can also include she but I'll say he just to put up some space we the pronoun in the fifth position is actually you all or y'all English doesn't have this pronoun but I will still included because Spanish has it and finally they these are the pronouns in Spanish yo to with an accent because without the accent it means to which is your L you can also say a or andad actually means you formal like when you're talking to a professional person noos is masculine and noas is feminine these pronouns have genders votos is you all masculine and votas is you all feminine and AOS is they masculine AAS is they feminine andus is you all formal try not focusing on these pronouns because you will rarely use them in conversation make sure you know the main ones like yo to El andos number five days of the week Monday is Lunes Tuesday is mares Wednesday is m Thursday is Sab Domingo you don't have to capitalize these words in Spanish as you do in English number six months once again you don't have to capitalize these in Spanish feo abil Mayo jul AO sept OCT number seven seasons Verano in Prima number eight time words and some of these have genders such as second which ISO Ora this can also mean second as an a position I'm in second place but the meaning changes in context minute which is or you can say Unos or unas which both mean some or a few minutes hour is a week is month is mes year is ano make sure you put the because without it you have ano which is anus yesterday is a today is oi and tomorrow is Manana Manana can also mean morning but the meaning changes in context and last one number nine numbers now I'm not going to write every single number down because this will be a long video but I'll give the syntax of how to say numbers and from there you can say numbers on your own un there is no point of listing numbers past 20 because all you do is take V and then add any number you want to it but it has to be written as one word like V or V and so on 30 is TR e and whatever number you want like tros 40 is o no mil and 1 million the last concept is positions of numbers and these have genders first is primo or Prima second is SEO Ora it can also mean second as in time I already covered thatto also quto can mean room or quarter of the time but the meaning again changes in context kto SE SE septimo Septima octavo octava noen noena deimo deima there is no point of learning numbers beyond that and it's actually a concept I'll cover in a future video so for now I want to say that this is it for this video what I covered in this video is the fundamentals that you would need to start speaking Spanish they all begin here and of course if you don't memorize all of them you can always use a translator to translate the word that you forgot and then it will be locked in your mind accents question words prepositional words and adverbs pronouns days of the week months Seasons time words and numbers Spanish has a lot of verbs and a lot of conjugation for those verbs and in this video I'll go in depth and explain how this fundamental actually works I like to call this the primary fundamental of Spanish because it's the first system of the language where you'll need to think in terms of translation unlike memorization from the previous video conjugation basically means that you're modifying a verb so that it fits the pronoun that you're writing the verb into and speaking of pronouns here's their syntax in case you forgot from the previous video I'd also like to focus not just on important verbs that you have to know and how to conjugate but also on which pronouns to concentrate on the most because some pronouns are used way more often than others like yo to and L are used way more often than noos Vos and AOS I'd first like to present what the idea of verb conjugation looks like in English to give you a base that you can relate to the reason why English is a very easy language is because it has a very minimal syntax and it doesn't really have a lot of variety in terms of conjugation if I want to use the verb to eat it will look like this in English and keep in mind that this is just a present form and also that the way you figure out verbs in English is by the preposition to to eat to walk to tell to do whatever but in Spanish in order to determine if a word is a verb it has to end in a r e r or I but let's focus on English for a second in English you say I eat you eat he eats you can also say she or it eats but we're focusing on pronouns that you would use realistically we eat you all eat there reason no you all in English but I will still include it because Spanish has it and then they eat looking at the syntax there's really n much in terms of conjugation because eat stays eat for 80% of the pronouns and you only add an s in the he pronoun because that's the syntax of the language in Spanish there are verbs ending in a r e r and I like abl and V here are the meanings and let's start with verbs ending in a r the way that conjugation Works in Spanish is by dropping off the ending of the verb like abl and then you add the corresponding conjugation that fits the pronoun unlike the two conjugations that you have in English Spanish has six of them to conjugate simple verbs ending in a r you first drop the ending of the verb and then apply the ending that corresponds with the pronoun for y you put o for to you put as for l or aad you put a for noos or noas but again we're focusing on the pronouns you'll use the most when speaking so for noos you put Amos for Vos you put ice with an emphasis on the a ice and for AOS you put an let's use the verb abl which is a verb you use a lot when you speak how would you conjugate the verb abl in the yo form you take a drop the ending and you add o so you get ablo the the more you try this concept the faster you'll get it for two you get AAS for l or a you get abla for noos you get aamos for votos you get abl and for AOS you get ablan try not concentrating on these pronouns because the sentences that you can make with them are very minimal all we have to know for now is how to conjugate verbs ending in a r using every pronoun but you don't necessarily need to make a thousand sentences with them if you were to make phrases as examples try focusing more on these pronouns one important thing to note is that the same system for conjugation works for almost every AR verb out there but I will not focus on all of them because there is no point plus there are verbs like gustar and pensar that are topics for future videos and also I don't like giving examples whenever I show the First Fundamental of Spanish because I believe that when you're learning the beginning you can generate examples on your own by simply translating new vocabulary that you encounter in your personal life plus as I said as long as you know how to conjugate verbs you're good to go because by learning how to say yo ablo you can already say many sentences like yo ablo Espanol y or you already said a few sentences with the words yo and you can probably say more based on whatever you want to say next up there are verbs ending in eer and these verbs follow a similar syntax as verbs ending with a r for y you drop the ending of the verb and you put o for to you put s for l or a you put e for noos you put Emos foros you put Ace with an emphasis on the E Ace and for AOS you put n using the verb K as an example how would you conjugate the verb K in the Y form you take K drop the ending and add o so you get KO this word can also mean like as in the sentence like I told him yesterday but the meaning changes in context for two you get k for L you get k for noos Kos foros and AOS com as I said again try not concentrating on these pronouns because the phrases that you can make with them are mainly pointless there is no point in knowing how to conjugate every single e verb because you'll never use all of them I'm just using a useful verb like in order to show you how to conjugate regular e verbs the last concept is verbs ending in IR for yo you drop the ending of the verb and put o for to you put s for L you put e for noos you put imos for votos you put is with an emphasis on the E is and for AOS you put n you might also notice that the pronouns y to L and AOS all use the same syntax as verbs ending in e which makes the language more convenient using the verb VI as an example for the Y pronoun you take VI drop the ending and add o so you get Vivo for two you get Viv for L you get VI for noos you get Vios Vos VI AOS VI as I said again there is no point in knowing how to conjugate every single IR verb because you'll never use all of them so for now I want to say that this is it for this video I could have made it a longer video where I gave examples and maybe quizzed you on some of the topics that I show today but I prefer not to I choose to end the concept here because I believe that this is a sufficient amount of information that one would need to know in order to understand verbs better in this video I just explained the fundamental of a r ER R and IR verb conjugation later you can start making sentences using different verbs and expressing any thought that you have in mind in Spanish this is the main fundamental of Spanish Spanish has two types of Articles definite and indefinite articles definite articles speak of the articles the in English and it's also known as the article that specifies something such as the book indefinite articles speak of a and or some also known as articles that generalize things like a book in Spanish both types of Articles have gender and plurality the definite article the in Spanish is L the masculine and singular and La feminine and singular a Libro means the book and we know that this article is masculine because the ending of the noun that follows the article is masculine most nouns in Spanish that end in o tend to be masculine so we have to put the masculine definite article L likewise we do the same with the feminine article Laina means the pool we know this article is feminine because it corresponds with the noun after it which is feminine most souns in Spanish that end in a tend to be feminine so we have to put the feminine definite article La if we want to pluralize the Articles L becomes Los and La becomes l so Los libros would be the books and Nas would be the pools indefinite articles look like this in Spanish un is a or n masculine and singular and una is a or n feminine and singular un Libro would be a book and una Pina would be a pool also it's really important not to say uno Libro because if we say that we're saying one book instead of a book we're working with articles not numbers so if we want to pluralize them we say Unos lios some books and unas some pools there are however a few strange words in Spanish and we need to cover those to such as class and car they both end with e but they actually use the feminine article La so la class is the class and La car is the meat other words may end in D such Asad and unad and those also use the feminine article La soad is the City and LA Universidad is the University you might also find words ending inion which is the English version of words ending in t n and these words also tend to use the feminine article La so la Aion is the action at last you might find a few exceptions like prma and prog and you would think that these words are feminine because they end in a but actually they end in Ma and words that end in MA in Spanish use the masculine article L Elma is the problem and El prog is the program two more common words is Dia and AUA and you want to say that those are feminine because they end in a but they actually use the masculine article l l is the day and L AUA is the water there's also this word photo and this word actually uses the feminine article LA because photo is short for photographia it ends in a so you want to put La in the beginning the verb s in Spanish means to be as in being or existing and it syntax looks like this in English I am you are he or she it is we are yall are English doesn't have this pronoun but I'm still including it because Spanish has it and they are part of the reason why English is an easy language is because the conjugation of these verbs stays the same for most pronouns R is the same for we they and you but they change for I and he in Spanish however you have six different conjugations for each pronoun and actually the verb said is an irregular verb meaning that you cannot conjugate it like regular verbs and its syntax completely changes in every pronoun it looks like this in Spanish and AOS son the best advice that I can give is to just memorize these conjugations because there is no conjugation pattern to follow with them but also try not focusing on these pronouns because they're not used as often as the other ones in conversation however s is not used the same as it's used in English you might have heard teachers use nursery rhymes to describe this verb saying who are you and from where always use the verb said or some teachers might also say that the verb said is applied for permanent traits about oneself I however don't like these explanations whatsoever because they tend to confuse students rather than make them understand the subject matter properly so this is going to be an easier explanation of what to do with the verb s the verb s mainly applies to these uses your name nationality and place of origin occupation physical traits generalizations when and where are events taking place and time and date number one your name nationality and place of origin if you want to say your name in Spanish you will say yoy and then your name if you want to say your Spanish and you are from Spain you will say the conjugation so is used here because you're talking about yourself and the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns based on whichever conjugation you want to work with number two occupation if you want to say that he is a professor you would say LS Professor also you don't have to put an indefinite article like un before Professor because it's a rule in Spanish so you would just say LS Professor he is a professor the same principle applies to the rest of the conjugations and whichever occupation you decide to say number three physical iCal traits if you want to say you are beautiful you will say toes Bonito or Bonita depending on the person and the reason you use said is because it's a trait that applies to the person all the time by saying you are beautiful to Edis Bonito you're saying that the person is beautiful always he was born beautiful he's beautiful now and he will die beautiful number four generalizations if you want to say it is important to work you would say in Spanish there is no notion of starting a sentence with the word it so you'll immediately start it with is s important number five when and where are events taking place if you want to say the party is in the club you would say La Festa is in club similarly you can say the party is at six which would be La Festa is the rule here is to always include alas if the number is plural or more than one and speaking of time it's the last most important use of the verb said time and date you can say a simple sentence like it's Friday which would be a generalization and time and it would be svetness however when you start to speak of time as in a clock this is where the syntax gets slightly tricky if you want to say it's 1 p.m. the sentence would be de it begins with s but throws the definite article LA because it uses una as a feminine number so it's the one in the afternoon or of the afternoon make sure that you include the article LA but primarily focus on the S because when you include numbers that are more than one the amount of time becomes plural if you want to say it's 2 p.m. you would say because now we have plurality now the sentence is in plural because we have a non- singular digit so instead of saying s for one you would say son for for two and pluralize La for last and then you'd say it's the two in the afternoon the same principle applies to other numbers of time such as or de so these are the uses of the verb in Spanish and as a matter of fact the easiest way to remember them is to always remember that the verb said applies to factual statements about oneself in case you weren't paying close attention everything that I've listed in this video were examples that apply factually about yourself by saying so Alex I'm factually stating that my name is Alex and I can not change that fact if I say soy Bonito I'm factually stating that I'm a beautiful person in general by saying es Lunes I'm factually stating that it's manday today by saying I'm factually stating that it's 2 in the afternoon right now everything that I've listed in this video were factual statements and now you understand why some teachers in schools say that the verb said applies to permanent traits because these are all factual statements the present progressive in Spanish is the English version of verbs ending in ing or as they're formally called infinitives infinitives are verbs that are placed after already conjugated verbs and so they don't change or slightly get modified with the present progressive if you want to use the verb to talk you would say I am talking by adding an ing to the infinitive I is the subject m is the conjugated verb to be for the I pronoun and talking is the infinitive that gets the ing added to it both in English and Spanish the present progressive indicates that an action is being done right now which means that there's progress happening in the present however the ing version of English looks different in Spanish at first if you want to start a sentence in the present progressive in Spanish you would begin by saying your esto which means I am esto is actually an irregular conjugation of the yo pronoun said from the verb estar which means to be there are different conjugations for this verb with different pronouns but the topic of this verb is for a future video in Spanish you have verbs ending in a r e r and I but their infinitive version of the present progressive is actually quite easy to remember for verbs ending in AR you would want to remove the ending of the verb and then add the ending Ando using the verb abl in the present progressive you would say youro remove the ending and then add Ando as the ending of the infinitive so this way you get EST which means I am speaking the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns in any infinitive that you want to use but keep in mind that there are six different conjugations for the verb estar which apply to their corresponding pronouns and as I said again the verb estar is for a future video for verbs ending in e r and I remove the ending of the verb and then add the ending e Endo using and in the present progressive you would say esto and Y EST viendo which is I am eating and I am living the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns and any infinitive that you want to use but once again remember to use the right conjugation of each pronoun at last you might encounter a few exceptions in Spanish where modifying some infinitives might require a bit more modification to make the verb sound better when spoken for instance you might see the verb which means to read and you would want to say but this would be a mistake in Spanish because Spanish has a rule that says you cannot have three vowels next to each other so you have to modify one of them with a consonant to eliminate the repetitive pronunciation when the word is said so instead of saying Le Endo you would say which means I am reading and the same concept applies to any pronoun you want to use you might also find this verb D which means to sleep and you would want to say y esto but because dormir is a stem changing verb you have to change the stem of the verb to make its pronunciation sound better so instead of saying yo you would Sayo which means I am sleeping and the same idea applies to the rest of the pronouns there is however another stem changing verb in Spanish like which means to say you would want to Sayo but Spanish says that you have to change the stem of the verb to make it sound better so instead of saying Endo you would Sayo which would mean I am saying and once again the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns the verb estar in Spanish means to be as in being or existing unlike the weird conjugations with the verb the verb EST actually follows the normal syntax of conjugating regular ar verbs and it looks like this in Spanish to EST or EST EST EST and estan before I explain the primary uses of the verb EST I first need to note a few important things about this verb just visually looking at its syntax you can probably tell that the conjugation for the yo pronoun is irregular because it ends with a Y and this is done specifically to not get it confused with the demonstrative adjective esto esto means this in the neutral form whenever you're referring to something and you don't know what it is you will always say kesto indicating what is this without knowing if the object you're referring to is masculine or feminine another important thing to note with estar is that the pronouns to L and AOS all have accents on the A and this is also done on purpose because if you were to remove the accents you would have different words these words pronounced estas and esta mean these and this feminine but with the accent they mean you are and he or she is so it's really important to put accents on them and put the emphasis on the a as always try not focusing on these conjugations because they're not used as often as the other ones in conversation now the most important thing to note about the verb estar is that even though it means to be as in being its uses are completely different from the verb s which I explained in one of my previous videos the verb estar mainly applies to these uses the present progressive location and health conditions and emotions number one the present progressive the present progressive is something that I explained in the video before this one so you should be familiar with the syntax but now this is where we can start using the conjugations that apply to other pronouns for instance if you want to say that he is running you would use the conjugated verb estar for the he pronoun which would be if you want to say you are thinking you would say to EST both of these verbs are actions that are happening right now which explains why the verb EST is used here and the same principle applies to any pronoun and verb that you want to use in the present progressive number two location and whenever I speak of location I speak of spatial relationships relative to where something or someone is as of this moment you might have heard the saying don't EST which means where are you the reason why the verb EST is used here is because the question is asking where one is right now and if you're answering this question you will likewise use the verb estar by saying yo esto in whichever location you want to say using location with a can also indicate where something or someone is relative to a different object when asking don't EST you can also reply with which would mean I am next to the house or to the next of the house and the reason why St is used here is because it uses a location in relation to something else the same principle applies to any pronoun verb and location you want to use and the last usage to know what the verb estar is health conditions and emotions and this is by far the trickiest use of the verb estar because it's the number one concept that most students struggle with with whenever I refer to conditions and emotions I'm talking about adjectives that people use to refer to something that they feel right now and not a physical trait you might remember me saying that the verb said is used for physical traits and while that's true the conditions and emotions of people and sometimes objects primarily refer to something that somebody feels rather than being a factual statement looking at this example both the words Alto and Feliz are adjectives but one is a factual and physical trait while the other is an emotion that changes over time while the verb said refers to factual statements part of which includes physical traits which are factual about oneself the adjective is using the conjugation s because the verb said refers to factual statements LS Alto he is tall is a factual statement because you cannot change that fact however once you start including emotions this is where you need to have a different sense of being because by saying yiz I am happy I'm indicating that I'm feeling happy and that my feeling will change in time rather than this being a factual statement about me if you were to switch them and say and this is where the meaning in both sentences completely Chang changes by saying Alto you're basically saying that he is feeling tall rather than him factually being tall which would be an incorrect use of the verb EST because the verb estar refers to conditions and emotions that actively change over time Alto means tall and masculine which is an adjective that refers to a physical and factual trait about oneself rather than a Feeling by saying y fiz I'm saying that I am happy as in I am a happy person in general I was born happy I'm happy now and I will die happy all of this being a false statement because happiness is a feeling that changes over time it doesn't allow the verb said to be used here so instead you would want to look carefully at the difference between physical and factual traits about oneself and conditions and emotions that change over time and with conditions and emotions you might find these phrases and adjectives to be the most practical and 99% of the time they all use the verb estar because all of these conditions are emotions that change over time and don't remain factual I am good esto BN indicates that I'm feeling good rather than me being a good person in general you are busy estas okup indicates that you are busy as of this moment and you will not be busy in the future which doesn't allow the statement to be factual about you hence EST is used the doors are open this means that the doors are open now but the recondition will probably change in the future and also you might have noticed that the ending of some of these adjectives end in o or as and that is because adjectives in Spanish have gender and plurality and as a matter of fact I will describe the concept of adjectives in the video after this one hopefully I'm making myself as clear as possible with what to do with the verb estar and in case you still don't understand the concept the verb estar mainly applies to uses that are happening right now at this moment and they're most likely to change in the future just like I listed examples in my set video the uses of the verb estar likewise have a connective pattern across all examples that are used in this video there are other uses of the verb estar like weather expressions but they're not as important as the primary uses in this video the present progressive location and conditions and emotions are the primary uses of the verb estop and all of these uses have a connection and that is they're happening right now by saying eloro I'm saying that he is running right now but he will not be running in the future by saying y esta I'm saying that I'm in the house right now but I will not be in the future by saying to EST ok I'm saying that you are busy right now but you will not be in the future when you really think about it it makes sense why Spanish has two verbs for being or to be because half the time you utilize verbs that describe you factually and these can never change but on the other half of the time you're describing yourself using traits that apply for the moment and now you might also understand why some teachers say that the verb said applies to permanent traits while estar refers to Temporary traits because some conditions last forever while other happen right now Spanish has many different types of adjectives and in this video I would like to explain how descriptive adjectives work in context and by descriptive adjectives I mean adjectives that physically or conditionally describe something or someone in Spanish all adjectives have gender and plurality with the exceptions of a few words that have a neutral ending but still follow plurality adjectives ending in O are masculine adjectives ending in a are feminine and neutral adjectives vary based on whoever the subject is of the sentence if you want to say that you are tall and beautiful you would say y Alto I Bonito if you're referring to someone that's masculine and ala ionita would refer to someone who is feminine if you were to say that they are ugly and masculine you would say AOS fos because now there are multiple people which generates plurality if you were to work with adjectives that have a neutral ending and say a sentence like these classes are easy you would say estas classes fil by adding an Es at the end of the adjective to fit the plurality of the sentence if you were to say we are intelligent you would say no intentes because the ending of the adjective matches the plurality of the sentence the same exact principle applies to any pronoun and adjective you would like to use however taking simple sentences like the boy is smar in might make learning too impractical because you're generating sentences that are too easy to say or sentences that are not said as often as others if you were to instead say the smart boy this is where the syntax would start changing positions in the sentence you would want to say El intell Cho the smart boy but this would be a mistake in Spanish because Spanish has a rule that says you have to put nouns before adjectives in order to determine the subject from something else so instead of saying El int Cho you would say El Cho int which technically would translate as the boy smart but logically speaking it means the boy that is smart but this is not included in Spanish because it doesn't need to in English whenever you're describing subjects you put adjectives before nouns but in Spanish you have to put adjectives after nouns because it's a rule in the language and once again the same principle applies to any noun and adjective you want to use there is however an important rule to consider whenever you're referring to adjectives that are used factually and physically about oneself and an adjective that is a condition that changes over time in English you may have sentences like I am short and I am tired and both of these sentences use the same conjugated form of the verb to be in this case I am because in English we don't care about the continuation of the sentence as long as we use the properly conjugated form of to be to match the corresponding pronoun in Spanish however you have to watch out for these things because these sentences contain two senses of being one using a physical and factual trait about yourself while the other expresses an emotion that you feel which will change in the future and with descriptive adjectives the same rule applies for both adjectives that apply factually and conditionally the only challenge is figuring out whether to use S or estar with physical traits and conditions and emotions la Osa the beautiful girl can also be said asosa the girl is beautiful which uses said to factually describe the subject the relaxed man can also be rephrased as the man is relaxed which uses the verb to express the emotional condition of the subject and with these being physical traits that are used with s and these being conditions that are used with estar these are all commonly used descriptive adjectives that you can use to construct sentences on a daily basis all you simply do is choose any pronoun you want to use select any AD and then remember which verb to use when describing something or somebody for example if you want to say that he is smart you would say LS intell because the word s is the correctly conjugated form of said of the he pronoun being used to express a factual statement likewise if you want to say we are sad you would say noos estamos tristes and you would use EST as the conjugated form of the wi pronoun because EST is used for emotions that change over time and you would also pluralize trist because you have plurality in the sentence possessive adjectives in Spanish indicate that something is being possessed by somebody or is in the own hands of somebody the English version of this would be my your his her or it our Ys English doesn't have this adjective but I'm still including it because Spanish has it and finally there in Spanish these possessive adjectives look like this me with no accent because with the accent you'll have a direct object pronoun me to with no accent because with the accent you have the pronoun you Su and this adjective can simultaneously mean his her or there and you can only tell the difference between them in context and finally noest vestro VRA when the interesting things about possessive adjectives in Spanish is that the adjectives nestro and vestro are the only adjectives that have gender if you're referring to something masculine in Spanish and you want to use the hour adjective you would say nestro and then whatever the follow-up is you can do the same with nestra using feminine words and you can replicate this concept using the vestro adjective however I recommend not focusing on these adjectives because they're not used as often as the other ones in Spanish and also all of these possessive adjectives have plurality and the way that you pluralize them is by simply adding an S at the end of every adjective and with plurality you can only use it when you're referring to noun that are not singular for example if you want to say my car you would say m cooche but saying my cars would be M cooches if you want to say your dog you would say two perro and saying your dogs would be twoos however using the Sue adjective is where the syntax gets a bit tricky and like I said again this adjective can mean his her and there it can be pluralized and you can only tell the difference between them in context you can have a sentence in English like I talk with his friend and in Spanish the sentence would be Yu Amigo in English understanding the adjective is very easy because who have an adjective that specifies who it is in this case it's masculine in Spanish however it would be difficult to tell if Su refers to his her or their a tip that I can give to not get these confused is to always specify who is the subject within the sentence that you're saying you can say a sentence like I talk with Jon and with his father and in Spanish the sentence would be and in this context you would know that the adjective Su is masculine and indicates his because JN is a masculine name likewise you can have a sentence like I talk with Emma and with her mother and in Spanish the sentence would be you Emma and in this context we know that Su is feminine and indicates her because Emma is feminine at last you can have a sentence that utilizes two adjectives and you can pluralize them both like I talk with my parents and with their friends and in Spanish it would be is pluralized because padis is a plural noun and sus is also pluralized because of Amigos but it mainly refers to the adjective there because of my parents's friends which is they friends using the system is actually quite useful to keep these possessive adjectives in the back of your mind because the sentences that you can make with them are practical and Limitless and once again the same principle applies to any sentence you want to say using these adjectives demonstra of adjectives in Spanish are adjectives that are used to indicate a specific word or precisely determine what something is in English it's very easy to decide on these adjectives because you have only two primary words that determine something and these words are this and that and if you want to pluralize them this becomes these and that becomes those in Spanish you have the same concept along with a bit more variety gender and plurality in Spanish this would be Estee masculine and esta feminine and that would be ESS masculine and Essa feminine it's really tempting to say esto or ESO because the feminine version ends in a so you want to put an O for the masculine adjectives however Spanish does have these words esto and ESO but these are adjectives that have the neuter gender meaning that you don't know if these adjectives refer to something masculine or feminine roughly 80% of the time you would use these words in sentences like kesto or keso meaning what is this or what is that these are simple sentences to remember whenever you decide to speak Spanish Additionally you could also use these words for making sentences that have generalizations such as this is for everybody EST esos and the same concept applies to ESO in any continuation that you want to say overall you just have to remember that Estee and are masculine and esta Anda are feminine if you want to pluralize them both EST and esta become estos and estas and and Esa become esos and esas Visually looking at the syntax the plurality for esta and Esa is very simple because all you do is put an S at the end of the adjectives but for Estee and the ending changes to estos and esos and that's the only tough part to remember and also remember to not put accents on esta and estas because if you do you will have different words additionally Spanish also has these words AEL and AA both of which mean that as in something that's over there if you want to pluralize them AEL becomes AOS and AA becomes AAS even though this demonstrative adjective is used less than the others it's actually helpful to say in some cases but moreover it's important to just know these words and understand when to use them regarding examples you you can use Estee and ESS with masculine nouns like Estee Libro and esta you can use ESS and Essa with feminine nouns likeo and esaa and if you want to pluralize any of them you would have estos libros estas kasas esos csos and esas mesas using these demonstrative adjectives you can actually make many sentences with them especially when you're trying to determine something and once you have enough practice you'll find these words to be very useful and practical you've probably heard many phrases in Spanish used for greetings and farewells some of which are useful and some of which are kind of pointless and in this video I'd like to present to you what phrases are the best to use when saying greetings and farewells in Spanish bi Veno is probably the most popular greeting there is which literally translates as welcome if you break the word apart you'll get bienn in venido bienn means well and venido means come which is a form of speech taken from the present perfect Abed Veno to have come and if you take that word Veno and combine it with B you get bi Veno it's well to have come or wellcome and if you're referring to more than one person you can also say bi venos buenos Das literally translat as good days and the ending of Buenos perfectly corresponds to the ending of Das because it's pluralized in masculine but mainly speaking buenos dias is used more as good morning rather than good days you also have this phrase bu noes which is literally good nights or good night when beginning a conversation in Spanish a person might begin the conversation by immediately saying kapasa which translates as what's going on because the verb Pasar can actually mean to go or to happen whenever somebody says kasasa they're literally saying what's going on or what's happening what's happening can also be rephrased asando using the present progressive and we know that it's the present progressive because it's using a conjugation of EST and adds Ando at the end of the infinitive and as a matter of fact it's the same way the sentence Works in English you can say or maybe if you want to get fancy you can sayal ketal literally translates as what's such or what's the matter but the meaning is mainly how are you and the number one phrase that probably everybody heard when learning Spanish is K estas or KO estas which Lally translat as how are you and with this phrase we know to use the verb estar to ask someone about their well-being because the verb estar mainly applies to actions and emotions that are happening right now and so they're most likely to change in the future by answering this question you would say something like esto because you're indicating that you're feeling good or feeling well which explains why your answer will also use a conjugation of estar at last there's gracias or muchas gracias which means thanks or thank you very much and if you want to sound polite you'll reply with Danada which means of nothing indicating thank you very much and there is no need to thank me but overall denada is mainly used as you're welcome if you're leaving the conversation you might say something like adios or chiao both of which mean by or goodbye but the word adios can actually be broken down into two words a and dios which literally translates as to God when Spanish was first originating as a language the expression to God meant to have a good farewell as in to God you go but the meaning changed over time which resulted simply in goodbye there's also this phrase aista which is constructed using a preposition article and a noun and it literally translates as until the view or until the next time I see you or more of a sophisticated and modern meaning would be see you later see you later can also be said as aao which actually translates as until later you might have also seen this phrase ASA Pronto which translates as until soon but its Advanced definition means see you soon and finally hola means hello or hi po means please and pdon is a polite way of saying I'm sorry the verb p in Spanish means to can or to be able to but it's mainly used as to can in English the syntax of this verb is very easy to remember because can literally stays can for the following six pronouns in Spanish however you have six different conjugations for this verb and it also falls into the category of stem changing verbs stem changing verbs in Spanish is actually a topic for a future video but as far as the verb ped goes stem changing basically means that you have to take the stem of the verb and modify it in a way so that it sounds better when the word is said out loud the verb P falls into the o to U category which means that you'll take the stem of p po and then change it to pu however this principle only applies to the yo to L and AOS pronouns and the ending of all of them correctly follows the regular syntax of verbs ending in erer for the noos and votos pronouns the stem changing rule does not apply because Spanish says that these pronouns sound good enough when they're normally conjugated overall you just have to know that the stem changing rule applies to the Y to L and AOS pronouns another way to remember this is by looking at the shape of the 2x3 chart and seeing that it's shaped like a boot and so only pronouns within the boot will apply to the stem ch changing rule anything else outside of the boot will not use the stem changing Rule and every stem changing verb that you will encounter when learning Spanish will almost never use the stem changing rule for the noos and Vos pronouns the pronunciation goes as follows y PUO I can to pues you can he we can and AOS they can as always try not focusing on these pronouns because the phrases that you can make with them are not that useful the only thing you should know about them is that they don't apply the stem changing rule fundamentally the verb p in Spanish is actually one of the most useful and practical verbs that there are because it's a universal verb that we subconsciously use in many sentences typically the way the verb to can is used in English is by starting a sentence with a pronoun and can such as I can and then we immediately follow it up with an infinitive in case you don't remember an infinitive is a verb that's placed after an already conjugated verb that doesn't change or slightly gets modified in this case we can say a sentence like I can't speak span Spanish which will use I can and then speak will be the infinitive that's left untouched and then you can plug in any language you want in the end and in this sentence alone I've used can three times we can say a sentence like I can speak Spanish and you can plug in any language in Spanish I can speak Spanish would be y ESP PUO is the correctly conjugated form of of the yo pronoun a is the infinitive that doesn't change form in espol is the language at the end of course saying y ESP doesn't actually mean that you can speak because saying one phrase from memorization does not indicate that you've mastered the language in order for you to get better you can actually use the verb P to make many sentences that don't necessarily have to relate to languages if you want to say a sentence like you can learn English you will say if you want to say a sentence like they can call by phone you will say overall is probably one of the most convenient and helpful verbs there is not only in Spanish and English but in other languages in general by understanding how to conjugate pod and knowing what phrases to use it with you'll be able to generate any phrase that you want almost instantly but this of course requires a bit more practice and examples that you can generate on your way the verb ear in Spanish means to go which is actually one of the trickiest and hardest verbs to work with but in this video I'll simplify its principle to its most understandable way at first there are a few rules you should know about the verb to go in English so that you can utilize its principle and apply it to Spanish the very first thing you should know about the verb to go is that it can use the present simple and the present progressive which actually generates two different meanings in context for instance saying I go indicates that I'm a person who likes to go in general whereas saying I'm going means that I'm going right now and so my action will change in the future the reason why I'm mentioning this is because in English these two phrases generate completely different meanings however because the verb IR is irregular in Spanish it does not have a notion of the present progressive and therefore its principle uses both the present simple and the present progressive in unison and it's something I'll cover in a few minutes from now the second thing you should know about the verb to go is that there's a big difference between using to go as to go and to go to for instance I can say a sentence like I go there or I'm going with my friends and these phrases don't have the preposition to because these are generic phrases that Express ambiguity on the other hand I can say phrases like I'm going to the store or I'm going to the class which uses the preposition two to indicate a specific destination Additionally you can include infinitives with the preposition two and these sentences are actually used way more often than the other ones you can say phrases like I'm going to do my homework or I'm going to read this book which utilize the preposition two with an infinitive which indicates an action that will be done in the close future overall the syntax of to go is easy to remember in English because go says go for five pronouns and only adds an es s for the he she it pronoun however learning this verb in Spanish requires a bit more thinking and Analysis I first the verb to go in Spanish means ir and it's actually a very strange an irregular verb because it's a mono cabric verb mono cabric verbs in Spanish basically means that the word has only one syllable and so the language does not allow a normal conjugation pattern to be used with these words if you want to conjugate a verb in Spanish it has to end in a r e r or I you have to drop the ending and then add the ending that corresponds to every pronoun similarly the same can be done with infinitives that slightly get modified in the present progressive such as adding Ando if a verb ends in a r or eendo if the verb ends in e or I because IR is a monosyllabic verb Spanish does not allow this verb to use any of the following principles that I just covered so instead it decides to use a different modification pattern that completely doesn't correspond with the verb e itself and speaking of monosyllabic verbs that follow irregular patterns I've actually covered a verb like that in one of my previous videos and that is the verb s the verb s is a monic verb so it's irregular following a conjugation pattern that doesn't relate to the word s itself whereas with the verb estar you do have conjugations that follow the normal syntax of verbs ending in a r that drop the ending and then add the corresponding ending to every pronoun nonetheless the verb has the same Principle as the verb s where its conjugations don't relate to the verb technically speaking it does not even have an ending and therefore you cannot drop its ending or add endings that correspond to every pronoun both in the present simple and the present progressive which might explain why Spanish creates a completely different syntax for this verb the pronunciation goes as follows yo I go to vas you go l or a said he goes noos v We Go Vos v y go and AOS van there you go with the verb ear I recommend that you actually focus on every pronoun besides Vos because the phrases that you can make with them will be very useful and practical the first rule that I've mentioned with to go in the beginning of the video was that it can be used as I go and I am going which creates different meanings in context however as I said with the verb ear Spanish doesn't allow this verb to be used in the present progressive which changes the meaning of its context by making it use the present simple and the present progressive at the same time in other words whenever you decide to use IR in a sentence like saying y this phrase simultaneously means I go and I am going and the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns in English both phrases have different meanings but in Spanish it means the same thing which is also part of the reason why Spanish students struggle with this verb whenever they learn English more than less I am going is more of a sophisticated way of speaking in context so basically y voy is used more as I'm going rather than I go and you can make sentences like I go go there or I'm going with my friends which in Spanish would be Y and yig which shows that vo stays vo in both sentences in Spanish but in English you have I go and I am going and the same principle applies to the rest of the pronouns and here we get to the last rule of ir which is something I've mentioned at the beginning of the video and that is the difference between to go and to go to in English you can have phrases like I'm going to the store or I'm going to the class both of which use the preposition two to indicate a specific destination likewise you can use the preposition two with infinitives like I'm going to do my homework or I'm going to read this book which indicates an action that you will do eventually the way that this principle Works in Spanish is by using a conjugation of ir like yoy and then adding the preposition a at the end which literally means to if you want to say I'm going to the store or I'm going to the class you will say y Al or and with these sentences you're using the preposition to to specify destination on the other hand you can do the same with infinitives like saying I'm going to do my homework or I'm going to read this book which will be your or with these sentences you're using the preposition to by applying it to the verb itself and the same principle applies to any pronouns you want to use but keep in mind the difference between to go and to go to if you want to say a phrase like you're going to work you will say to which will use the preposition too if you want to say he goes to my house you will say if you want to say a sentence like we go there with everybody you'll say which does not use the preposition too if you want to say a sentence like the going to the university you will say overall I would say that the verb is an extremely useful verb in Spanish even more so than and AER especially when you're trying to communicate with people who speak Spanish and tell them what you're trying to do or where you go the verb T in Spanish means to have and it's actually a handy verb to use both in English and Spanish but its concept is a bit tricky to use in Spanish and in this video I'll explain this verb as efficiently as possible in English the syntax of the have is easy to remember because have stays have for five pronouns and only changes to has in the he she it pronoun so that it sounds better for these pronouns like I said in my IR video the verb T likewise has tricky uses that are not that complicated with ir there's a big difference between saying to go and to go to to go means to go somewhere in general whereas to go to indicates that one will do something in the near future the verb to have both in English and Spanish has the same concept of to have and to have to to have indicates that one owns or possesses something whereas to have two demonstrates that one has to do something in the close future for instance I can say a sentence like I have a dog which doesn't use the preposition two because I literally own something but on the other hand I can say I have to leave which uses the preposition two because it indicates an action that will be done by me in the close future with the addition of using an infinitive leave after two and in Spanish the verb T works the same exact way with a bit more variety at first the verb T is actually a stem changing verb meaning that you have to change the stem of the verb to make it sound better when the word is said just like with the verb po the St changing rule will only apply in the two L and AOS pronouns in this case the verb T falls into to the E to e category meaning that you take T and change it to T and this St will only apply in the two L and AOS pronouns noos and votos will not use the stem changing rule because Spanish says that these words sound good enough when they're normally said the ending of all conjugations perfectly follows the syntax of verbs ending in e r but the trickiest thing to remember with the conjugations of T is that the yo pronoun is also irregular by technicality you would want to say yo but Spanish says that this word sounds bad when said so instead you would Sayo y Tango means I have and that's the syntax of the yo pronoun being irregular to TS you have L he has noos we have Vos y'all have and AOS they have with the verb ten I recommend that you focus on all pronouns except votos because the sentences that you can make with them are very useful just like I said in the beginning of the video there's a big difference between using to have as to have and to have to to have indicates that one possesses something like I have a dog and to have two means that said one has to do something such as I have to leave following an infinitive after the preposition two both of these sentences work the same exact way in Spanish but there's one slight difference that many people especially students fail to acknowledge and that is the preposition too you might remember me saying that with the verb you'll need to put the preposition a after a conjugation of like I'm going to the school which uses as to with the verb you might think the similarly use the preposition a such as I have to leave but this would be wrong in Spanish what you instead have to do is instead of using the preposition a you have to use as to instead of saying yo you would say which would mean I have to leave I literally don't know why Spanish does that but I do know that yo I have to indicates a modern meaning like I must rather than I have to so whenever you say you're basically saying I have to leave or I must leave and the same principle applies to any pronoun you want to use with the verb you have to use as two in order to indicate something something that you have to do with the verb e you have to use the preposition a as to in order to indicate something that you're going to do in English you can say I have to do my homework or I'm going to do my homework and in both phrases the preposition two stays to however if you want to say these phrases in Spanish you will say y or and as you can see Spanish uses as the preposition to with the verb and as the preposition to with the verb ear in English it stays the same but in Spanish it changes and the amazing and useful part of about phrases like this is that if you forget how to conjugate one of these verbs you can always refer to the other one to express the same sentence and that's actually a very skillful hack to remember whenever you speak Spanish just know that if you see K after a conjugation of it means to have to and if you see an a after a conjugation of it means to go to if you want to say a sentence like you have to pay you will say using the KE preposition if you want to say he has a cat you will say without adding the preposition if you want to say we have a class tomorrow you'll say if you want to say they have to read the books you'll say in case you want to practice with more examples I recommend that you also say these sentences using the verb so that you know to use the preposition a with and with the more you try this concept the faster you'll get it especially when you start generating examples on your own so overall the verb tet is a very useful verb in Spanish both in terms of possession and future actions before I end the video I would actually like to cover one last concept with the verb T and that's something that's sound very practical to use but it's something very very important to know and that is that the verb T can sometimes Express sentences with beings as in to be you might remember my videos where I talked about the verbs s and estar both of which express permanent and temporary states of being and while I did those videos there was something very specific I did not mention in both of those videos such as expressions with age temperature hunger and maybe a few more as a reference consider these phrases in English I am 19 years old I am cold and I'm hungry if I were to tell you to say these phrases in Spanish you would probably say something like y d an y EST and EST and that's if you used and EST correctly some of you might make arguments that using and EST is the right way to go because by saying I'm factually stating this about myself which is why is used and for phrases like EST or esto amre I'm using AAR because I'm indicating that I'm feeling cold or hungry right now and my feeling will change in the future as crazy as it sounds Spanish says that you cannot use the verbs s and estar because these are expressions that indicate having a fact about oneself rather than actually being that one self instead of using soy or esto with these Expressions you will need to use and in this case yo instead of saying EST anos you'll say Tango DS anos because actually I'm indicating that I have the age of 19 rather than me being 19 by saying tangoo or Tango amre I'm indicating that I have a feeling of cold and I have a feeling of hunger these Expressions technically are not permanent nor temporary which doesn't allow you to use the verb said or EST so instead you have these feelings rather than being being in these feelings of course tet uses other feelings like these ones but they're not as important as the other ones in conversation and the same concept applies to any pronouns you want to use Spanish has two types of prepositional phrases that when combined eliminate repetition of sound and that is Al and Del Al is a combination of the words A and L meaning to the masculine and Del is comprised from the and L meaning from the or of the masculine Spanish combines these words to eliminate the Redundant sound of the same vowel when they're said saying a sounds a bit weird so Spanish combines the words and forms the word Al and that's the same thing with Del because saying is redundant Al and can be used both in context when you're only using the masculine definite article in case you want to use the feminine definite article La you don't have to combine the words together so you'll simply say Allah or de as an example you can say a sentence like I want to go to the bathroom and in Spanish it would be but because Bo is a masculine word Spanish has to combine the preposition two with the masculine article so you get Al I want to go to the bathroom if you were to instead use a feminine word like you would simply say without needing to combine the preposition with the article likewise the same method can be used with Del if you want to say from thee or of thee for instance you can say he is from the market which would be LS and he is from the class would simply be LS de if you want to use as of the it would be useful to use it in a question like what do you suppose of the market and in Spanish it would be and of course the same concept applies to any sentence you want to say in Spanish but keep in mind that whenever you say to the or of thee you simply have to combine the words so that they sound better when they're said Al and now there are pronouns after prepositions which are also known as prepositional pronouns and they're put after prepositional words such as of on from to for with and more and in English they look like this me you him her it us all of you and them in English there is no pattern to follow with any of these pronouns because some of them completely change while some stay the same such as you keeping the same form as the regular pronoun you contextually you can use these prepositional pronouns and put them after prepositions like what about me this is on you this is from him take it to her this is for us we go with them and of course you don't necessarily have to use these phrases in Spanish however the same idea also works for prepositional pronouns and actually their syntax is a lot easier to understand in Spanish in Spanish you have me with an accent t l or a noos Vos and AOS or just by looking at the syntax you probably find it very strange that the he we y'all and they pronouns haven't changed because when compared to their normal pronoun form they stayed the same because Spanish decided to not change their form and keep their form as their regular pronoun form aside from me and you and telling the difference between pronouns and prepositional pronouns in Spanish can be done by simply looking if the word is after a preposition you can have a simple sentence like this is for us and in Spanish the phrase would be EST es noos and as you can see noos is placed after the preposition para keeping its form and not changing unlike English which uses us and completely changes the form whereas in Spanish it stays the same and simpler to understand nonetheless you can sometimes have sentences when you'll have the same pronoun and prepositional pronoun like they go with them which would be AOS Vanos and at first looking at this phrase is very weird because we have the word AOS not changing form but actually AOS in the beginning is they and AOS in the end is them because it's place after the preposition with but once again these are just the rules of Spanish and you can make many more examples like life is easy for her or you can go with us or you can have a tricky example like this gift is from him EST is with the ending being not to be confused with like I said in the beginning of the video Del is of the or from the masculine which uses the definite article L but the L means from him because L doesn't change in Spanish when it's used as a prepositional pronoun even though it's a rare instance you can still encounter these things when you learn Spanish at last there's one rule that you have to remember with the prepositional pronouns in Spanish specifically relating to the preposition con which is with it's the only preposition in Spanish where if you place these prepositional pronouns after K they will keep their form but with me and T you have to combine K with the pronouns which would be kigo and kigo so whenever you use prepositional pronouns with K like do you want to go with me you will sayig and you can reply with yes I do want to go with you see and in case you use the other prepositions with K you don't have to modify them as you do with me and T and that's as far as pronouns after prepositions go direct object pronouns in Spanish are pronouns that take the form of a direct object within a sentence in order to avoid repeating a noun in the sentence as an example take a look at this sentence in English I buy a car I is the subject buy is the verb and car is the object that's directly stated in the sentence however most of the time we change the object from a noun to a pronoun whenever we speak instead of saying I buy a car we can say I buy it and now it becomes a direct object pronoun rather than a direct object noun and you have to remember that a direct object pronoun is one of a sentence has only one direct object typically coming right after a conjugative verb in English the phrase I buy a car has a subject a verb and only one direct object that's a noun the phrase I by it likewise has a subject a verb and one object that's a pronoun and this is where you get the name direct object pronoun and that's basically how direct object pronouns work in English but the most important rule to remember is that a sentence has to have only one direct object typically following a verb in English regardless if it's singular or plural and these direct object pronouns look like this in English me you him her it us all of you and them in Spanish direct object pronouns work the same exact way with a bit more variety and they all share one rule that has to be applied most of the time and that is direct object pronouns in Spanish have to come before a verb rather than after a verb in Spanish direct object pronouns look like this or La no and or the first thing you should know about these pronouns is that the lo la Los and L pronouns are the only pronouns that have gender and plurality while the other pronoun nouns May refer to me you us and all of you lo la Los and L can also mean it or them as an object or a person Lo can mean him or it masculine La can mean her or it feminine Los can mean them masculine as in an object or a person and last can mean them feminine object or person once again you have to remember that these pronouns come before a conjugative verb consider this phrase in Spanish y i buy a car in English if you want to replace the object noun with an object pronoun you would say I buy it putting the it after by in Spanish however you cannot do that so instead you put the object pronoun before the conjugative verb in this case considering that cooch is a masculine word we need to use lo as the pronoun you would want to say y but Spanish says that you have to put this pronoun before the verb so instead you will say yo I buy it I don't know why Spanish does that but it's something that has to be known and of course you can generate many more examples in Spanish and I even recommend that you do so because direct object pronouns in Spanish is a topic that I've personally seen many students struggle with you can have phrases like I want the books yier Los libros with los libros being them masculine and you can instead say I want them which in Spanish would be y you can also say something like they have a house but you can instead say they have it which would be AOS you can have simpler sentences like I love you which uses a pronoun immediately without needing to modify a noun for a pronoun so the sentence would simply be I love you you can repeat this concept with another pronoun that doesn't to get modified like NOS you can say you watch us which would be to no me us and the same concept can basically be applied to any sentence you want to say however there are more things you should know about direct object pronouns specifically relating to people and using pronouns like him and her you can have a sentence like she watches John and you would want to say a but Spanish says that whenever you have a connection with a person you have to put a personal preposition a before the person's name so you would simply say a a she watches John there is no English equivalent for this construction but you can instead say she watches him which would be a and the same concept applies to any sentence you want to say but keep in mind the personal preposition a before you say a person's name the last concept you should know with direct object pronouns in Spanish is that all of these pronouns can also be placed after infinitives which actually makes your thinking process think a bit better and more similar to English than to anything else take this phrase for instance I can see you in Spanish you would want to say and this sentence actually has no mistakes however there's a different way to say this phrase and that is by attaching the direct object pronoun to the INF you can say but you can also say I can see you it doesn't matter which phrase you say because in case you forget how to say one phrase you can always say the other you can have examples like they want to buy the books lios with los libros being the masculine pronoun which would be or you can also use direct object pronouns when speaking in the near future such as I'm going to read it or I have to read it which can be said as Yol and Yol or or if you want to simplify the order of the words you can say or however whenever you decide to attach a direct object pronoun to an infinitive you have to remember that there are infinitives that don't change form like in these phrases but you can sometimes have infinitives that do get modified in the present progressive you can say a sentence like you're watching me which can be said as or and both phrases have the same meaning but with the second phrase you have to put an accent on the infinitive to maintain the emphasis on that syllable to EST and you can say other phrases like they are reading it or with an accent on the infinitive overall you have to remember that you cannot attach direct object pronouns to conjugated verbs only to infinitives you cannot say something like y i buy it because you have only one verb in the sentence and the direct object pronoun is placed after the verb but you can instead say I'm going to buy it or I'm buying it because in these cases you're using one conjugative verb and one infinitive and the the direct object pronoun is attached to the infinitive not the conjugated verb and the same concept applies to any sentence you want to say and actually I recommend many beginners to use direct object pronouns by attaching them to the end of infinitives because it makes your brain think in the same order of the words as you would use in English you don't say in English I it am buying but you instead say I am buying it and the same concept basically applies to any sentence you want to say indirect object pronouns in Spanish are pronouns that take the form of an object noun in order to avoid repeating the same noun in my previous video I explained direct object pronouns in Spanish and I explained that a direct object pronoun is when a sentence has only one direct object typically coming right after a conjugated verb in English an indirect object pronoun is actually quite different and that is when a sentence has two objects with the first object being a direct object and the second object being an indirect object take a look at this sentence in English I buy a car for you I is the subject buy is the verb car is a direct object noun because it comes first in the sentence and U is the indirect object pronoun because it comes second in in the sentence in this video I will only cover indirect objects in pronoun form because I already explained direct object pronouns in my previous video direct objects are objects that are first stated in a sentence and indirect objects are objects that come second in a sentence and in this video all direct objects will be in the form of a noun not a pronoun and therefore I will only cover indirect objects in pronoun form in Spanish they look like this me which is me te which is you Le and this pronoun can simultaneously mean to him or to her or a person's name and I'll get to that in a bit NOS which is US o which is all of you and Les which is them as you can probably tell from looking at the chart the me you us and all of you pronouns have the same syntax as direct object pronouns which makes the language more convenient however this is where we have less for them as in people and Le which can mean to him or to her in a person's name and it's a tricky concept to understand but I'll explain it as easily as possible looking back at this phrase I buy a car for you car is the direct object noun and you is the indirect object that's already in pronoun form saying the sentence in Spanish can be done using multiple ways but the essential point of the video is indirect object pronouns we can hack the system by simply saying using a prepositional pronoun and while that saves us time we need to understand how indirect object pronouns work just like with direct object pronouns indirect object pronouns likewise come before conjugated verbs and not after them so saying the sentence in Spanish would simply be I buy you a car or I buy a car for you with the indirect object pronoun acting as for you and the same idea basically applies to the rest of the pronouns but there are more things you should know about indirect object pronouns in Spanish such as the pronoun le le can simultaneously mean to or for him or to or for her or a person's name and in order to specify who you're talking about you'll need to put the prepositional structure a plus a pronoun like a or a which mean to or for him or her consider the sentence in English she buys a car for him car is a direct object noun while him is the indirect object pronoun and as you can see we have to use the pronoun Le for him and in Spanish the phrase would be and because we have a visual translation of him in English we know that LE means him however what if we don't have the phrase in English saying this phrase in Spanish we would know that the phrase means she buys a car for but we don't know who the person is because Le can mean him her or person's name but Le doesn't specify it and this is where Spanish comes in and says to use the construction a and then a pronoun in this case L this construction can actually be applied to any pronoun but more than less it's mainly used for the pronoun Le because it's the only pronoun that isn't specific enough while we know that me is me te is you and so on Le can mean him or her and we have to specify who it is with the construction a this construction has to be placed either in the beginning of a sentence or in the end looking at this phrase she buys a car for him in Spanish the phrase would be or it doesn't matter which phrase you say but I recommend making sentences using the second phrase because it's similar to the order of the words in English might visually be translated as she him buys a car for him and in English it doesn't make sense to say this phrase because the language is specific enough with the pronouns but in Spanish it makes sense because the pronoun isn't specific enough so the sentence would simply be she buys a car for him or she buys him a car while the easy pronouns may be me you us and all of you I would like to focus on Le for a bit because like I said this pronoun can mean him her or a person's name and here's what I mean the phrase she buys a car for him can also be said as she buys a car for John with Jon being an indirect object noun which still works putting this phrase in Spanish is no different than simply saying she buys a car for him but the only difference is that instead of saying we need to say just to specify who the person is if we say she buys a car for her we can say if we say she buys a car for Emma then we can say just to specify who the person is and that's basically the toughest part to know with indirect object pronouns in Spanish because I've seen many students failing to understand what Le means and why every sentence has the construction a with a pronoun and the last thing to note with indirect object pronouns in Spanish is that these pronouns can likewise be applied to infinitives the same exact way that direct object pronouns work and I'll actually provide more examples in this video because indirect object pronouns are a tricky category in Spanish how would you say this phrase in Spanish he wants to buy you a book you can say l or if you said any of these phrases then you did a good job how would you say she can give the papers to us you can say or how would you say I teach the concept to them how would you say you write a letter to her you can say or using the present progressive now and remembering that you have to put accents on infinitives how would you say I am reading the book for them y or with an accent on the infinitive how would you say we are telling the truth to you you can say or with an accent on the infinitive and the last one which can be said in multiple ways how would you say she is giving the money to him here are all the constructions for this phrase with an accent on the infinitive or with an accent on the infinitive even though it's a long example this is how indirect object pronouns work in Spanish and it doesn't matter which phrase you say because all of them express the same meaning and in case you get confused you can always go back to the basics and say any phrase you want because people will still understand you my goal is to not confuse you but to show show you that there are multiple answers to any question and that there are multiple ways to answer any question it doesn't always have to be one answer and one answer only with the examples that I gave in the video I tried my best at showing you all the possibilities that you can use with any sentence you want to say and in case you got all of them right then you did a really good job at finding other ways to find different answers in my two previous videos I explained the concept behind direct and indirect object pronouns and how they apply separately direct object pronouns is when a sentence has only one direct object that can be replaced with a pronoun not to repeat its form of a noun instead of saying I buy a car I can say I buy it with it being a direct object pronoun indirect object pronouns is when a sentence has two objects with the first being a direct object and the second being an indirect object an indirect object pronoun is when an indirect object noun is put into pronoun form to not repeat itself instead of saying I buy a car for John I can say I buy a car for him with him being the indirect object pronoun while I talked about both Concepts separately in this video I will show how to combine both types of pronouns in one sentence and this concept is actually easier than people think in case you don't remember remember here's what the Spanish pronouns look like they both share the same Syntax for me you us and all of you but change in the he and they pronouns lo la Los and L mean it or them as something masculine or feminine while Le and Les mean he or she and them as a person combining both pronouns in one sentence is actually not that hard but there are a few rules to note with both pronouns whenever you decide to use them the first rule is that if you're using a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun in one sentence the indirect object pronoun has to come first in the sentence and as always both pronouns come before a conjugated verb in a sentence take a look at this phrase in English I buy a car for you car is a direct object noun you is an indirect object already in pronoun form and so the phrase in Spanish would be this sentence both in English and Spanish can be said using both types of pronouns and instead of saying I buy a car for you we can say I buy you it saying this phrase in Spanish is actually not that hard because you have to remember to put both pronouns before a conjugative verb with the indirect object pronoun coming first in Spanish the phrase would simply be with being the indirect object pronoun you and lo being a direct object pronoun that's a masculine it the sentence can also be rephrased using the present progressive such as I am buying you it and this is where the second rule comes in allowing both pronouns in Spanish to be attached to infinitives we can say or with the indirect object pronoun coming first after the infinitive and with an accent on the infinitive however considering that com is an infinitive that changes form it has to have an accent regardless if you're using a direct or indirect object pronoun or both sometimes you can have infinitives that don't change like in the phrase I can buy it which puts L with and as you can see no accent is needed here because you're using an infinitive that doesn't change and the emphasis on the syllable doesn't go away however the third rule is that when you use both types of pronouns you must put an accent on both types of infinitives such as saying I am buying you it or I can buy you it which in Spanish would be and if you decide to attach both pronouns to infinitives then you have to remember to put accents on them to keep their sound if you decide to put the pronouns before a conjugative verb then no accent is needed here are some examples how would you say the phrase she gives me it in Spanish with it being masculine with me being the indirect object and lo being a direct object now how would you say she is giving me it you can say or if you want to attach the pronouns to infinitive you can say with an accent on the infinitive how would you say the phrase you are showing us it with it being feminine you can say or with an accent on the infinitive how would you say the phrase they want to present them to you with them being masculine you can say oros with an accent on the infinitive the more you try this concept the faster you'll get it and hopefully I'm doing a good job for presenting these explanations because now there's one last rule you need to know with both types of pronouns also known as double object pronouns and that is whenever you decide to use two specific types of them you'll need to modify one of them to avoid repetition here's what I mean take a look at this sentence she makes it for him with it being masculine how would you say this phrase in Spanish considering that you know the rules for indirect object pronouns instinctively you would probably say something like or if you want to you can put a at the beginning of the sentence by technicality this sentence would be right if it wasn't for spanish's rule for double object pronouns and that is if you're using two pronouns with the letter L you have to change the indirect object pronoun to say to avoid repeating the same letter instead of saying you need to say and you need to keep the part in the sentence because we wouldn't know who the pronoun refers to without it this concept can also be replicated using an infinitive such as she wants to make it for him which can be said as or with an Accent on the infinitive and with a l in the sentence the trickiest thing to remember with this rule is that you cannot use two pronouns with the letter L and therefore this limits our observation when it comes down to both types of pronouns if the rule says we cannot use two pronouns with the letter L this means that the rule can only be applied whenever we use Le Les with lo la Los or L being him her them combined with it or them the only combination we can have with two pronouns beginning with the letter L is whenever we use Le or Les with lo la Los or and only in these cases does le and Les change into say so overall you have to change the indirect object pronoun to say to avoid repeating the same letter which limitedly means that whenever you're using Le or Les plus lo la Los or L Le and Les inevitably both turn into SE so at the end you wouldn't know who SE refers to without using the construction a plus a pronoun with indirect object pronouns Le can mean to him or to her so we need to use the construction a or a to be more specific the pronoun Les is actually already specific enough so we don't need to use this construction however with double object pronouns because Le and Les both begin with the letter L both of them turn into the word say and therefore using the pronoun say with double object pronouns can simultaneously mean to him or to her or to them so we need to specify it with a a AOS or AAS and that's really the difficult part to remember whenever used to pronouns with the letter L hopefully this will make sense to you here are some examples of double object pronouns using two pronouns with the letter L how would you say the phrase she writes it to him you would say and you would include to specify who it is because say can mean to him her or them here's another example with the same sentence how would you say she writes it to her hopefully that wasn't too difficult how would you say she writes it to themos with AOS being them masculine if you want to you can change AOS to AOS for them feminine here's another example example how would you say you read it to them with AOS applying to them how would you say you read them to them to sayos with AOS being to them and los being them as the object you read here are some final examples with infinitives how would you say I am buying it to them you can say or with an accent on the infinitive if you wanted to you could have put the AOS part at the beginning of the sentence how would you say the phrase I can do it to him you can say or with an accent on the infinitive and notice how in both phrases refers to him because it's an indirect object pronoun that only changes to say because we cannot have two pronouns with a letter L I really hope that this video showed you some good examples and explain how to combine both types of pronouns together and in case you're still confused you can always go back and try to understand the concept your way with more practice double object pronouns would eventually become an easy topic for you you've probably seen many people explain the verb gustar in Spanish by saying that this verb means to like as in mea and mea can which means I like to dance and I like to sing I however do not like these explanations because they tend to confuse people rather than make them understand the subject matter properly in sentences like I like to dance and I like to sing what I recommend doing is instead of using the construction megusta which visually doesn't make sense you can use the verb Amar which means to love instead of thinking of how to use gustar in English and instead of saying I like to dance or to sing you can simply say y Amo and Y Amo which would be I love to dance or to sing and this method is actually quite effective because most of the time that's how we use these verbs and it also makes your brain think in terms of the order of the words in English unlike many people who explain gustar as to like I want to give gustar a different definition as in it pleases or they please the verb gustar is actually a very strange verb in Spanish because it has a very unusual conjugation pattern that doesn't follow the normal pattern with normal ar verbs gustar has only two two types of conjugations which are gusta and gustan and they mainly come from the English verb to please in English the syntax of to please stays the same for five pronouns and only changes in the he she it pronoun to connect gustar more with English concentrate on the bottom pronouns for a bit specifically on the pronouns it pleases and they please the reason why I've mentioned this is because this is how systematically gustar Works in Spanish and that's the closest connection I can give it in English you might have heard some teachers say that gustar also refers to somebody being pleased by something and this is actually a definition that's more more accurate and I'll get to that in a bit is considered to be an irregular verb not only because it has two conjugations but also because it doesn't use normal pronouns like Y noos and so on but rather it uses indirect object pronouns to specify who is being pleased by what putting the pronouns before a conjugated verb and therefore the only sentences that you can have with gust are mea and we have to remember to use the construction or to specify who Le refers to and basically the list goes on the reason why Spanish uses this Construction with gust is because it specifies who is being pleased by what by putting the indirect object pronoun before a conjugated verb looking at this phrase mea one might say expressively that it means I like but visually looking at this phrase it doesn't make sense for this phrase to be that because me means me and it's not a normal pronoun in English whenever we say I like we use the normal pronoun I and like is the syntax that applies to the noun and not the continuation after it with the verb gustar the conjugation gusta applies to the thing being pleased and not the pronoun as in it pleas pleases me mea or they please me mean overall gustar doesn't necessarily mean to like something but it means to be pleased by something with gusta referring to it pleases and gustan referring to they please and from there we simply have to choose any indirect object pronoun that we want to use in Spanish it makes sense but in English it's a tricky topic to explain because English doesn't have a notion of this I'm just using this comparison to visually show gustar as closely as I can in English nonetheless whenever we say megusta or mean we're not necessarily saying I like but rather we're saying it pleases me or they please me and we know to use pleases with it and please with they because it's the syntax in English gusta refers to it pleases plus any pronoun you want and gustan refers to they please plus any pronoun you want the phrase mea B doesn't necessarily mean I like to dance but rather it pleases me to dance which is a translation that's far more logical in English then I like to dance if I say I'm saying it pleases you to sing which doesn't automat ially mean you like the sing gusta in both cases refers to the infinitive because the indirect object pronoun is being pleased by the infinitive and therefore gusta will always refer to it just like in English pleases refers to it and please refers to they we don't say in English it please or they pleases we quite literally say the opposite and that's exactly how gustar Works in Spanish if we say a sentence like mean Gatos then we're using gustan because the continuation is a noun that's plural and if we put this phrase in English we would have they please me but because we have cats as the noun we would say cats please me and so the phrase doesn't really mean I like cats but rather cats please me however what if we have a sentence like mea B in this case some people might think to use gustan because the continuation is plural but actually this sentence can be broken down into two separate phrases like megusta B and mea which shows that we don't need to use gustan because nothing is plural it's the same thing as saying it pleases me to dance and to sing which can be said as one phrase in English or be broken down separately which still doesn't change the it pleases part overall the same concept basically applies to any pronoun you want to say along with any continuation that you want to use and here are some examples saying Meo would literally mean it pleases me to speak with you but if we want to use gustan we can say something like meas and in this case we would use gustan because the sentence would be your words please me with the word please in the sentence saying a sentence likea would literally mean the house pleases you with the house being it which pleases you saying a sentence like who got football would literally mean it pleases him to play football with him being the construction a because we have to remember that we don't know who Le refers to without this construction we can also say something like no gusta which would be it pleases us to speak Spanish and we can also say is which would be it pleases them to listen to music you can say any sentence you want using the verb gust but as I said at the beginning of the video instead of saying phrases like mea B we can say yo Amo B which would mean I love to dance rather than I like to dance or it pleases me to dance and the same idea applies to any pronoun you want to use in this video I wanted to show you how the verb gustar Works in Spanish so that you can understand how the verb Works in English rather than explain gustar as to like I decided to give a different perspective on this verb to show how it's closely related to English so this video was more of a logical presentation of how gustar looks like in English sometimes there are Concepts that are more practical to Know Than to use and I would say that gustar falls into this category Spanish has many verbs some of which are normal across all pronouns and some some of which are not so normal called irregular yo verbs while you may encounter regular verbs like K the syntax of K across all pronouns follows the standard conjugation pattern of verbs ending in e r such as o s a and so on however sometimes in Spanish you'll encounter verbs that follow this pattern across all pronouns except in the yo pronoun and while these verbs follow the normal syntax of every other pronoun they do not follow the pattern for the yo pronoun because Spanish says that these conjugations don't sound good enough when the word is said there are useful verbs like Sal which means to leave and while the verb follows the normal syntax of verbs ending in IR it doesn't do so with the yo pronoun you would want to say yo but Spanish says that this word sounds bad so instead you would say yo salgo ending the pronoun with go which is actually a common ending for irregular verbs in the yo pronoun some of which I covered in my previous videos like a and ten a follows the normal pattern across all pronouns but changes to AO in the yo pronoun so that it sounds better when said t does the same thing with yo but it's also a stem changing verb across some pronouns but the topic of stem changing verbs is for the video after this one you might also encounter irregular verbs in the O pronoun like conduc and truc in both cases the verbs follow the normal pattern of conjugating verbs ending in IR but for the yo pronoun you would want to say Yoo or yo but Spanish says that these words sound bad one said so it adds an extra letter to avoid the bad sound and so the conjugations would end in SK pronounce Yus and yuso which would mean I drive and I translate you might also encounter this verb Dar which means to give and while it follows the noral pattern of conjugating verbs ending in a r the conjugation for the yo pronoun is not yo but yo which is sort of similar to y soy with the verb said and Y EST with the verb at last there's also the verb ver which means to see and while its conjugations perfectly correspond to all pronouns the Y pronoun is not y but rather Y which means I see when using verbs like and ver you have to remember that these verbs follow the normal syntax across all of their pronouns except in the yo pronoun which which therefore makes the verbs irregular yo verbs and actually these verbs would be practical to use whenever you decide to speak Spanish but just remember to utilize the yo pronoun properly with them there are more types of irregular yo verbs like P and and while these verbs follow different patterns for the Y pronoun I recommend knowing these verbs rather than using them because generally speaking they're not that useful in conversation for instance p and suon follow the common go ending in the yo pronoun while maintaining the normal syntax across the rest of the pronouns protet is an inter in verb because it's actually the only verb in Spanish that follows an irregular ho ending for the yo pronoun while still maintaining the normal conjugation pattern at last you can have a verb like trer which follows the normal pattern of verbs ending in eer but in the yo pronoun it has the ending Trio and actually this ending is done on purpose not to confuse it with tago which in Spanish comes from the word tragar which means to swallow suck down or eat crap and actually it's one of the most offensive verbs that there is so it's best to not mention it overall you just have to know that with verbs like these you have to slightly modify the your pronoun across all verbs so that the word sounds uniform when said and at that point you can basically say any sentence you want using these verbs stem changing verbs in Spanish are verbs that change their beginning prefix or stem to generate a better sound when the words are said in Spanish there are four types of stem changing verbs and in the video I will not explain all stem changing verbs that exist in Spanish but rather present a useful verb in each category so that you can understand how stem changing Works in Spanish and then apply to any other verb that you want in that category the four main types of same- changing verbs in Spanish are e to E e to e o to u e and U to u e considering e to e e as the first category of stem changing verbs in Spanish I actually already covered a verb like that in one of my previous videos and that is the verb ten however for the sake of learning let's use a different useful verb like empar which means to start or to begin at first the stem changing rule will only apply in the yo to L and AOS pronouns and will not apply in the noos and votos pronouns you would want to say something like yo and peso but Spanish say that this word sounds bad one said so instead you have to slightly modify the stem of the verb from empo to Yo which means I start and the stem changing concept applies to the rest of the pronouns aside from noos and Vos to msas you start LSA he starts no we start start and they start as always try not focusing on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation and like I said at the beginning of the video it's important to know how stem changing work in Spanish but it's not important to know every single stem changing verb like Nar which changes from E to e if you see a modified verb that goes from E to e chances are that it's stem changing next up there are verbs that change their stem from E to e like the which is a useful verb meaning to say the SE is actually considered to be irregular in the yo pronoun with the construction Yodo but as far as the rest of the pronouns go the SE still applies it stem changing rule for two L and AOS you would want to say two Des but Spanish says that this verb sounds bad when said so instead you have to say to D which means you say El he says noos we sayos deis y say and AOS desent they say try not focusing on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation but in case you see any other verb that changes from E to e chances are it's time changing next up there are verbs that change from o to U and I actually covered a useful verb like that in one of my previous videos which is p but for the sake of learning let's use a different useful verb like record which which means to remember instead of saying yo you need to Sayo which sounds better when said and the same concept applies to the rest of the pronouns toas you remember El he remembers we remember y'all remember and AOS they remember try not focusing on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation but if you see a verb with u in it chances are it's stem changing and finally there's one last type of a stem changing verb in Spanish and as far as I know it's the only verb in Spanish that changes from U to U and that is the verb hug which means to play instead of saying Yugo you need to say yo and one thing to note about both of these words is that the word Hugo on its own actually means juice and so it makes sense why it needs to be modified so that it's not confused with this word however the word huego on its own can also mean game as in video huego which means video game but the wordo itself changes its meaning in context and with the verb hugar the stem changing rule will only apply for the yo to El and AOS pronouns toas you play El he plays we play Vos H y'all play and AOS huan they play try not focusing on these pronouns because like I say all the time they're not useful in conversation what you should have known from this video is how to systematically modify stem changing verbs in Spanish so that you can understand how words sound better when they're said out loud of course learning all stem changing verbs in Spanish is completely redundant but it's very useful to understand how every type of stem changing verb works in Spanish the verb sa in Spanish means to know but it's not used the same way as it's used in English in English we use the verb to know in many different ways including knowing factual information how to do something and knowing people places and things in general Spanish however encompasses only some of the things I've listed and so the language creates two verbs for the verb to know and in this video I will only cover the verb sa rather than explain the verb how most teachers explain it I would like to give it a different definition by saying that the verb means to know how to do something or knowing factual information and it actually has the same concept as the verb said which means to be the syntax of sa follows the normal conjugation pattern for verbs ending in e r but is actually irregular in the yo pronoun yo say means I know and make sure to put an accent on say because without the accent you will have an indirect object pronoun that will have multiple definitions that have to do with oneself toes means you know how to do something which is factual El he knows how to do something noos we know Vos Sab yall know and AOS sain they know try not concentrate on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation but like I said at the beginning the verb sa refers to factually knowing something part of which includes actions which are factually known the best way that I can explain sabed without any confusion is through the verb said said means to be as in having factual traits about oneself and so the same idea works for the verb because it refers to factually knowing information for instance if I say a sentence like I'm factually saying that I know how to speak Spanish because it's a language that I've mastered over time and now I know how to speak it just just like with the verb said you cannot change any factual traits about oneself the same way you cannot forget the factual information you know or know how to do if I say a sentence like to I'm saying that you factually know the time because time is something factual to know and you cannot change that fact if I say a sentence like I'm saying that he factually knows how to swim meaning that he cannot change that fact about swimming he knows how to swim and will not forget anything and with examples that involve factually knowing how to do something like to too and Spanish actually has a convenient way of putting phrases together so that they don't repeat unnecessary words by eliminating the word Koo from the sentence visually looking at the phrases in English and putting them in Spanish I know how to speak Spanish you know how to play the piano and he knows how to cook well you don't need to add the adverb KO within the sentences the reason why Spanish does that is to eliminate repetition of words because when you think about it saying a phrase like I know to speak Spanish sounds sort of understandable on its own without the need of the word that specif the action so just simply remember that you won't need the adverb KO in Spanish because the act of knowing how to do something is already clear enough in Spanish overall the verb sa applies to knowing factual information and factually knowing how to do something and it's actually a very essential verb in Spanish allowing you to understand how to navigate your way around forms of speech once you have understood how to work with this verb understanding the verb after Saar will be a lot easier because normally educators will teach both verbs at once which generally causes confusion between students and so the verb koser is for the video after this one the verb koser in Spanish means to be familiar with or be acquainted with people places and things in general unlike the verb sa which means to know something factually or do something the verb konos tends to lean more towards acquaintances of ideas rather than knowing ideas and if you think about it there's a big difference between knowing something from top to bottom and knowing something that isn't fully clear which is the reason why Spanish creates two verbs for to know because one verb means to know something factually and completely whereas the other indicates being acquainted with something rather than fully knowing what it is the syntax of Kos follows the normal conjugation path or verbs ending in e r aside from the yo pronoun which is irregular following the ending like I said at the beginning konos means more being familiar with people places and things in general rather than knowing something factually therefore yosco means unfamiliar with a person place or thing rather than me knowing something factually because being familiar with a person place or thing doesn't necessarily mean that I know it from top to bottom two koses means you're familiar with El means he's familiar with noos we're familiar with Kos y'all are familiar with and AOS Kosen they're familiar with as always try not focusing on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation overall the verb konos is actually considered to be a very useful verb in Spanish because it helps to differentiate the qualities of knowing something factually and being familiar with a person place or thing which is sort of the same way the verbs s and estar work konos as a matter of fact is very useful when it comes down to asking questions and it actually uses direct object pronouns to replace people places and things which could all be nouns for instance if I ask you Kos Las Vegas I'm not necessarily asking you if you know the city of Las Vegas but rather if you're familiar with the city of Las Vegas and you can reply with something like or if you want to use a direct object pronoun you can simply sayos the reason why the verb sa cannot be used here is because by saying lasas the verb sa would have to imply that you know the city of Las Vegas from top to bottom including the people streets food and everything in general which would be impossible to know ultimately resulting in an incorrect use of sa which is why Spanish calls the term koser being familiar with rather than fully knowing the person place or thing there are more examples that you can make with Kos like asking about people koses meaning are you familiar with JN and as you can see Spanish decides to use the personal preposition a when it comes down to being familiar with people but in this case you can just consider the preposition to be the equivalent of the preposition with in English so whenever you refer to people in general you always have to include the personal a and with the sentence koses Aon you can reply with c y Kos a or if you want to use a direct object pronoun you can say C Yos there are of course more examples that you can make with Kos like he is familiar with my granddad or maybe I'm familiar with the books or maybe if you want to include an infinitive inside you can say which would mean you want to be familiar with the country as country refers to a physical Place overall konos is an eminent verb in Spanish because it helps you understand how to think of people places and things in general by being familiar with these ideas rather than fully and factually knowing everything about people places and things I actually don't understand why teachers teach both of these verbs at once as I see the two verbs having completely different definitions and so mainly each verb needs its own explanation of how to work with it the past tense for regular verbs in Spanish follows the same idea for the present tense which I covered in one of my previous videos but in this video I will only explain the past tense for regular a r e r and I are verbs in Spanish also known as the predate or past simple tense just like with the present tense in Spanish the past tense follows the same idea of dropping off the ending of the a r e r or I verb and then adding the ending that corresponds with the pronoun let's start with regular ar verbs for the yo pronoun you drop the ending of the verb and then add the ending a with an accent meaning that You' always have an emphasis on that vowel when you say the conjugative verb for two you drop the ending and then add the ending AE for l or AO said you drop the ending and at the ending o with an accent meaning that you likewise put an emphasis on that vow for noos you you put Amos and it's actually the same ending for the pronoun that you have in the present tense and so you can only tell the difference between them in context foros you put a and for AOS you put Aron let's use the verb a as an example how would you conjugate a for the yo pronoun you take a drop the ending and add the ending e with an accent and so it's pronounced y I spoke it's not y it's y for two you drop the ending and add the ending AE so you get aast meaning you spoke for l or a said you get ablo with an emphasis on the Last Vow it's not ablo it's ablo he or she spoke for noos you get abl and it's pronounced the same way as in the present form and so you can only tell the difference between them in context for votos you get ablast which is you all spoke and for AOS you get ablon they spoke as far as ar verbs go I recommend that you memorize all of these endings except votos because there is no pattern to follow with any of them but but the trickiest pronoun to use is noos because the word abl can mean both we speak and we spoke however there is a way to tell the difference between them in context and that is by looking for keywords that Express time for instance if I say AO a I'm saying that we speak with you now because the word a indicates that however if I have a sentence like the sentence would logically be we spoke with them yesterday because AER indicates yesterday which is an action done in the past and that's really as difficult as it gets now there are verbs ending in e r and I and conveniently unlike the present tense which has a different conjugation pattern for each type of verb Spanish decides to use the same Syntax for the past tense of verbs ending in e and IR both verbs that end in e and IR share the same ending which might develop an easier conjugation pattern to memorize for the yo pronoun you drop the ending of the verb ending in e r or I and you add the ending e with an emphasis on that vow for two you drop the ending and add the ending e for l or a you drop drop the ending and add the ending EO with an emphasis on the o for noos you drop the ending and add the ending OS which is actually the same ending as the ending of verbs ending in IR in the present tense and once again you can only tell the difference between them in context and finally for votos you get and for AOS you get let's use the verbs and VI as useful verbs how would you conjugate the verb in the past tense for the yo pronoun you take K drop the ending and put e and so you get yo I at for two you get kist which is U at for L you Geto which is he at foros you getos which is we ateos yall ate and AOS they ate and now you simply replicate the same idea with regular verbs ending in IR like VI however don't forget about the noos pronoun of ir verbs ending in OS because they do share the same ending if I say Vios in Las Vegas a I'm saying that we live in Las Vegas now because a indicates that however if I say Vios and Los Angeles I'm saying that we lived in Los Angeles a year ago because is the construction that indicates that so overall you have to watch out for these things because that's as difficult as it gets and with regular verbs ending in ER and IR I recommend just memorizing the pattern for all pronouns except votos because it's the same in both types of verbs and also because it's a pattern that you would see all the time whenever you study the past tense in Spanish as I said in my video on how to conjugate verbs in Spanish in the present tense there is no point in knowing every a r e r and IR verb out there because you'll never use all of them I decided to utilize useful verbs like abl com and VI to demonstrate how regular verbs in Spanish work in the past tense I could have extended the video by giving examples but I chose not to because I believe that you can do so on your own because knowing how the past or predate tense Works in Spanish is sufficient enough to understand how it can be used as far as the past tense goes in Spanish there are actually multiple variations of it like the imperfect past perfect condition and conditional perfect and all of these tenses are topics for future videos so I decided to not over complicate the past tenses in Spanish by simply showing the regular past simple tense for regular a r e r and ir verbs and if you see any verb that's conjugated in the ways that I've shown in the video that means that this verb is in the past simple tense Spanish has the verbs said and E which mean to be and to go and even though these verbs have different definitions the convenient thing about them is that they both share the same syntax when they're put into past simple or predate tense in Spanish the ver said means to be as in being and having traits about oneself and the synx of this verb in the present tense has six different conjugations for the six pronouns the verb ear however means to go and sometimes can be referred to as to go to but its syntax is completely different in the present tense from the verb set the two verbs in the past simple tense share the same syntax which makes Spanish more convenient having an irregular conjugation pattern and so you can only tell the difference between them in context fui can simultaneously mean I went somewhere or to do something or I was as in actions that were completed in the past and I'll get to that in a bit fuiste can mean you went somewhere or to do something and also you were in a position somewhere Fu can mean he or she went and it also has a ubiquitous use of it was in Spanish making it one of the most useful words in the past simple tense fuos means we went or we were Fu means y'all went or y'all were and fuon can mean they went or they were I recommend that you actually focus on all pronouns except votos and AOS because all of these conjugations are very useful in Spanish as I said before you can only tell the difference between said and ear in the past simple in context and there's actually an easy way to distinguish their meaning and that is through the preposition a which is used as the preposition to in English just like when we say actions in the present such as yo ala I go to the store it's the same way you would say the phrase in the past y ala I went to the store which ultimately changes only one word making the language easier to understand and easier to distinguish from the verb set in this context next we know that the verb is IR because we see the preposition a which is placed only after conjugations of the verb regardless if it's in the present or past y ala and Y ala mean I go to the store and I went to the store which simply changes only one word noticeably understanding that ear is used because you have the preposition a after the conjugation in both cases however you can sometimes refer to actions like you go to do your homework and if you want to put the phrase in the past you simply change only one word by saying to you went to do your homework and in both cases everything else in the sentence stays the same besides the conjugation of both in English and Spanish and you can make more examples like she went to the concert yesterday with a indicating that the action happened in the past and also having Al which means to the again knowing that it's the verb you can also say a sentence like Fiesta we went to see the party and this sentence also has the preposition a inside which refers to an action done in the past once again showing that the sentence contains the verb ear the biggest tip that I can give for telling the difference between said and ear in the past simple is that if you see this conjugation and you don't know which one it is try looking for the preposition ah after the conjugation if there is an ah with or without an infinitive the verb is IR because there isn't much of a change from its form in the present now understanding how the verb said works in the past simple is actually a bit more difficult to comprehend due to its variations in the past currently we're working in the past simple also known as the predate and as I said in my previous video Spanish has many variations of the past such as the imperfect conditional and so on however what's important with the verb said is that it's used in the past simple strictly for describing actions that specifically happened in the past and I'm putting a very big emphasis on the word specifically as I don't want to lie to any of you watching this video I myself struggled with the verb said in the past simple but I can describe it in the easiest way possible you might remember me explaining the verb said in one of my previous videos where I described how the verb said works in the present form part of which includes the following applications of said you might be thinking that since these are the uses that are utilized for said in the present form then they all have to be used in the past tense also however since I said that said is used in the past only for situations that were finished specifically and factually this Narrows the field of the verb being used in the past only to when where and how events took place which can also be explained as events that happened or finished in the past suppose we have the phrase la pelicula Fu AB meaning the movie was boring in this case we have the use of Fu which indicates was as in the movie was boring since a movie is an event that happened in the past and stayed in the past the act of the sentence remains factual because of how was the movie and since there is the word f in the sentence this shows you how fu is used more than the other conjugations of SE however and this is something that I'll show rather than explain if you take this phrase the movie was boring and plug it into a translator it might give a translation that has the word era while the translation of the sentence doesn't go away the meaning is quite wrong about the phrase because era is the imperfect tense of said of the it pronoun meaning used to be and it's actually a word that's used more often than F but the emphasis of this video is the past simple saying laela ER AB means the movie used to be boring which logically doesn't make sense which is why F has to be used indicating how events took place in the past era is used more when it comes down to describing objects and people but it's a topic for a future video in this video I just wanted to mention that so that you don't get confused about how the use said in the past tense fu is by far the most common use of used for the construction it was like saying it was difficult to study for the test which can be said the same in the present tense by simply changing one word it is difficult to do the test and you can also have simpler sentences which are sentences that I recommend using the most likea meaning the party was in the club which is the easiest sentence that shows how said is used perfectly and logically in the past by acting as an event that took place in the past and stayed in the past in the video I wanted to show how the verbs sir and ear work in Spanish by having the same syntax in the past simple tense and also being able to tell the difference between them in context of course you can make any sentence that you want using said and IR but the biggest step that I can give in order to tell the difference between them in context is that the verb IR means to go and if you see the preposition ah with or without an infinitive after it then the verb has to be IR alongside the verb said means to be and if you see a sentence that begins with the construction F meaning it was or a sentence that has f in it with an event that's specifically finished in the past then that verb is the verb said in the past if you want to you can even practice on some of my sentences in the video and put them in English in order to see if you got them right and if you did then you did a good job there are many types of verbs in Spanish such as stem changing irregular yo and just irregular verbs in general and in this video I would like to describe every type of them in the past simple form even though not every verb will be included in the video because you don't need all of them I will explain all types of verbs in the past for the first video but in the second one I'll f finished what I left off the list will include weird stem changing verbs and irregular yo verbs which I will separate by categories and explain how to use in the past doing so as quickly as I can starting with generic irregular verbs that have the TUV change in them one of the verbs that falls into this category is Ted which doesn't follow the normal conjugation pattern of verbs ending in eer instead of following the syntax of normal verbs ending in eer taned decides to use T as its main stem y means I had to you had l tovo he had and so on I recommend not focusing on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation and so the other ones are more useful like saying I had a cat or maybe if you want to include an action inside you can say meaning you had to do your homework and from there you can make any sentence you want after the verb T there are some verbs that have the word ten in them with different prefix in the beginning such as DET rer and oper and in case you want to use any of them in the past tense you have to remember to likewise change them with the like you change and with verbs like these it's more useful to know them than to use them luckily for Spanish there's a very useful verb that similarly uses the ending which is something you don't expect from this verb and that is the verb EST rather than following normal conjugation patterns for verbs ending in a r EST decides to use the ending in all of its pronouns y EST means I was to EST you were El esto he was and so on like with the verb T I recommend not focusing on these pronouns because the other ones are more useful one important rule you have to remember with estar in the past is that it's used for things done in the past that stayed in the past in my video about a star I talked about the applications of a star in the present but in the past it basically applies for a location more than to anything else I can say a sentence like esto in Madrid I am in Madrid with him but if I want to say this phrase in the past I'd simply say y EST in Madrid because my action was finished in the past meaning that I never returned there and of course you can make any sentence you want but just be careful with using locations in the past the last verb that follows the U ending is another verb you don't expect and that is the verb andar meaning to walk instead of following the normal conjugation of a r verbs it decides to use the U ending to indicate an action done in the past with a verb like andar I recommend just knowing the verb rather than using it next up there are verbs that follow a p ending which luckily share the same verb but with different prefixes and that is the verb P instead of following the normal conjug pattern of verbs ending in e r Spanish decides to change it to P for all pronouns y means I put in the past to you put El he put and so on as always don't concentrate on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation if you were to say a sentence in the past using p you can say something like I put my phone here or maybe you can ask a question like don't meaning where did you put my shirt of course you can say any sentence you want using this verb I'm just giving a few examples to demonstrate how to use the verb after P there are many other verbs that follow the P change like prop Dison compon and Des compon and in case you have to use any of them in the past remember to change them the same way you would change p and with verbs like these I recommend just knowing them rather than using them next up there are verbs ending in and as far as I know there are only three of them in Spanish and they're very useful like conduc truc and produc rather than following the pattern of verbs ending in IR Spanish decides to change them in the ending by adding taking the verb cond as an example y means I drove to means you drove El means he drove and so on I recommend knowing all pronouns except votos because the sentences that you can make with them are very useful and the same concept applies to all of them whenever you decide to use them in the past any way you want while we're on the category of De there are verbs that have an e ending in the past simple meaning to say or to tell instead of following the pattern of ir verbs Spanish gives the verb the and change I spoke to you spoke and so on with a verb like I recommend knowing all pronouns except Vos because these pronouns are very useful especially when you incorporate every Spanish concept with them for instance I can say a sentence like meaning I told you that I'm going to be there or maybe some simpler sentences would be better like El he told me that yesterday or maybe they told us that they are there with a verb like you can basically make any sentence you want depending on what you want to say actually there are some verbs that put a prefix before the like PR and Contra and whenever you want to use these verbs in the past remember to change them like the and as always it's more useful to know them than to use them at last there's the verb meaning to bring which is actually the last verb to include a in the past simple tense instead of following normal ER verb conjugations the decides to add a in every pronoun I brought to you brought and so on with a verb like I recommend knowing it rather than using it next up there is the East category which is used through the verb AER instead of following the normal ER pattern a uses an irregular pattern across all pronouns and not only does it do that but it has an irregular word within its irregular pattern for the L pronoun which is ISO meaning he or she did or made the reason Spanish does that is because when say is put before an O it would have a c sound like ELO but the word needs to maintain a sound so it uses Zeta instead with a I recommend knowing all pronouns except Ros because they're useful in conversation for instance a common question that is asked many times is meaning what did you do yesterday and you can reply with meaning I did my homework you can also use the verb as to make in a sentence like no we made the bed or maybe they made a a cake for us and of course you can make any sentence you want using AER there are also the verbs and and in case you want to use any of them in the past you have to change them as you would with AER but with these verbs it's more useful to know them than to use them the last category for this video is verbs that have the VIN ending like venir rather than following the normal pattern or verbs ending in IR venir changes all of its conjugations in the past yo V I came to V you came and so on I suggest knowing all pronouns except V because it's a useful verb to know in the past for instance a common question with ven in the past is V meaning from where you came and you can reply with I came from my house you can also say something like we came from the concert at night or maybe they came from the school and of course you can make any sentence you want using the verb V in the past and actually there is the verb prevenir meaning to prevent and in case you want to use it in the past remember to change it like the verb venir and as always it's a verb that's more useful to Know Than to utilize this has been all types of irregular verbs in the past tense in Spanish part one the last category of irregular verbs in the past tense in Spanish is the category I call miscellaneous meaning that there are verbs that irregularly change their form in the past and that there aren't any other verbs that replicate their form like the verb cab meaning to fit rather than following the pattern of verbs ending in e r as far as I know cab is the only verb that follows the pattern y I fit to you and so on I recommend knowing this verb rather than using it next up there is the verb which is the only verb that has the pattern in the past y I could toist you could and so on I recommend knowing all pronouns except Theos because p is a very useful verb in the past tense but one important rule to remember with pod in the past simple is that it's only used for actions that happened in the past and that stayed in the past it's significant to not confuse it with a phrase like I could have plus an infinitive because this would be the past participle in Spanish which is a topic for a future video instead you can use in the past simple by saying something like I could speak with him or maybe toest you could go to the party of course it's up to you to say any sentence that you want with P after there's the verb sa which is the only verb that uses an pattern y means I knew toist means you knew and so on don't focus on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation one thing to note with sa in the past simple is that it's used in context when it comes down to knowing something factually but not necessarily something that you knew how to do in the present sa is used for the following applications but in the past simple tense it's used to know something factual like saying I knew who won the game and in the sentence I use Saed in the past by factually knowing who won the game along with using a regular AR verb for the he she pronoun of course it's up to you to say any sentence that you want with sa after sa there's the verb K which is which is the only verb that uses aiss pattern Y is I wanted toist is you wanted and so on don't focus on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation one thing to note with K is that it's used in the past simple for things that you wanted in the past and that stayed in the past like saying I wanted to play with you which is an action that I wanted to do and I no longer want to do it I can also say something like she wanted to open the door because it's an action that stayed in the past meaning that no longer wants to do it at last in the miscellaneous category there are the verbs V and dar and the easiest way to remember them in the past simple tense is that they literally share the same ending for all pronouns aside from the first letter of every conjugation y v i saw y I gave to V you saw to you gave and so on I recommend focusing on all pronouns except Vos because they're useful in conversation try some examples on your own y andesta means I saw you at the party to V means you saw my mother in the house means he saw how I did my homework means I gave you my pencil means he gave us the past these are just some of the examples that you can make with ver and D in the past simple and as always you can say any sentence you want using ver and D now we get to the category of stem changing verbs in the past simple the very first thing that I suggest to all of you is to remember that basically all of these stem changing verbs will only apply their stem changing rule for the L and AOS pronouns all of these verbs are regular verbs that follow normal conjugation patterns across their pronouns except for L and AOS so just remember that the second thing I'll say is that I won't give any examples with any of the following verbs because these are stem changing verbs that you should know more than use considering that the only useful way to utilize them is through the L and AOS pronouns taking a verb like sugar for instance it's a stem changing verb that falls into the a to e category and it follows the normal conjugation pattern of verbs ending in IR except for L and AOS instead of using the stem beginning with e sug decides to use e instead and at the most it's a verb that's more useful to Know Than to utilize generally the same concept applies to the rest of the verbs that I'm about to list going from E to e like M which means to lie prefer which means to prefer SE meaning to follow con meaning to get repe meaning to repeat Ser meaning to serve and ped meaning to ask for all of these verbs are useful to know rather than to use and the only thing you should know about them is that they change their stems from E to e only in the L and AOS pronouns in the past simple tense next up there are stem changing verbs going from o to U and as far as I know there are only two of them in Spanish and these are dormir and meaning to sleep and to die dormir follows the normal pattern of ir verbs but only changes its stem in the L and AOS pronouns meaning El he slept and AOS they slept and the same concept applies to the verb El is he died and aoson is they died as always these verbs are more useful to Know Than to use the last category of St changing verbs are verbs that have the letter igga and also include Accents in most of their pronouns in order to maintain the sound after having two vowels right next to each other these can be verbs like and and as you can see they are the only verbs in Spanish that have two vowels right next to each other so Spanish decides to put accents on some of their pronouns in the past simple in order to maintain their sound the easiest way to memorize them is to remember that they all share the same ending but different letters in the beginning Y is I believed Y is I read and Y is I heard toist is you believed to Leist is you read and to O is you heard and so on as always it's useful to know these verbs rather than to use them and now we made it to the final category of irregular verbs in Spanish which I think is the easiest and that is irregular verbs that are only irregular in the yo pronoun and in the past symbol actually there are three types of them in Spanish known as verbs that end in K G or tar and since there's no point in knowing all verbs in Spanish I'll show one useful verb from each category at first there are the verbs ending in k like practicar and while this verb follows the normal conjugation pattern for a verbs in the past simple it's only irregular in the yo pronoun ending in meaning Yo practi which is I practiced in case you see any other verb ending in k and you want to use it in the yo pronoun in the past remember to Simply change it to next up there are verbs ending in g like H and while this verb follows the normal conjugation in the past simple it's irregular in the Y pronoun ending in GE meaning Yo which is I played in case you see any other verb ending in g and you want to use it in the yo pronoun in the past remember to Simply change it to G at last there are verbs ending in Zar like organizar which also maintain the normal conjugation pattern in the past simple while it's your pronoun is irregular ending in meaning your organ which is I organized as as always in case you see any other verb ending in Zar and you want to use it in the yo pronoun in the past remember to Simply change it to say and this is where all types of irregular verbs in the past tense in Spanish come to an end throughout both of these videos I demonstrated all types of irregular verbs in Spanish in the past tense in order for all of you to understand what are their types how to use them and when to use them of course knowing all verbs in Spanish is impossible and potentially useless so I decided to exploit the most useful ones and put them in two videos so that you don't have to look up any of them and they're almost all in these videos in case you didn't remember them or forgot some of them you can always go back and find them within the videos not to mention that you probably don't need all of them the point of this idea was to provide a guide to all types of irregular verbs in the past tense in Spanish to understand how to use them when you want to and like I always like to say some concepts are more useful to Know Than to use and this video summarizes all of it in a nutshell reflexive verbs in Spanish are verbs that are applyed to oneself which is typically the definition that most teachers give them however I do not like this explanation because I have a a different way of expressing reflexive verbs in Spanish making it easier to understand what they mean a different way to look at reflexive verbs in Spanish is that they typically follow a preposition or some continuation the way that they look in Spanish is by having any regular verb following the continuation say after which is a form of an indirect object pronoun that has to do with oneself I will not explain every reflexive verb in Spanish because you don't need all of them but I will present the most useful ones in Spanish at first I would like to demonstrate how reflexive verbs work in general by showing how one verb works first let's take the verb Lavar as an example this verb in Spanish means to wash but in Spanish the verb to wash doesn't always conclude in its regular form often times when we think of washing something we can sometimes say to wash up if you look at the verb in Spanish and compare it to English there isn't really much of a difference but once this verb becomes reflexive we start to see that the meaning is changing laar means to wash but Lavar means to wash up which is a verb that's put in a reflexive form and that's really the closest connection I can give it in English the way that you would use the verb in Spanish is by using indirect object pronouns and putting them before the conjugated verb for for instance saying Yol Lao means I wash as in I wash something that's not related to oneself as in Yolo Co I wash the car however if I were to say Meelo this is where the meaning itself changes because the verb is not wash but rather wash up meaning I wash up something that has to do with oneself for instance saying y means I wash the car but saying meos means I wash up my hands in Spanish the verb to wash can change its meaning depending on how the action is used with laar meaning to was and with meaning to wash up and with the verb getting a preposition when it's logically translated into English in simpler words reflexive verbs in Spanish like these are verbs that follow a preposition or some continuation when they're put into English and as I said in the beginning that's the closest connection I can give it in English with every verb having its own unique definition if you think it's a difficult Concept in Spanish you'd be surprised to know that in English there are many verbs that f with prepositions and not only are they different their meaning changes indefinitely in English you can have the verb to give but when you start adding prepositions to it the meaning changes through all verbs to give to give off to give up and to give in are verbs that change their meaning once they're put into context and that's only one verb to use not to mention that it's a concept many people who learn English struggle with in Spanish however this concept is easier to understand because the difference between a regular verb and a reflexive verb in Spanish is the word say in the verb itself which can indicate that it's a verb that has a preposition after it in English laar means to wash but laar means to wash up which logically Works in Spanish but in English it may cause a of confusion we can also say I wash up the car or I wash my hands and while that's normal in English Spanish doesn't allow this idea to work which is why it generates different meanings with every verb reflexive verbs can also work in the present progressive like saying to estando meaning you are washing and meaning you are washing up in the present progressive you can also attach the indirect object pronoun to the end of the infinitive itself like saying EST but for Spanish speakers it would be too strange to say which is why most of the time the indirect object pronoun has has to be put before a conjugative verb it's the same thing as saying in English you are washing to you which doesn't make sense so overall just remember to put indirect object pronouns before conjugated verbs at last reflexive verbs can also function in the past simple tense like saying El La meaning he washed but saying a means he washed up and we know that it's a he because the construction indicates that and that's really how reflexive verbs work in Spanish and I would even say that they're not as hard as people think they are for the sake of learning I'd like to give all of you useful reflexive verbs so that you can understand how these verbs work at Best because I'm not going to list every verb that exists in Spanish some of the most useful ones in Spanish are B Le and means to bathe but means to take a bath saying a sentence like Yano means I bathe but saying Meo means I take a bath of course you can stretch the sentence in any way you want whether it's using a different object pronoun putting it in the present progressive or past simple tense leant say is a verb that's easier to understand because leant means to lift or to raise but leant means to lift up or get up to leaste means you lifted but taste means you got up of course you can stretch the sentence in any way you want desper means to arouse or to awake but Des means to wake up desperto means he aroused butto means he woke up d means to sleep but means to fall asleep I really hope that you're starting to get the hang of it now because most of the these reflexive verbs are verbs that are used in the past simple tense of course you can make any sentence you want using is a very interesting one because means to go but means to go away or to leave saying y means I go but saying Meo means I go away or I leave and the same concept applies to any pronoun and sentence you want to use p means to put but P say means to put down but let's not forget that it's an irregular y verb yongo means I put but me Pongo means I put down and the same concept applies to any pronoun and sentence you want to use S is actually a reflexive verb that's also stem changing s means to sit but means to sit down yento means I said but meso means I said down and the last most useful reflexive verb is actually a verb that many beginners heard of but never understood and that is yamar while yamar means to call as in to call someone by phone yamar means to call oneself or yourself in this case because it's a verb that has to do with oneself the most used sentence that everyone has heard of isas meaning how how do you call yourself while koyas can mean how do you call as in how do you call your favorite person or whatever komas means how do you call yourself which is a fancy way of saying what's your name you can reply by saying May Alex or whatever your name is a lot of beginners would tend to say something like May s Alex or yoy Alex and when you put these sentences in English you'll get I call myself as Alex or I call Alex and these are incorrect responses to the question komas and now you hopefully understand what this phrase finally means along with how reflexive verbs work in Spanish reciprocal reflexive verbs in Spanish is the English version of verbs that reciprocate subjects that involve two or more people as in each other or one another while reflexive verbs Express a verb that is followed by a preposition reciprocal reflexives always tend to have two or more subjects when you think about it in both English and Spanish we refer to each other whenever we speak of two or more subjects so we logically don't need the singular pronouns and so we only have to work with the plural pronouns reciprocal reflexives in Spanish Express an action that's reciprocated between two or more people and they work similarly to regular reflexives the way that reciprocal reflexives work is by using indirect object pronouns but in this context we only need the plural ones like No And SE which are the most used ones in Spanish the way that you would use it in Spanish is by having a verb that can be used with one another like AUD which is a common verb used for this context meaning to help each other since we're only working with pronouns like Nos and SE every example in the video will utilize the we and they pronouns if I were to use this verb and say something like noos AUD the meaning would be be we help however if we want to reciprocate the action we would say no a meaning we help each other and it doesn't get any more difficult than this the same concept can be applied to se when we know who the subjects are using the verb abar meaning to hug each other I can say AOS Aban meaning they hug but saying AOS Aban means they hug each other just like regular reflexive verbs reciprocal reflexives can function like any other verb both in the present progressive in the past simple saying a sentence like EST es means we are listening but no es means we are listening to each other likewise I can say jimos which means JN and I knew but saying J noos means JN and I knew each other even though the topic of reciprocal reflexives isn't that well known it does have a useful application in many sentences and some of the most useful reciprocal reflexes are Sal and the biggest tip that I can give to remember reciprocal reflexes is that whenever you see say after a verb it always means that the verb has a preposition or a continuation after it in this case Salud and cont and ver all have their definitions but they gain a different definition once say is inside the verb if you really want to you can technically use any verb in Spanish and make it reciprocal as long as the context makes sense with the inclusion of two or more people for instance saying a sentence like Los Amigos Salon means the friends greeted but if you were to say Los Amigos say Salon this would mean the friends greeted each other similarly you can use two verbs in one sentence like know vimos meaning we encountered each other in the cinema when we saw each other and in this context we know that encontr is in the past because vimos is in the past form too and as always it's up to you to say any sentence that you want using reciprocal reflexives in Spanish the imperfect tense in Spanish is a form of the past tense used to indicate actions that used to happen or were happening in the past what makes this tense the easiest to memorize in Spanish is that it's only modifyed two ways without having any irregular y verbs or stem changing patterns aside from three completely irregular ones however it's important to not confuse the past imperfect with the past simple because the two of them generate different meanings in context in my video where I talked about the past simple tense included examples of actions that simply happened in the past hence the name past simple the imperfect also known as the past imperfect is a tense that has two explanations meaning used to happen or was happening in the past and I'm putting a big emphasis on the meaning was happening because it's more of an accurate translation once it's put in English and it's the definition that most teachers don't talk about as I said again the past imperfect tense is the simplest one in Spanish because it only has two conjugation patterns with a r and e r/ i verbs let's start with verbs ending in a r to conjugate this verb in the Y pronoun you drop the ending of the verb and you get ABA for two you get abas for L you also get ABA and it's the same ending as with the Y pronoun so you can only tell the difference between them in context for noos you get abamos and we have to put an accent on the first a because we have to maintain the sound of the word for Vos you get ab and for AOS you get Aban let's take the verb abl as an example how would you conjugate it in the imperfect for the yo pronoun you take abl drop the ending and get yo abla and this phrase means I used to speak or I was speaking and I'll actually get to this structure later in the video for two you get aabas for L you get abla and you have to put the pronoun before the verb to not confuse it with Y for noos you get AOS and AOS try not concentrating on these pronouns because they're the least used ones in conversation if anything you should only know how to conjugate them and the best thing about this conjugation pattern is that it's the same across every AR verb there is in Spanish there is no ST changing irregular y verbs which makes the imperfect tense very convenient and it's the same thing with verbs ending in e r and IR however they have a different pattern than a verbs but both e r and ir verbs share the same pattern for the Y pronoun you drop the ending of the verb and put for two you putas for L you also get and don't confuse it with the your pronoun in context for noos you getos Vos and AOS taking the verbs and as examples how would you conjugate the verb K in the imperfect for the yo pronoun you take drop the ending and put the ending so you get yo meaning I used to eat or I was eating I was eating is more of an accurate definition and I'll get to that later for to you getas you used to eat or you were eating for El you get for noos you get andos and now you simply replicate the same idea with the verb VI as always try not focusing on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation as I said before there is no stem changing irregular yo pronouns or any irregular exceptions with verbs ending in e and IR however there's only three completely irregular verbs in the imperfect which are very useful and those are ver and S because there is no conjugation pattern to follow with any of them I recommend just memorizing their patterns in the imperfect for you get yo I used to go or I was going to ibas Elba and so on as always don't focus on these pronouns for you get I used to see or I was seeing two and so on as always don't focus on these pronouns at last you have the verb which is and so on the verb however is used in a very different way in the imperfect than in the past simple said in the past simple describes things that specifically happened in the past and that were finished in the past mainly speaking of when where and how events took place however said in the imperfect changes its meaning by applying to things that used to happen or were happening in the past so it's important to not confuse the past simple and past imperfect saying a sentence like Yu Bonito would imply that I was beautiful at a specific time in the past which logically doesn't make sense on the other hand saying y erab Bonito means I used to be beautiful indicating that it wasn't something that specifically happened but rather a trait that was happening in the past that's the difference between said in the past simple and past imperfect which is a topic that's difficult to understand but the best tip that I can give for understanding said in the imperf perfect is that it means used to be in the past and its most common uses are ones that have to do with people for instance saying a sentence like to isud means you were as in you used to be a student and you're no longer a student now erapid means he was as in he used to be fast but he's no longer fast now hopefully I'm making this concept as easy as possible overall this is everything you should know about the imperfect tense but there's still one concept that I need to mention to fully explain the imperfect and it's something that has to do with the verb estar in the beginning of the video I talked about phrases like yo ABA which means I used to speak or I was speaking visually looking at this phrase it sort of makes sense that the phrase would be I used to speak but let's not forget that the imperfect tense also applies to things that were happening in the past looking at the phrase I was speaking we can see that there's a form of the present progressive in the imperfect due to the construction was with ing while it can mean I used to speak yo abla signifies I was speaking rather than I used to speak and the only way to understand this concept is through the verb estar by far the most useful use ful application of estar in the imperfect is the present progressive saying a sentence like yoa can mean I was speaking but another way to write this using the present progressive is y EST derived from the verb EST and looking at this phrase it makes more sense to use this construction than simply saying yo abla to put it into simpler words yo abla means I was speaking and it can be written as yo esta and it doesn't get more difficult than this some of you might think to use AAR from the past simple by saying y but this would be an incorrect use of estar because the present progressive is an action that's always continuous even in the past because it's a continuous action meaning that it's happening the imperfect is needed for estan in the present progressive instead of saying y EST we need to say y EST because the action is continuous and the same concept applies to any sentence you want to say for instance saying a sentence like can mean you used to walk every day or you were walking every day and another way to write this is to estas saying a sentence like means he used to eat or he was eating in the mornings and another way to write this is saying a sentence like means I used to go to the school or I was going to the school and with the verb there is no way to rewrite the sentence because doesn't have a form in the present progressive saying a sentence like means you used to be very happy and with the verb estar this would be a correct way to use it because estar in the imperfect has the same appliations as in the present so there isn't really much of a change aside from the way you would use it in the present progressive stress possessed adjectives in Spanish indicate to whom a possess object belongs I already made a video about this topic talking about normal possessive adjectives such as my your his her our y'alls and there but stress possessive adjectives are adjectives that indicate to whom something belongs in English these can be mine yours his or hers ours Ys and theirs and they can be used in sentences like the computer is mine or the computer of mine which similar ly applies to the rest of the adjectives in Spanish just like regular possessive adjectives stressed ones have gender and plurality with every adjective having a gender depending on the number of objects that you're referring to to say mine in Spanish the word has to be mo with an accent if it's masculine or Mia if it's feminine to say yours the word is tuo masculine and tuya feminine to say ours or Ys the form of the possessive adjective actually stays the same as the regular possessive adjective which makes Spanish more convenient so you can only tell the difference between them in context the words suo masculine and suya feminine can mean his hers or theirs and so you can only tell the difference between them in context in case you need to pluralize any of them you simply put an essay after every adjective saying a sentence like a Lio is would mean the book is mine with the ending of the adjective matching the gender of the noun but another way to say this would be a Libro meaning the book of mine which still makes sense but it's not that useful conversationally instead you can use these adjectives when talking about people like Joan is amig meaning John is a friend of mine and the same principle applies to any phrase you want to say saying something like Laut would mean the computer of yours with the ending of the adjective matching the gender of the noun saying something like La clra would mean the class of ours again matching the gender and in case you want to pluralize it you can Sayes noas meaning the classes of ours because Su suya suos and suas can have more than one meaning you can avoid the confusion by specifying who the subject pronoun is for instance saying El suo would mean the keyboard of but because suo has multiple meanings we need to specify the subject in context by saying something like El meaning the keyboard of his because we know that L refers to a masculine his we can now change the sentence to ELO which would still mean the keyboard of his and the same idea applies to any subject that you want to use but keep in mind gender and plurality one thing to note with stressed possessive adjectives is that they can also function with the same meaning as regular possessive adjectives like saying to quaderno which means your notebook but this phrase can also be Rewritten while keeping its meaning like saying El and now this sentence means both your notebook and the notebook of yours and the same idea applies to any other sentence you want to say using these adjectives POR in Spanish means by or through and para means four sometimes the two prepositions have the same meaning but are used in different situations so you cannot use them interchangeably in this video I'd like to explain all the differences between them and how to use them in what context mainly speaking of movement time and action which both Po and Para but in different circumstances starting with the first usage of por this preposition can literally mean by or through which involves movement but it's used as other prepositions when it comes down to the duration of an event or a reason for a circumstance for instance you can use po when speaking of the preposition by or through like which literally means I went by or through the park which logically makes sense both in English and Spanish however saying a sentence like YOLO isos oras indicates I did it for 2 hours with po acting as the preposition for in English and it is tricky to understand the best tip that I can give to understand this better is instead of thinking of the sentence in English you can logically think of por as something that's used for a duration or during something which leads to the second use of por instead of saying I did it for 2 hours we can think of it as I did it during 2 hours which demonstrates the use of a duration through the preposition por which is why por is used it is tricky to understand but that's the closest connection I can give it in English another way to use po is for a reason of action like in the sentence y which means I arrived late to the house because of the traffic and in this context PO is used as the preposition because of because there's a reason of the action done in the sentence and that's the closest connection I can give it now to get more precise with po we have to take a look at movement time and action a bit more specifically aside from these categories P can also be used in topics like in the search for and exchange units of measurement and idiomatic expressions for instance saying yapis indicates that I went for my pencil which visually doesn't make sense in English with the preposition for but another way to look at the sentence is I went in search of my pencil which is why po has to be used in this context another example can be an exchange like in the sentence meaning I gave you money for the ticket once again po functions as the preposition for in English but another way to say the sentence is I gave you money in exchange for the ticket with the words in exchange for all meaning Po in Spanish even though it's hard to understand that's the closest connection I can give it can also be used for units of measurement like K which means I was driving 120 km per hour with por acting as the preposition per even though it's not a useful sentence it does make sense for use of por at last p is also used for idiomatic expressions like pemp and P which mean for example and at last and you have the prepositions for and at which don't really make sense in English but once again that's how por functions with movement time and action in in summary P applies to these circumstances but the critical part to remember is that it applies to past or current movement time and action with more examples on the way B specifically indicates things like a general motion like by or through a duration of action as enduring a reason for an action like because of an object of a search as in search of an exchange like in exchange for units of measurement as in per an idiomatic phrases like these ones that's how por functions in Spanish para on the other hand literally translates as for but sometimes functions like other prepositions just like Po para also applies to movement time and action but in these cases para indicates an event in the future or a purpose for an event for instance saying a sentence like Y lasas El Lunes means I leave for Las Vegas on Monday indicating a destination that I'm going to reach which is an event that's going to happen in the future however saying something like YOLO Voya said means I'm going to do it by Friday and in this tricky context the word para Acts as the preposition by in English which doesn't make sense but it does function as a deadline in the future which is why para is used another way to look at the sentence is I'm going to do it on Friday with para acting as the preposition on which still indicates a deadline in the future at last para can also demonstrate a purpose for an action like in the sentence meaning I study Spanish to be a teacher even though there's completely no preposition in the sentence by saying I study Spanish to be a teacher what we're trying to say is I study Spanish in order to be a teacher with para acting as a purpose of the action literally meaning in order to this sentence can also be written the opposite way Prof in order to be a teacher I study Spanish I believe that this is the easiest form of para to remember because para in this context will always come before a verb indicating in order to and that's the closest connection I can give it however para has other uses that are more logical than por once you put the context into English still falling into the category of movement time and action P can be used for being the recipient of something a comparison with others and in the employment of for instance saying something like estal means this gift is for him with him acting as the recipient of the phrase which is why para is used as for saying something like means for me this lesson is easy comparing the lesson with myself and in this context para is also used as for in English at last you can also use par in the employment of such Asel meaning she works for Telecom and once again para is used as for in summary para applies to movement time and action but what's important to remember is that it applies to events that will happen in the future like destinations deadlines and purposes along with recipients of something comparisons and employment overall The crucial part to remember about Po and para is that they both apply for movement time and action while sharing different circumstances in each category po May apply to a general motion the duration of an event and the reason for an action including ideas like an object of a search an exchange units of measurement an idiomatic statements par also applies to movement time and action but mainly speaks of events in the future like destinations deadlines and purposes while having recipients of something comparisons and employment the biggest tip that I can give to understand when to use por and when to use para is to always remember that por is used more for movement time and action in the past but para is used more for movement time and action in the future and as always these are the closest connections I can give them in English comparatives and superlatives in Spanish explain the differences between people and things in English there's a very simple system on how to use these ideas correctly but there are a few exceptions that make the language sound better in Spanish understanding how these ideas work can be a bit tricky but I'll try to explain them as easily as possible before fully knowing comparatives and superlatives you have to know that Spanish actually doesn't have a notion of adding letters at the end of simple words like in English so it relies on the words mass and Menos meaning more or less to express its phrases make sure that you focus on these words because you will see them in almost every sentence as an example the sentence means this class is small but its comparative version is different in Spanish in English we say the class is smaller by adding the letters e r to simple words but Spanish does not have the system instead it decides to use the word mass meaning more to justify the meaning by putting it before the adjective so the sentence would be is meaning this class is more small while this is logical in Spanish it feels weird to say more small in English because English simply adds letters to the end of regular adjectives nonetheless it's still possible to say the phrase as it is this class is more small which is literally and Visually how the sentence Works in Spanish the superlative version on the other hand is actually a bit more complex because it adds an article to justify the claim both in English and Spanish the sentence this class is the smallest contains an EST at the end of the adjective and the article the that specifies that this class is in fact the smallest similarly this is how the sentence Works in Spanish which only changes the meaning of one word the sentence in Spanish would be EST is l meaning this class is the most small while this makes sense in Spanish it again seems odd to say the most small because English combines the words nevertheless it's still possible to say this phrase as it is this class is the most small with the word mus acting as the word most unlike more from the previous phrase even though it's unusual to see phrases like more small and the most small this is how Spanish defines comparatives and superlatives English decides to combine the phrases into one word rather than keeping them in their form so there's really nothing difficult about this concept once you visually see it in English as a matter of fact it's easier to understand this concept once you start using less to express an inferior quality saying something like this class is less small and this class is the least small is visually how the sentences work in Spanish is and isos is literally how the phrases work in English the only difference is that in the first sentence menos means less and in the second L menos means the least an easy way to remember this is if you see an article before maso Menos they would mean most or least if there isn't an article Mas omos simply mean more or less as always it's up to you to say any sentence that you want using M or menos an even easier way to understand this concept is by using words that do not combine themselves this shirt is expensive in Spanish is esta esar the sentence say this shirt is more or less expensive and this shirt is the most or least expensive work even comparably to Spanish because the word expensive isn't a word that combines itself we don't say expensive or expensivest because the sound of the words would be too bad so that's the reason why English decides to use words like more most less or least esta isos and esta isos literally and Visually mean this shirt is more or less expensive and this shirt is the most or least expensive and that is as difficult as it gets as always it's up to you to use comparatives and superlatives to say any sentence you want at last there's one final concept to know with comparatives and superlatives and there somewhat similar to the concept in English being irregular comparatives and superlatives that have to do with words like Bueno Buena Malo Mala Hoven which is a neutral adjective and vi vi which mean good bad young and old as far as I know these are the only irregular qualities used to describe something as inferior or Superior in English saying something like this lesson is good would be a simple sentence but the word changes to Better In the comparative form and the best in the superlative and it's the same idea of the word bad being worse and worst span likewise has this concept but it's a bit more irregular saying EST bu would be a simple sentence but the comparative version would be meaning this lesson is better similarly having an irregular change like in English in the superlative form the sentence would be EST is Lor with an article indicating this but in this context the word meor means best rather than better from the previous phrase a tip that I can give here is that if you see an article before mahor the word would mean the best if there isn't an article mahor simply means best and it's the same irregular concept for Malo Mal and saying something like Malo means this book is bad saying EST es means this book is worse and saying EST means this book is the worst similarly it's the same concept with meaning young and meaning old saying El is means the kid is Young saying El means the kid is younger and saying means the kid is the youngest saying means means she is old saying a mayor means she's older and saying a LA mayor means she is the oldest of course it's up to you to say any sentence that you want using irregular comparatives and superlatives in Spanish there are many negative forms in Spanish that sometimes work similarly to English and sometimes don't in this video I'd like to explain how negatives work in the language starting from basic words and sentences all the way to how they use them properly first there are some indefinite and negative words you should know in Spanish like these ones these words refer to people and things but not specifically algo means means something alen means someone alun means any and it's the only word that has gender and plurality along with the negative version too c means always anden means also the negative words are NADA meaning nothing NAD meaning no one ningun meaning not any Nuna meaning never and TCO meaning neither even though I will not use all of these words they're still very useful to know at first in English we can have simple sentences with negatives like I do not speak French or he does not speak Italian in Spanish we have to use the word no by placing it before a verb like however when we answer a question and the response is negative the use of two negative words can be used like asking can you come today v o if the response is negative I can say no I cannot come today with two negatives in the sentence in Spanish the idea works the same way if the response is negative I can say no y no comparing the phrase to English the only difference is that the word not is placed after can but no is is placed before PUO because Spanish places negatives before verbs all the time we can also ask something like did you go to the store and the answer can be no I did not go to the store in Spanish the idea works the same way no as always you can make any sentence you want using simple negatives in Spanish but it doesn't stop here negative words can be used in many different ways in Spanish as opposed to English in English you can say things like nobody eats and she never runs and in Spanish there are many ways you can change these sentences you can say which is visually more logical but unlike English Spanish can contain two or more negative words especially when a sentence begins with a negative idea with the full sentence being negative I can say I do not eat anything with the word not before eat and with the word anything being indefinite in the sentence in Spanish the sentence would be Y no meaning I do not eat anything but as you can see Spanish has a double negative with the word NADA which means nothing the sentence would visually be I do not eat nothing even though the sentence makes sense in Spanish it doesn't make sense in English because English doesn't allow double negatives nonetheless that's how negatives work in Spanish and we can make any sentence we want how would you say the sentence I do not see anything in Spanish Y noada how would you say you never eat anything how would you say he does not know anything that's how negatives work in Spanish at last there are two concepts that need more explanation involving alen and NAD meaning someone and no one and alun and meaning any or not any because they indicate people alen and N have to use the personal a which is used before the words for instance I can ask did you see someone and you can reply with no I did not see someone in Spanish whenever you ask about people you will have to include the personal a like saying V and you can reply with no Y and as you can see the personal a is placed both in the question and answer additionally Nadia indicates no one which is a third negative in the sentence which is impossible in English but logic iCal in Spanish of course you have to watch out for these ideas finally there are the words alun and nun which mean any or not any and they're the most complicated negatives in Spanish mainly because they're the only ones that have gender and plurality however using them in context is not that complicated especially when you know what the context is asking something like means do you have any book here if you reply with a negative the word has to match the gender and plurality if there is one so the answer in Spanish would be no no I do not have any book here again having nun as a third negative in case we want to pluralize the sentence we can ask alak meaning do you have some or any books here and the reply can be no meaning no I do not have any books here in Spanish you have three negatives but English does not allow it one final example can be Kos meaning are you familiar with any store around here and you can reply with no y kosuna meaning no I am not familiar with any as always you can make any sentence you want using negatives in Spanish and hopefully after this video you understand how negatives work in the language familiar two commands in Spanish is a singular informal way to tell someone what to do when you speak to them in English this concept is very simple because it doesn't matter what verb we use its form in the infinitive will always stay the same saying you speak can mean one thing but saying Speak can generate a command and it's the same form with any verb in English like eat your food tie your shoes look up get up leave now and so on the reason why it's easy in English is because the Comm and always stays in the same form as the infinitive Spanish however modifies these words both in the affirmative and negative two commands without needing the pronoun two regular a r e r and i verbs will keep their form as a two command by taking the L AA form from the present simple for instance saying means he speaks but simply saying abah means speak as in I'm giving you a command to speak now similarly we can use an ER verb like com saying something likea meaning eat your food without needing to put the pronoun to in the beginning we can also use an IR verb like and say something like meaning open the door please and the same concept applies to any other regular verb that you want to use in the affirmative command however there are some irregular affirmative to commands involving ver and V the best tip that I can give is to just memorize these commands because there is no pattern to follow with any of them means put the phone on the table means do your homework Sala means leave now VES means come if you can this is how irregular commands work in the affirmative at last there are the verbs ver and which have the same pattern so you can only tell their difference in context a tip that I can give is if you see the preposition a after the verb has to be as in go to the school if you don't see a preposition after the verb is as in see that movie of course you can say any command that you want using regular and irregular verbs in the affirmative form now under understanding how two commands work in the negative form can be tricky but there is one pattern to follow in case you get confused in the negative form ar verbs will drop their ending and get the ending s along with the word no in the beginning for e r and ir verbs you drop the ending and put the ending us along with no in the beginning for instance saying a a means speak now in the affirmative form but how would you say this command in the negative form You Begin by saying no you take a drop the ending and put the ending s so you get no aess don't speak and the same idea works for any regular AR verb you want to use for e and ir verbs like com and ab You Begin by saying no take com and drop the endings and put the ending as so you get no commas and no abas meaning don't eat and don't open and the same idea applies to any other regular e and IR verb you want to use the negative form of two commands actually doesn't stop here because there's a lot of irregular verbs that change their form once they become negative including irregular y verbs verbs that end in K G and SAR and regular verbs in general verbs like and all share one common change and that is being irregular in the Y form and the way that you would use them in the negative command is by taking their y form from the present dropping their vows from the end and adding the ending us so it would look like this no kusas don't drive no digas don't tell or don't say no AAS don't do or don't make no pongas don't put no Salas don't leave no Trias don't bring no vengas don't come and no veas don't see inevitably there's other irregular y verbs in Spanish that have to be modified like these ones but it is not necessary to know all of them as long as they know the useful ones after irregular yo verbs there are verbs ending in k g and S and these verbs have a spelling change in the negative two commands like prac and organizar while they keep their forms in the affirmative these verbs change their spellings in the negative like practicar which becomes no practi don't practice having an s ending as with with any AR verb in the negative form hugar becomes no meaning don't play and it's a stem changing verb that changes its stem as with any stem changing verb in both the affirmative and negative forms and finally organ which becomes no organes don't organize at last there are General irregular verbs in the negative like and if you want to put them in the negative form they will look like this and the best tip that I can give is to memorize these forms because there is no pattern to follow with them of course you can say any command you want using irregular negative commands in Spanish an interesting concept with these commands is that they can be combined with direct and indirect object pronouns one of the most useful phrases with two commands involves the verb the meaning to say or to tell saying d means tell and saying noas means don't tell we can combine these words using direct and indirect object pronouns like saying tell me or tell me it in Spanish the affirmative form would be di meaning tell me which combines the words together and saying tell me it would be Deo with an Accent on D because we have to maintain the sound due to the amount of syllables in the word Deo in the negative form instead of attaching the pronouns to the verb we have to separate them by putting them before the verb so the phrases would be nigas meaning don't tell me and nigas meaning don't tell me it that's how direct and indirect object pronouns work with two commands we can say Pono meaning put it and in the negative form the sentence would be noas don't put it saying ven means come to me and in the negative form the phrase is no don't come to me like I always say there are millions of sentences that you can make with them and it's up to you to say any sentence that you want one last concept to note with two commands is reflexive verbs which are verbs that follow a preposition and within two commands they function slightly differently than any of the previous verbs we've seen so far taking the verb leant meaning to get up this verb in the affirmative command will be leant and as you can see the first part of the word takes the correct form of affirmative commands having an accent to keep the sound but includes the at the end of the word in order to signify that it's a reflexive verb leant on its own would be a command for Lift or raise and leant means get up or lift up in the negative form we take the pronoun and put it before the verb without forgetting to change the verb in the end so that it matches its negative form not meaning don't get up here's another phrase d means to fall asleep it ends in ir and it's also stem changing how would you say this verb in the affirmative two command the verb would be with being the stem change an accent on E to keep the sound and T at the end which signifies the verb as reflexive and as a side note reflexive verbs that are used within two commands will always use the pronoun te because we're giving commands to you hence to te is a pronoun from to which is why it's always used finally how would you say this verb in the negative command not with coming before the verb being the stem change and the ending as which corresponds in the negative form with verbs ending in IR that's how reflexive verbs work in the affirmative and negative commands and if you want to you you can even include direct and indirect object pronouns with them as long as the context makes sense noos commands in Spanish is the English version of Let's Do Something mainly emphasizing the we pronoun in English it's a very easy concept because it doesn't matter what verb we use we simply have to put the phrase let and then we put any verb we want like let's speak let's eat let's open and so on it literally doesn't matter what verb we use the form of the verb in the wi command will always have the same form as the infinitive in Spanish this idea completely changes for basically every type of verb but there are some patterns to follow for regular ar verbs you keep the same ending as you would in the present and change a to a for regular e r and i verbs you keep the same ending as you would in the present and change the e or e to a if you take a closer look you can probably tell that only one letter changes so it's almost like a switch between the types of verbs the best thing about these changes and for every verb there is in the noos command is that these changes are kept even in the negative command abl means we speak but ablos means let's speak Kos means we eat but K means let's eat abos means we open but abamos means let's open and in the negative they keep their forms with no in the beginning that's how regular verbs function with noos commands both in the affirmative and negative however there are many irregular verbs in the nosos commands but I will not put all of them in this video because you don't need all of them if anything I'll give the most useful verbs once that you can just memorize these verbs include V ver and in case you want to use these verbs in the's commands now you know how and of course there's other verbs that follow these irregular patterns but you don't need to know all of them after these verbs there are verbs ending in k g and Zar and these verbs have a spelling change in the nro's command while changing the ending to practicar becomes practicos meaning let's practice hugar becomes hugos meaning let's play and organizar becomes organos meaning let's organize if if you see any other verb that ends in K G andar remember to change the ending and spelling in case you want to use it in the noos command after these verbs there are stem changing verbs and there's one important thing you need to know about them and that is only stem changing verbs that end in IR change their stem but only with one letter like dormir which goes from o to U in the noos command it will be dur meaning let's sleep not damos it's a tricky exception but it's easy to memorize there's other verbs like C and P which are also stem changing verbs ending in ir and they would be sintamos and pedamos meaning let's feel and let's ask for that's how stem changing verbs specifically verbs ending in IR work with nosal's commands these commands can likewise work with direct and indirect object pronouns but it's a bit more tricky in the affirmative the pronouns are attached to the verb with accents but in the negative they're separated with no accent abamos means let's open it and in the negative it's noos let's not open it both phrases have the verb and the pronoun and it's attached in the affirmative with an accent but separated in the negative compros can mean let by them with them being an object and in the negative the sentence is no let's not buy them both phrases likewise have the verb and the pronoun can mean let's bring you it and in the negative it's notos let's not bring you it of course you can make any sentence you want using these commands with direct and indirect object pronouns the last concept to know with Nosotros commands is reflexive verbs because we're only working with Nosotros the indirect object pronoun NOS will always be used with reflexive verbs especially in the affirmative where NOS is attached to the verb Spanish has a very important rule saying that when NOS is attached to the affirmative nosos command the final s is dropped from the verb ending in order for the word to sound better when said take the reflexive verb how would you say this verb in the no's command you would want to sayos no and while this makes sense Spanish says that this word sounds bad when said so we need to eliminate the S to avoid repeating the same sound so the the phrase would be SOS meaning let's sit down and in the negative the indirect object pronoun is put before the verb while the verb itself is conjugated the proper way no noos let's not sit down as you can see in the affirmative the S is dropped but in the negative the S is kept as a side note the rule of dropping an S also applies for the indirect object pronoun say meaning to him to her or to them when it's attached to the verb in the affirmative in order to avoid repeating the same letter and the same sound how would you say the phrase let's give him it you would want say de but Spanish says to eliminate the final s from the verb to avoid repeating the same letter so the phrase would be deos let's give him it in the negative the phrase would be no let's not give him it with an s present in the verb how would you say let's make her it with the S dropped from the verb in the negative the phrase is no let's not make her it with an s present in the verb how would you say let's take a bath Bonos in the negative the phrase is no no BOS with an s in the verb that's what happens when no and say are attached to the verbs in the affirmative form at last there's the verb which is the trickiest verb in the noos command because it's the only verb that has multiple meanings both in the present and command forms and here is what I mean if we want to say we're going we need to say vamos the word vamos itself is taken from the present simple which means we're going but Spanish adds its second definition to vamos meaning let go however using vamos as let go is informal in context because there's the second word in Spanish that means let's go IR is actually irregular in the no's command being V which formally means let's go both V and V mean let's go but context will change the action based on the situation the reason why I'm concentrating on the word vamos so much is because in Spanish you have the reflexive verb meaning to go out this verb is very tricky to understand especially with no's commands now that I have shown you Vos and vayamos as let's go how would you say the phrase let's go out since I said that V is the irregular form of let's go some of you might say vamonos but actually it's the incorrect way to say let's go out so instead you need to say vamonos using the present simple version of with s dropped from the end of the verb Vos means let's go out or let's leave if you want to be formal and a lot of beginners hear this word but never understand what it means and now hopefully you understand the reason I emphasized vamos so much is because it ties back to the reflexive verb meaning to go out and rather than using the irregular vamonos form you need to say vamonos in the negative however we have to use the irregular form of so the phrase is not nonos but rather nonos let's not go out this is how and function with no's commands past participles as adjectives in Spanish is a form of a verb used to form a perfect or a passive tense as an adjective in English this concept is very simple because most verbs often end in ed like talk which becomes talked clean which becomes cleaned and so on however there are irregular verbs in English like buy Drive speak and so on obviously you don't need to know all of them in Spanish nonetheless you have the same concept but with a bit more variety and just a few irregular verbs that are easy to memorize for regular ar verbs the form of the past participle is achieved by dropping the ending and putting the ending ad like abl which becomes abl speak to spoken for regular e and ir verbs you drop the ending and add the ending Ido like com which is comido and viid which is vivido meaning eaten and lived in case you want to use any other regular verb that ends in a r e r or I now you know how there are however irregular verbs that require an accent on the E primarily e r and ir verbs that end with two vowels like which becomes with an emphasis on the E which becomes which becomes which becomes which becomes which becomes which becomes of course there's other verbs in Spanish that follow this pattern but you don't need to know all of them at last there are General irregular verbs used as past participles and these include and in case you want to use these verbs as adjectives now you know how however in Spanish these verbs are often used with the verb estar because in case you don't remember estar is used to describe the condition of things temporarily when we use past participles as adjectives we're using adjectives to describe something for the moment in Spanish gender and plurality have to match in the sentence and here are some examples saying something like I close the door would be but another way to say the sentence is the door is closed and as you can see we're using the verb to describe the condition of the door with s being the adjective that matches the gender hence puera is a feminine word Additionally you don't have to use the verb EST when writing such a sentence instead we can just say the closed door which would be LA and because we're using a past participle le as an adjective we have to put it after the noun because it's a rule in Spanish and basically the same idea applies to any sentence you want to say and here are some examples how would you say the phrase the book is open and now how would you say this phrase without aarto meaning the opened book with abto being an irregular adjective how would you say the texts are written texos and now how would you say this phrase without AAR the written text how would you say the bed is made or meaning the made bed how would you say the problem is resolved or the resolved problem how would you say my answers are completed or my completed answers and here's a very interesting one how would you say the day is dead now how would you say say the dead day El muerto hopefully you can see where I'm going with this and if not what I'm trying to say is the Day of the Dead which is a famous Mexican holiday that people hear about how would you say this phrase in Spanish de muos The Day of the Dead muos is a past participle used as an adjective that's plural and now hopefully you understand what this phrase means and here I want to show one personal concept that I used to think about when I was learning Spanish through English in English I used to think of phrases like I finished and I am finished looking at these phrases I used to think that the same concept work in Spanish because English has the same word for finished in the two sentences therefore I thought that the way you say the phrases in Spanish is and and the reason why I thought this way is because the word finished doesn't change in English so it must be the same in Spanish however because at the time I haven't learned past participles yet this is where I realized that the phrases are Y and ymin with termin being the adjective and here my thinking process changed because I realized why English is a simple language especially when it's compared to Spanish in these cases you have to watch out for these ideas when you learn languages because it teaches you how to think properly so that's it the present perfect tense in Spanish is the English version of talking about something that someone has done using the verb to have along with past participles you can generate sentences like I have talked you have eaten he has left and so on in Spanish you have the same concept of this tense using the verb AB meaning to have done something which needs to be conjugated the proper way along with past participles in Spanish you have six conjugations of a y means I have plus any past participle you want to as means you have l means he has noos OS we have Vos AB y'all have and AOS an they have try not focusing on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation like I said at the beginning you need to use past participles in order to demonstrate an action in the present perfect for instance saying yo abl means I have spoken with e being the conjugation that matches the yo pronoun and and abl being the past participle Additionally you can say to asido Ando meaning you have eaten and he has read again showing the proper conjugation of a with a past participle in both cases and basically the same idea applies to any sentence you want to say however there are a few things to note about the present perfect tense in Spanish that is slightly different in English the past participle does not change form when it's in the present perfect it only changes once it's used as an adjective because it has to match the gender and plurality for instance I can say a sentence like the doors are closed lasas estas with the word SAS matching the gender in plurality of puas putting the sentence in the present perfect will change the gender and plurality based on the speaker so if I as a man say the sentence it would be Y and here I'm using S as a past participle of myself and not as an adjective in the previous phrase sadas is in fact used as an adjective so overall you have to watch out for these ideas additionally when working in in the present perfect tense in Spanish the two elements of AED and a past participle always have to be together and can never be separated this means that whenever you're working with negatives and direct and indirect object pronouns they will always come before a in every sentence asking something likeo means have you read the book and you can reply with C Yol meaning yes I have read it with Lo being the direct object pronoun before a if you want to put a negative in the phrase you can say no no I have not read it you can also use indirect object pronouns and say something like John has told me it which would be joh Meelo with me being an indirect object pronoun and La being a direct object pronoun if you want to make the sentence negative you can say joh no joh has not told me it either way the construction with a and the past participle always stays together and never separates as always you can say any sentence you want using the present perfect in Spanish however there's one last concept about the present perfect that needs to be known and that is using using the present perfect as to have had something in English the verb to have can mean a main verb like to have to do something or to have something in general or an additional verb like I have read I have eaten and so on in Spanish however you have two verbs for these cases one being ten and one being a which is different in English when you only have the same word for both the infinitive and the sentence in order to say a sentence like I have had a lot of friends it might be confusing for students because they see two versions of the verb to have which is have and had but literally the way that you would say the in Spanish is much Amigos using as the proper conjugation of for the Y pronoun and using as a simple past participle of the verb tet as you can see we have the verb to have twice in English because it functions with multiple meanings in Spanish you have two verbs for this a and t with one verb being conjugated to match the pronoun and one being a past participle and this is actually a concept that I used to think about in English I used to think of phrases like I have to read and I have read and I thought that the phrases in Spanish are Y and and the reason why I thought this way is because English has the same word for have so it must be the same in Spanish however I later learned that Spanish has two versions for to have a and and that you also have the present perfect so I realized that the sentences are and with being the verb in the present perfect even though it's a small difference it just shows you how simple of a language English is when it's compared to Spanish and there's more of it to come the past perfect tense in Spanish works the same way has the present perfect tense but instead of indicating what someone has done it speaks about what someone had done hence it's in the past like the present perfect the past perfect also uses the construction a plus a past participle but in this case the verb a has to be conjugated in a different way because the past perfect speaks of the imperfect past tense for yo you get yo ABIA I had plus any past participle you want for two you get to abas you had ABIA he had no AB we had AB I y' had and AOS Aban they had try not focusing on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation the past perfect is often used with the word yah meaning already to indicate that an action had already occurred before another just like the present perfect the past perfect also maintains the construction a plus a past participle which cannot be separated therefore the word yah will always come before this construction saying a sentence like means she had left already or she already had left if you want to VIs ually translate the sentence similarly I can say which means I had studied already or I already had studied however these sentences are too easy to utilize and often times you'll see more complicated phrases especially ones that involve the conjunction an plus a noun or an infinitive which means before for instance saying an means before this year which is an easy phrase to understand but saying something like an dear means before arriving and I can use it in a sentence like an before arriving to the school I had eaten already or much before this month I had worked a lot of course you can say any sentence you want using the past perfect in Spanish including negatives reflexive verbs and direct and indirect object pronouns and as a matter of fact they're used the same way as in the present perfect saying a sentence like El means he had shown me it with me and lo being the object pronouns and if you want to put a negative in the sentence you can say he never had shown me it or no he had not shown me it Additionally you can use reflexive verbs in the past perfect by putting the object pronouns of the verb before the construction a plus a past participle a useful sentence can be before going to work I had taken a shower and as you can see the construction of a doesn't separate because the object pronoun of the reflexive verb is placed before for this construction and the same idea applies to every phrase that I've shown in the video and any phrase that you want to say personally however I don't recommend using the past perfect with reflexive verbs because there are not that many sentences that you can make with them let alone useful sentences even though I don't like saying this quite often I recommend not using the past perfect when speaking Spanish conversationally because it's a lot easier to express your thoughts using the regular past tense or the imperfect even though I did not present many examples in the video I believe that the past perfect is a tense that's useful to know but but not that useful to utilize because there are not that many sentences that you can make in the first place but that of course depends on the context and just like I concluded in the previous videos I used to think of phrases like these in English when I was learning Spanish through English therefore I thought that if the word had is the same in English it must be the same in Spanish but literally Spanish has three tenses for these cases which completely changes the word and now you can hopefully understand why English is easier when it's compared to Spanish and it's the same process that I had to go through the future tense in Spanish indicates an action that will simply happen in the future hence it's the simple future in English it's a very simple concept because it doesn't matter what verb we use we always put the word will before the verb which doesn't change the verb itself in Spanish the future is a simple tense consisting of one word which doesn't really conjugate the verb but rather keeps the form of the verb as the infinitive and then add some letters after it principally verbs in the future tense in Spanish don't really get conjugated but rather they change by having letters after them the best thing about the future tense in Spanish is that it doesn't matter if we use an AR e r or I verb stem changing or an irregular yo verb the change to the verb itself will stay the same across almost every verb there is in Spanish for the Y pronoun you keep the form of the verb and then put the ending e with an accent so that when you say the word the emphasis is put on that accent for two you put as with an accent for L you put a with an accent for noos you put Emos with no accent making it the only pronoun in the future tense with no accent for votos you put Ace with an accent and for AOS you put an with an accent with the future tense in Spanish I recommend focusing on all pronouns except votos because using any verb in the future tense is very practical there are however a few irregular verbs in the future mainly ones that are simply mixed up the best tip that I can give is to just memorize these verbs because there is no pattern to follow with any of them but keep in mind that they still maintain the same ending as for regular verbs in the list you have verbs like the meaning to say or to tell a to do or to make to can to put to want sa to know Sal to leave ten to have and venir to come as far as I know these are the only irregular verbs in the future tense and here are some examples saying something like I will do my homework will be saying you will buy a house in the future can be saying he will be 30 years old will be and we have to use the verb to express having an age so watch out for that saying can mean we will learn Spanish tomorrow with the word Manana helping us indicate that the action is in the future saying AOS Vos can mean they will come if they want saying y can mean I will give you it using direct and indirect object pronouns which will always come before the verb saying El can mean he will take a bath using a reflexive verb with the object pronoun coming before the verb ultimately there are many phrases that you can make using the simple future tense in Spanish and it's up to you to say any phrase that you want because it is not that hard to memorize finally there's one last concept that I would like to present that mainly has to do with expressing your thoughts in the future and how to think in Spanish in terms of the future which doesn't really require the simple future tense before learning this tense I made a video about the verb e talking about how to use the verb to go in Spanish something that I've mentioned over time with the verb ear and something that people don't realize when learning Spanish is that the verb IR can effectively be used to express the near future using the construction plus an infinitive in the present simple for instance I can say a sentence like meaning I'm going to eat in the afternoon which indicates an action in the near future using the infinitive however we can in fact use the verb ear as an infinitive to express the future when speaking saying something like y means I'm going to go to the school which expressively shows the future in context and the same idea applies to any sentence that you want to say using Y now instead of actively using this phrase we can use the simple future tense by simply saying meaning I will go to the school as you can see in order to express the future when speaking we have two phrases that can do so with one using the verb ear as an infinitive I'm going to go and with the other being the simple future I will go and you don't really have to use the verb ear you can say something like she is going to walk but saying means she will walk it doesn't matter which phrase you say because you express the future in the two sentences in case you forget the simple future tense you can use IR instead and vice versa person personally I think it's best to use IR because you don't have to change the infinitive all you do is use and then any verb you want whereas using the simple future tense might require more thinking because instead of conjugating the verb you have to remember which letter to place after the verb and it's a lot to memorize this in fact is a useful Lang hack either way this video was about the simple future tense but this hack is useful to express the future and not so in the future simple tense the future perfect tense in Spanish speaks about what will have happened at some point in the future in English it's a tense that's it's not used often but when it is it's a simple concept because all we do is put the construction will have and then we add any participle that we want after in Spanish however we have a slightly different concept that again uses the verb a but in the future perfect we use a conjugation that is equivalent to both of the words will have for the yo pronoun we have the word AB which is a conjugation of a plus any participle that we want after for two we have abas for El we have Abra for noos we have abos with no accent making it the only conjugation of a in the future perfect with no accent for votos we have ab and for AOS we have Aban as you can probably tell by looking at the chart the ending of all of these conjugations of a perfectly correspond to the ending pattern of verbs in the simple future and that is because the future perfect literally just copies the ending that you would have for verbs in the simple future for the verb a so it's really not that difficult to memorize as always try not focusing on these conjugations because they're the least used ones in conversation in Spanish a way that the future perfect can be used effectively is by using it with time expressions like para and D which mean by and within and then any time expression that you want these constructions can help us talk about what will have happened at some point in the future saying something like can mean by Monday I will have finished my tasks with El Lunes being the time expression AB signifying the words we'll have for y and terminado being the participle similarly I can say meaning Within within a year you will have left your job using un as a Time expression with the construction D additionally I can say Abra muchas which means by that date John will have received many offers with esaa being the time expression as always the same concept applies to any phrase that you want to say using the future perfect tense in Spanish even though I did not present many examples in this video and only concentrated on the first three pronouns the future perfect tense is one of the least used ones in Spanish mainly because no one uses it in actual conversation as a matter of fact I did not present any sentences involving negatives reflexive verbs and object pronouns mostly because it's impossible to make a logical phrase using these ideas in the future perfect if anything the future perfect is a tense that is useful to know but not useful to utilize simply because it's used in rare cases when talking about actions that are guaranteed and completed by some point in the future both literally and conversationally the future perfect is not used very often if ever which is why it's useful to understand understand how it works but not so much to use the conditional tense in Spanish indicates what one would do or what would happen in a situation in English it's a very simple concept because it doesn't matter what verb we use we always put the word would before the verb which doesn't change the verb itself in Spanish the conditional is a tense that has only one word which doesn't really get conjugated but rather keeps the form of the verb as the infinitive and then adds some letters after it as a matter of fact its modification pattern is similar to the simple future tense where verbs don't get conjugated but rather they change by having letters after them just like the simple future tense it doesn't matter if we use a r e r or I verbs stem changing or irregular yo verbs the change to the verbs themselves will stay the same across almost every verb there is in Spanish for the yo pronoun you keep the form of the verb and put the ending I with an accent so that when you say the word the emphasis is put on that accent for two you putas with an accent for L you put with an accent for noos you putos for Vos you put and for AOS you putan with the conditional tense in Spanish I recommend focusing on all pronouns except Vos because using any verb in the conditional tense is very useful however there are a few irregular verbs and believe it or not the irregular verbs that you have in the conditional tense are the same ones that you have in the future tense meaning that it's easier to memorize these verbs nonetheless the conditional tense has a different conjugation pattern unlike the future tense similarly there is no pattern to follow with any of these verbs but they still have the same ending as for regular verbs in the list you have meaning to say or to tell a to do or to make to can p to put to want sa to know Sal to leave T to have and ven to come as far as I know these are the only irregular verbs in the conditional which are literally the same verbs as in the future tense and the most useful cases to use in the conditional are in questions likeo meaning would you go with me and you can reply with C yes I would go with you you can also ask something like meaning would he buy that car and you can reply with C yes he would buy that car additionally we can ask Vian AOS and eston meaning would they live in this region and you can reply with C AOS Vian and eston yes they would live in this region we can also use the conditional tense with irregular verbs like saying meaning we would want a plate please or maybe you would say that this lesson is good a popular phrase that comes up in the conditional tense is without you I don't know what I would do and this sentence actually has a negative and uses the verb as said which is irregular in the conditional just like with every other tense the conditional can likewise function with negatives and object pronouns and by far the most practical and useful application of the conditional is the verb P which is commonly used to make polite Expressions asking something like can mean could you open the window and you can reply with see y yes I could open the window or maybe if you want to reply negatively you can say no no I could not open the window or maybe you can use a direct object pronoun instead like saying no or no no I could not open it with the direct object pronoun being attached to the infinitive or put before the verb which is possible in the conditional tense in case you want to include an indirect object pronoun you can likewise do so by asking daro or Melo could you give me it and you can reply with no or no no I could not give you it as you can see the object pronouns can either be put before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive and the same idea applies to any other sentence that you want to say at last you can use the conditional tense with reflexive verbs like saying I would take a bath you would go out and we would have fun these sentences use reflexive verbs and the way that you would say them in Spanish is by putting the object pronoun before the conjugated verb May and practically however I don't recommend using reflexive verbs because there's nothing much you can do with them but it is important to know how they work in the conditional the conditional perfect tense in Spanish indicates what would have happened or what one would have done in English it's a tense that's not used often but when it is it's a simple concept because all we do is put the construction would have and then we add any participle that we want after in Spanish however we have a slightly different concept that again uses the verb a but in the conditional perfect we use a conjugation that is equivalent to both of the words would have for the Y pronoun we have the word abria which is a conjugation of a plus any participle that we want after for two we have abas for L we have abria for noos we have abos Vos Abri and AOS Abri as you can probably tell by looking at the chart the ending of all of these conjugations of a perfectly correspond to the ending pattern of verbs in the simple conditional and that is because the conditional perfect literally just copies the ending that you would have for verbs in the conditional so it's really not that difficult to memorize as always try not focusing on these conjugations because they're the least used ones in conversation in Spanish a way that the conditional perfect can be used effectively is by expressing an action that would have happened but did not saying something like y would mean I would have finished my job with ABA being the conjugation that matches the Y pronoun additionally I can say to which means you would have enjoyed being there with abas matching the pronoun too or maybe we can say Aya abria abto Las Ventanas meaning she would have opened the windows with abria matching the pronoun Aya and with abierto being an irregular participle as always the same concept applies to any phrase that you want to say using the conditional perfect tense in Spanish even though I did not present many examples in this video the conditional perfect is one of the least used tenses in Spanish mainly because no one uses it in actual conversation just like with the future perfect tense I did not present any sentences involving negatives reflexive verbs and object pronouns mostly because it's impossible to make a logical phrase using these ideas if anything the conditional perfect is a tense that is useful to know but not useful to utilize so that's that K and lo in Spanish both mean what but sometimes K can mean that without an accent as a conjunction however they cannot be used interchangeably because while K is the most used conjunction Lo has a bit of a different meaning indicating what in the beginning or middle of a sentence and I'll get to that in a bit first I'd like to discuss the word K while K can mean what with an accent without the accent it means that as a conjunction meaning that it's expressing a subordinate clause and similarly it's used the same way in Spanish typically it's used in long sentences especially when we use a lot of Spanish ideas at once and so we can have phrases like I will use the phone that I bought with the word that being the conjunction in Spanish the sentence will literally and Visually be the same as you can see is used as that the same way in English technically speaking however the phrase in English can be said and written without the conjunction I'll use the phone I bought but realistically we always have included especially in Spanish saying the sentence without the conjunction signifies an incomplete phrase and that's why the conjunction is needed and here are more sentences that incorporate intermediate Spanish concepts with K how would you say the phrase he wants the book that is on the Shelf with that and expressing the subordinate clause and with the sentence literally following the same pattern as in Spanish how would you say the house that you see is big is Grande this sentence was an easy one now now how would you say we went to a restaurant that is expensive how would you say the phrase they will do the job that they have now how would you say I have taken the medicine that the doctor gave me this sentence was a bit difficult because it used the present perfect the past a direct object pronoun and the conjunction K if you got the sentence right then you did a good job and if not now you can learn how phrases work with the conjunction and here's one last sentence that's a bit tricky how would you say the phrase I see that that man is standing the reason why the sentence is complicated is because in English we have the word that which is used twice but with different meanings the first that is a conjunction and the second that is a demonstrative adjective even though it's a tricky concept that English students have to deal with it's pretty normal in Spanish this idea just shows how English is simple because it repeats one word multiple times but with different meanings in other languages especially in Spanish you have other words for these cases but not in English that's how K as a conjunction Works in Spanish now we have the words Lo which mean what but not in the definite form even though many Educators give these words different definitions my explanation of Lo is very simple Lo in Spanish is used as what but not in question form and most of the time it's put in the beginning or middle of a sentence to visually show what I want to say here's a simple sentence consisting of the word quando which means when qu when I was young I had a dog in this sentence I'm using the word when not as a question but as a conjunction especially in Spanish when it doesn't have an accent this sentence can still maintain its meaning even if you switch the phrases like saying I had a dog when I was young both in English and Spanish the conjunction when keeps its meaning and doesn't change to a question with this concept in mind this is literally and exactly how lo is used in Spanish and here are some examples how would you say the phrase what I want is a house is now if you were to switch the phrases and keep the meaning how would you do so a house is what I want is in both sentences what is used in the beginning or middle of the sentence the same way Lo is used in Spanish that's how lo Works in Spanish and hopefully I'm making this concept as easy as possible here are more sentences how would you say you don't know what you want now how would you rephrase the sentence with what in the beginning what you want you don't know Lo how would you say the phrase he has to do what he needs to do now how would you rephrase it what he needs to do he has to do how would you say what they need is something to eat and now how would you rephrase it something to eat is what they need Al is how would you say I did not see what you gave me and now how would you rephrase it what you gave me I did not see Y and finally here's a generic phrase that I've said previously in the video how would you say to visually show what I want to say this sentence unlike others cannot be rephrased but it does show how lo can be used in other sentences too so that's that in this video and the videos after this one I'll be explaining the subjunctive in Spanish which is the last most difficult concept ending all of my Topics in Spanish typically it's a concept that students students learn in intermediate Spanish before learning the future tenses however I decided to keep it until the end because of its difficulty and after I'm done with it I'll compile all of my Spanish videos into one long video that has every Spanish principle the reason why the subjunctive is so hard is because it has a lot of variations more than any other tense in Spanish that have shown on this channel unlike the past tense which has three and the future tense which has a couple the subjunctive has a total of four variations that need to be shown individually in this video I'll only explain the principles of the subjunctive and individual after this one I'll explain each topic individually before learning how to make sentences in the subjunctive we need to understand its formation and the variations that it has as far as I know in the subjunctive there are only four ways that it can change there's the present subjunctive the past subjunctive the present perfect subjunctive and the past perfect subjunctive there also used to be a future subjunctive in Spanish which is now Obsolete and being replaced by the present subjunctive overall just know that these are the variations of the subjunctive I already made videos about the present and the past in Spanish and so some concepts are more useful than others however after this video I'll explain each tense separately because there's a lot to know in this video I will not focus on any of these tenses because I'll just explain how the subjunctive Works in general by presenting its fundamentals you might have heard some teachers explaining the subjunctive as a mood that expresses the speaker's attitude towards events actions and states that are uncertain or hypothetical despite other Educators explaining the subjunctive differently I do not like any of these explanations because they tend to confuse students rather than make them understand the subject matter properly I recommend that all of you ignore these definitions because my definition of the subjunctive is far simpler but keep in mind that this explanation makes perfect sense to me I apologize if it doesn't make sense to you but it should help you understand the subjunctive better the easiest way to spot a subjunctive sentence is through this construction subject verb plus that plus subject verb in Spanish the phrase will be subject verb plus K plus subject verb this is the type of phrase that you will see all the time which activates the subjunctive meaning that a sentence can start with any subject and any verb and continue with any subject and any verb aside from Vos however this is where we need to pay close attention to the details in order to fully understand what activates the subjunctive and what doesn't just because a sentence has a subject verb plus ke plus a subject and a verb it does not mean that the phrase will be in the subjunctive mainly because we have to pay close attention to the first verb in the sentence in order to have a sentence that is activated in the subjunctive the first verb in the sentence conjugated with its pronoun must be a verb of will emotion influence recommendation or doubt disbelief and denial a simple way to remember this is by using the word weird the initial letter of every category combines into the word weird so you must have a verb that comes from this list if a verb does not come from weird the subjunctive is not activated and here's what I mean we can have a sentence like I believe that you ate which in Spanish would be in this case the phrase is not in the subjunctive because the verb doesn't come from weird it's simply a verb that expresses an opinion not to mention that the second verb in the phrase is conjugated properly therefore it's not in the subjunctive similarly we can say I know that you ate which would be this sentence also doesn't activate the subjunctive because sa means to know factually and therefore it does not come from weird in these cases you have to find verbs that activate the subjunctive and these have to be verbs of will emotion influence recommendation or doubt disbelief and denial based on my experience in Spanish these are the most common verbs that activate the subjunctive which means that they can begin with literally any subject in Spanish obviously I'm not including every verb on theist list but these are the most common verbs used to express the subjunctive if you see a sentence starting with any of these verbs and with any subject the sentence will be in the subjunctive if you see a sentence that doesn't start with any of these verbs or from verbs that don't come from weird it will not be in the subjunctive that's the first thing you should know about the subjunctive in Spanish the second thing you should know about the subjunctive is something that is related to the construction subject verb K subject verb in this typical phrase the second verb must be modified in the most irregular way possible especially in the present and past subjunctive considering that the first verb comes from weird which activates the subjunctive the second verb in the sentence has to change in a completely different way unlike any other way that I've shown on this channel however I will not present this way in this video I'll present it in the videos after this one considering that there are four tenses of the subjunctive to begin with additionally this part of the phrase can literally consist of any subject and any verb considering that I said that the second verb has to get modified in the most irregular way this means that you will have to not only memorize every conjugation of every verb but you will also have to understand how stem changing and irregular verbs are used in the second part of the phrase within every tense the pattern completely changes in the present subjunctive which is different from the past subjunctive and so on this is what makes the subjunctive the most difficult Concept in Spanish considering that you have a subjunctive phrase mainly consisting of a subject verb K subject verb the second part of the phrase can literally begin with any subject and any verb that has to not only correspond to the subject but also be modified in a completely different way if you think about it then you have stem changing IR yo verbs and irregular verbs in general and on top of all of that you have four tenses that change each verb in a different way I apologize if it sounds too confusing but that's the best way that I can describe the subjunctive there are no examples in this video because I'm simply going over the principles of the subjunctive but I will provide many useful phrases in the videos after this one mainly consisting of one useful verb from each category of weird moreover there's a third concept you should know in the subjunctive and that is separate phrases that can still activate the subjunctive which is different than subject verb k subject verb like I said previously just because the phrase begins with a subject verb K subject verb it doesn't automatically mean that the phrase is subjunctive sometimes we can have phrases that begin with a main clause and end with a subordinate clause in order to indicate what activates the subjunctive and these phrases can be S necessar Plus subject verb s important plus subject verb and so on obviously there are more sentences that activate the subjunctive using other Expressions conjunctions and even adjective Clauses but I will not talk about them in this video and future videos because it's simply too excessive and impractical what you should know are the most utilized expressions in the subjunctive just to understand how the subjunctive functions and of course there are sentences similar to these Expressions that do not activate the subjunctive like it's a fact that you ate this sentence looks like it's going to activate the subjunctive but it's really not so make sure that you watch out for these ideas and so finally this is everything you should know and understand about the subjunctive in Spanish and this is why it's the most difficult Concept in Spanish at first in order to activate the subjunctive you need to have a sentence that has a subject verb can subject verb or a general main Clause that supports a subordinate clause like s necess okay subject verb secondly if you were to use the first construction then the first verb in the sentence would have to be a verb of will emotion influence recommendation or doubt disbelief and denial also known as weird if a verb does not come from weird the subjunctive is not activated however if it is activated the second verb of the sentence absolutely must be modified in the oddest way possible depending on the tense that you want to utilize the second part of either phrase can consist of literally any subject and any verb and the verb must be conjugated the proper way depending on the subject and the tense whether it's in the present past present perfect or past perfect to recap what I've just said this is the reason why the subjunctive in Spanish is the most difficult concept hands down it has four tenses it must have a verb coming from weird or a general main Clause the second part can consist of any subject and any verb and the second verb has to get conjugated depending on the tense this is everything that you should know about the subjunctive in Spanish and in the videos after this one I'll go in depth and explain each variation as easily as I can in order to make your learning as easy as possible in this video I'll explain how all types of verbs work in the present subjunctive in Spanish which is a continuation from the previous video where I talked about the principles of the subjunctive and understanding how it functions in these upcoming videos I'll be covering each tense of the subjunctive starting from the present all the way to the Past Perfect while showing useful sentences and explaining the concept of each tense the present subjunctive is the first tense that is learned conceptually but it's actually one of the hardest concepts of the subjunctive mainly because it has a lot of irregular verbs including irregular y verbs verbs ending in k g and S stem changing and irregular verbs in general like I said in the previous video you will have to memorize every conjugation of every verb because the second part of the phrase subject verb K subject verb can have any pronoun and any verb however in order to activate the subjunctive the first verb in the sentence would have to be a verb coming from weird which I showed in the previous video before showing sentences in the present subjunctive we need to understand how every type of verb functions in the present subjunctive in the second part of the sentence beginning with regular a r e r and i verbs all the way to irregular verbs in general regular a r e r and i verbs in the present subjunctive are conjugated similarly to negative two commands by changing the ending to the opposite type of the verb itself for regular a verbs you keep the same ending as you would in the present simple but instead of having an A in every conjugation you need to change it to e taking the verb abl as an example instead of keeping its form in the present simple we have to change only one vowel so that it matches the present subjunctive y means I speak in the present subjunctive to AES means you speak El means he speaks and so on that's how regular a verbs work in the present subjunctive for regular eer and I verbs you keep the same ending as you would in the present simple but instead of having an e or E we need to change the vowel to a taking the ver and VI in the present subjunctive we have to change only one vowel yoa or Y via means I eat or I live toas or to Vivas means you eat or you live and so on that's how regular eer and I verbs work in the present subjunctive and if you take a closer look you can probably tell that only one letter changes in these verbs so it's basically a switch between the types of verbs that's how regular verbs function in the present subjunctive specifically in the second part of the phrase subject verb K subject verb or a main Clause plus subject verb now that I showed how regular verbs work in the present subjunctive you'll have to memorize this pattern because you will have to use it all the time whenever you want to say a sentence in the present subjunctive using any pronoun and any regular a eer or IR verb that's the first concept of the present subjunctive the second concept of the present subjunctive is irregular yo verbs which are similar to nootro commands obviously I will not put every irregular yo verb on the list because you don't need all of them instead I'll give the most useful verbs which include cond and of course there's other verbs that will follow these irregular patterns but you don't need to know them what makes irregular y verbs more difficult than regular verbs is the way they're conjugated for every pronoun and the way that you have to memorize their pattern typically irregular yo verbs are only irregular in the yo pronoun in the present simple taking the verb conduc in the present simple every word is conjugated normally except in the yo pronoun yo condus in the present subjunctive however you will have to take the ending of of the conjugation of the yo pronoun and repeated across every pronoun additionally because cond is an IR verb we have to put the opposite ending from A and E to a so that it corresponds to every pronoun in the present subjunctive conduc will look like this Y cond toas elusa and so on as you can see we took the irregular conjugation of the Y pronoun from the present simple and put it at the end of every conjugation in the present subjunctive additionally we also change the vowel in the end from from A and E to a in order to maintain the proper conjugation of every pronoun that's the system of conjugating irregular y verbs in the present subjunctive and as I said in the previous video you will have to memorize every conjugation of every pronoun because any pronoun aside from votos can be used in the present subjunctive now that you hopefully understand this concept let's finish the rest of the irregular y verbs in the present subjunctive together let's take the verb from what have shown how to conjugate the verb the in the present subjunctive in case you're having trouble remember to to take the conjugation of the yo pronoun from the present simple apply the ending to every pronoun and change the vowel at the end to match the pronoun in the present subjunctive the will look like this Y and so on like I said previously you will have to memorize every conjugation of every pronoun after the we have the verb how would you conjugate this verb in the present subjunctive toas and so on now how would you conjugate o y o to and so on how do you conjugate the verb to and so on how do you conjugate the verb and so on how do you conjugate V Yas Ela and so on and finally how do you conjugate ver and so on this is the entire concept of how irregular y verbs function in the present subjunctive and like I say all the time you need to memorize all of these conjugations because any pronoun can be used in the present subjunctive of course there's other irregular y verbs in the present subjunctive but we don't need to cover all of them that's the second concept of the present subjunctive the third concept of the present subjunctive is verbs that end in K G and S and these verbs have a spelling change in every conjugation an easy way to memorize them is by using the irregular conjugation of the yo pronoun from the past simple to make your learning much simp I'm going to use one verb from each category to show how the system functions let's take the verb marar in order to put this verb in the present subjunctive we have to take its irregular form in the yo pronoun from the past simple and replicate it across every pronoun and then change the vowel at the end so that it matches the pronoun marar in the present subjunctive will be to and so on that's the spelling change that this verb has along with the vowel change in the end now let's take the verb pagar how would you conjugate this verb in the present subjunctive Y and so on that's the spelling change that this verb has at last let's take the verb Oran how would you conjugate it in the present subjunctive or Oran Oran and so on that's the third concept of the present subjunctive the fourth concept of the present subjunctive is stem changing verbs which I think is the easiest mainly because they have the same changes as they do in the present simple except when changing the vowel in the end taking verbs like pensar and the only difference between these verbs in the present simple and the present subjunctive is the ending stem changing verbs function the same way as in the present simple except with the vowel change at the end y becomes y y becomes Y and the same idea applies to the rest of the conjugations into to any other stem changing verb however there are a few exceptions involving verbs ending in IR that change their stem in the noos and votos pronouns these verbs can go from E to e like ped from E to E like and from o to like there could be other verbs in the present subjunctive that follow these patterns but you don't need to know all of them that's how stem changing verbs work in the present subjunctive and now we get to irregular verbs in general which have little to no pattern to follow at all so you will have to remember them as they are in this category there are only five verbs EST and in the present subjunctive the verb EST will look like this EST EST EST and so on what makes EST irregular in the present subjunctive is the presence of accents except noos nonetheless it's a simple verb to memorize after estar we have the verb Dar which looks like this and so on after we have the verb which copies the same pattern as the verb ver and so on after we have the verb which has a pattern similar to its form in the past simple y to and so on and finally we have the verb which by by far is the most irregular verb in the present subjunctive y to El and so on even though you can technically find a pattern in some of these verbs I recommend just memorizing them in one motion and right now I covered the fifth and final concept of the present subjunctive in this video in the video before this one I explained how the subjunctive Works in Spanish by talking about its tenses verbs and conjugations that you all have to know understand and memorize even though I did not present any sentences in this video I did give a sufficient amount of information in order to understand how the present subjunctive works and how all types of verbs function in it in the next video I'll only show phrases and sentences in order to fully finish the concept of the present subjunctive for your information there will not be any sentences involving negatives and reflexive verbs mainly because they're not that useful in the present subjunctive and also because there is no irregular concept with them so that's it in this video I'll be presenting sentences that are only in the present subjunctive in my two previous videos I explained the subjunctive in Spanish along with the types of verbs that are used in the present subjunctive in case you don't remember the construction subject verb K subject verb or a main Clause K subject verb is the typical phrase that you will see in the subjunctive however to activate the subjunctive the first verb must come from weird and these are the most common weird verbs which I've shown in the previous videos instead of using every verb I'll be showing one useful sentence using a different pronoun and one verb from each category to demonstrate sentences in the present subjunctive let's take the following phrases y subject verb to subject verb and these are the sentences that I'll utilize throughout the video the first verbs in these cases all activate the present subjunctive and match their pronouns the second part however is any form of the subjunctive consisting of any subject and any verb but in this case it's in the present just to let you know when I'll be showing these sentences in context I'll use the system of conjugation for every type of verb that I showed in the previous video without actually saying what type of verb I'm using to make practice more legit in case you don't remember you can always watch the previous video and one last thing that I can add is that sometimes I'll be implementing other Spanish Concepts in a few main Clauses just to make practice more beneficial now let's begin with the following phrases and work backwards take a look at this phrase y Estus espanol this phrase is already in Spanish with two Estus being the subject and the verb and with estud being an AR verb that is conjugated for the two pronoun in the present subjunctive how would you say this phrase in English now here we have two options first if you want to visually translate the sentence then you can say I want that you study Spanish but it doesn't really make sense to say that even though it technically works on the other hand the second option is more logical in English but it doesn't work visually in Spanish I want you to study Spanish using a complete infinitive to study while it doesn't matter which phrase you say because both are correct I'll focus on both of them because we'll sometimes have cases when the two sentences can be applied making it logical and practical how would you say this phrase I want him to use it and the other way to write this is I want that he uses it how would you say one of these phrases how would you say this phrase this sentence visually makes sense both in English and Spanish how would you say this phrase how would you say this now how do you say this phrase how would you say this phrase now let's get a bit more complex how do you say one of these phrases this phrase was a bit hard because we had to put a direct object pronoun in the beginning along with an irregular y verb in the present subjunctive how would you say one of these phrases how do you say this phrase this sentence visually makes sense how would you say this how do you say this how would you say this how about this phrase what about this one how would you say this what about this how about this one what about this now let's get more complex how do you say one of these phrases and now how would you say one of these how would you say one of these how about this solos how about this one what about this in this case if you wanted to you could have put the direct object pronoun before the conjugated verb what about this phrase Ando how about this phrase and what about this one for the final sentences this is where I'll show some general main Clauses that have a subject and a verb after how would you say this phrase what about this phrase how about this one what about this and the final example in this video is this one and here this is where every concept of the present subjunctive comes to an end even though the phrases in this video were sort of one-dimensional and sometimes not that relevant my goal was just to present the system of the present subjunctive at the end of the day it's up to you to make make any sentence that you want using any subject and any verb because this is how you're supposed to think whenever you learn new language Concepts even though some sentences did not make sense my goal was to give the idea of the present subjunctive and from there you could have said anything that you wanted and it will be the same idea for the next tenses of the subjunctive I could have extended the video by talking about the present subjunctive using different Expressions conjunctions and adjective Clauses but I chose not to because it's an even trickier topic that will probably confuse you even more so that's that the past subjunctive in Spanish also known as the imperfect subjunctive speaks of multiple Clause sentences that Express States and conditions considering that you need a verb coming from weird in order to activate it in my opinion the past subjunctive is the second hardest topic of the subjunctive mainly because it has two conjugation patterns and a big list with exceptions that are irregular the past subjunctive works the same way as the present subjunctive which I explained in the previous videos but this time it's in the past or predate tense in the video I will cover every concept along with multiple phrases in the end for regular ar verbs you drop the ending of the verb and add the following endings Aras aramos being the only conjugation with an accent AR and Aran let's take the verb a which is a regular AR verb how would you conjugate a in the past subjunctive Yas noos and AOS in case you need to conjugate any other regular AR verb in the past subjunctive now you know how now we have regular e r and ir verbs which follow the same conjugation pattern you drop the ending of the verbs and put the following endings again making it the only conjugation with an accent and let's take the verbs and how would you conjugate them in the past subjunctive Y andas and two vivieras elier and El VI and so on in case you need to conjugate any other regular e or IR verb in the past subjunctive now you know how however now comes the big list that is full of exceptions which are both irregular and stem Chang in especially ir verbs of course I will not include every verb on the list because you don't need all of them but it is significant to know the most useful ones because there is no conjugation pattern to follow I recommend just memorizing them as they are in the list you have verbs like Dar meaning to give the meaning to say or to tell AAR meaning to be a meaning to do or to make e and said meaning to go and to be and as you can see they follow the same pattern because in case you don't remember ir and s in the past simple tense follow the same pattern in the past subjunctive however the pattern is somewhat similar next we have P meaning to can p meaning to put sa meaning to know ten meaning to have and ven meaning to come after you memorize these verbs there are stem changing ir verbs that have irregular stem changing patterns but I'm obviously not including every verb in this list you have verbs like pref meaning to prefer D meaning to sleep meaning to drive meaning to believe and meaning to hear these are all the types of verbs that you have to know understand and memorize with every pronoun and conjugation before making actual sentences we have to understand that the past subjunctive is used the same way as the present subjunctive except that it talks about actions events or conditions that already happened in the past this means that whenever we speak of the past subjunctive the entire phrase needs to be in the past simple or past imperfect in order to activate it just like in the present subjunctive the whole sentence is in the present simple and it's the same idea with the past every sentence in the past subjunctive must fully be in the past simple or past imperfect so make sure that you pay attention to each phrase now I can show you a few phrases and after you get the idea then you can make any sentence that you want take a look at this phrase Y how would you say this phrase in English just like in the present subjunctive there's two options first you can visually translate the sentence and say I wanted that you speak with me but if you want to sound logical then you can say I wanted you to speak with me unlike the present subjunctive both phrases have the same form of the verb which is actually in the past because the two phrases begin in the past this is why the past subjunctive is one of the hardest Concepts to understand because in Spanish you have one form of the sentence with a very odd conjugated verb but in English there are multiple options just like in the present subjunctive I will focus on both phrases because the two sentences can be applied similarly how would you say this phrase as a reminder because we're working in the past tense we can have sentences that are either in the past simple or past imperfect which is why you see the sentence starting with a verb coming from weird being in the perfect tense sometimes we have the past simple and sometimes the imperfect and it's up to you to decide which tense is correct to use how would you say this sentence how would you say this how do you say one of these how do you say this now let's try to use some of the irregular verbs how would you say this phrase how would you say this how about this one this sentence was a bit hard because we had the word dud which means we doubt and we doubted and so the meaning changes in context and also because we use the progressive tense that is you were speaking which uses the verb in the past how about one of these how about this one in this sentence we have which comes from and but in this case we can tell that it's ear now how about this one in this casea is derived from said because it speaks of a permanent feeling even though the sentence in English doesn't really make sense when you visually usually translated into Spanish how about this one if you wanted you could have placed the object pronoun before the conjugated verb how about one of these how about this one what about this what about one of these now let's finish the past subjunctive with irregular stem changing verbs along with a few General main Clauses in the past how would you say this this sentence doesn't really make sense to say but I'm showing it just so you can understand irregular verbs in the past subjunctive how do you say this how about one of these how about this me what about this at last let's finish with three main Clauses how do you say this how about this the last one how would you say this pya finally this is where every concept of the past subjunctive comes to an end just like I said in the previous videos even though some phrases didn't make sense to say my goal was just to present the system of the past subjunctive at the end of the day after you understand the idea it's up to you to make any sentence that you want using any subject and any verb in the past subjunctive not to mention that the past subjunctive in Spanish is a concept that is useful to understand and useful to utilize so that's that the present perfect subjunctive in Spanish talks about what someone has done or what has happened in the subjunctive form just just like the regular present perfect the present perfect subjunctive is formed using the verb a and the past participle expressing an action that recently has happened despite being part of the subjunctives in my opinion the present perfect subjunctive is one of the easiest topics to understand because the same conditions activated as in the normal present perfect unlike the present perfect the verb a in this case needs to be conjugated differently in the present perfect subjunctive instead of these conjugations you have these ones yo a in the present perfect subjunctive would mean I have and then a past participle to a would mean you have El he has noos we have Vos a y'all have and AOS aan they have in the present perfect subjunctive I recommend focusing on all pronouns except votos because they're very useful to know in Spanish just like the normal present subjunctive sentences in the present perfect subjunctive must all be in some form of the present because the action is occurring before it's expressed in the main clause in other words every verb within a phrase has to be in the present form and here's what I mean let's take the sentence I hope that you have slept well how would you say it in Spanish with being a weird verb ASAS being a conjugation of a and Doro being the past participle the convenient part is that unlike the previous subjunctives that I've shown both in English and Spanish there's only one way to express the two sentences because all verbs in the two phrases are in the present and they all have to remain as they do in English you can technically say I hope that you slept well but when you put this phrase in Spanish it will not activate the subjunctive because you have two different tenses I hope is in the present and you slept is in the past and these two forms do not allow the subjunctive to be activated which is why we have to include the present perfect you have slept now the sentence has one whole tense which allows for the subjunctive unlike the previous videos that I've done about the subjunctive in this video I will not present too many phrases because the present perfect subjunctive is one of the least used Topics in Spanish some of the sentences that you will see will randomly be made with verbs that come from weird and with a few phrases having a general main Clause so watch out for that how would you say this phrase how about this phrase what about this one how about this what about this how would you say this how about this this sentence was a bit tricky because there's a negative and the direct object pronoun which are both placed before the conjugated verbs in case you don't remember the present perfect subjunctive functions the same way as the regular present perfect which means that the phrase a plus a past participle cannot be split apart this is is the reason why negatives and object pronouns are always placed before this construction how would you say this how about this phrase once again we have a direct object pronoun coming before the conjugated verb here's the last phrase for the video how would you say it this sentence was the trickiest because it had a negative and two object pronouns which were all put before the conjugative verb conversationally it will not be as difficult as this so this is the most that you have to know and understand with the present perfect subjunctive even though it's a subjunctive the present perfect has very minimal use in the subjunctive itself mainly because it's not used that often and like I always say it's a concept that is more useful to Know Than to use so that's that the past perfect subjunctive in Spanish speaks about what someone had done or what had happened in the subjunctive form like the present perfect subjunctive the past perfect subjunctive also uses the construction a plus a past participle but in this case the verb a has to be conjugated differently because the past perfect subjunctive speaks of the imperfect past tense y UA in the past perfect subjunctive would mean I had and then a past participle to uas you had El U he had noos we had y'all had andos they had in the past perfect subjunctive I recommend not focusing on these pronouns because they're not that useful in conversation just like the regular past perfect the past perfect subun indicates actions that had taken place before another action in the past additionally sentences in the past perfect subjunctive must all be in some form of the past because the action occurred before being expressed in the main clause in other words every verb within a phrase has to be in the imperfect form which is similar to the present perfect subjunctive where every verb within a phrase is in the present in this case we're working in the past and because the past perfect subjunctive is one of the least used Topics in Spanish and also because it's the final Spanish concept that I will cover I will present just a few sentences in this video the sentences that you will see will randomly be made with verbs that come from weird and with a few phrases having a general main Clause how would you say this phrase how about this phrase what about this one this sentence was a bit tricky because it's put in question form along with using ABIA as the phrase there was in the imperfect tense how would you say this phrase no this sentence was a bit hard because we had to use double negatives in Spanish and also because it wasn't clear who the subject was in the phrase here's the last example for this video how would you say it in Spanish this sentence was also a bit hard because we had to use era as the imperfect tense of was and also because we had a direct object pronoun L coming before the construction a plus a past participle conversationally it will not be as difficult as this so it's a concept that is more useful to Know Than to use so that's that and here this is where the final Spanish concept and all of its fundamentals come to an end throughout all of the videos that I've done for the past few months I basically covered every Spanish principle and concept that one has to know when learning Spanish beginning with my Spanish fundamentals video all the way to now I demonstrated what is it like to learn the basis of any language before actively speaking it in this case Spanish like I've always said previously before learning to speak any language everyone has to know and understand the fundamentals of the language and that's exactly what I've shown over time all of my previous videos include every Spanish idea in order to understand how Spanish fully works as a language and once you've understood how to utilize these ideas you can speak the language any way you want once you understand what you know you can then focus on mastering the language using the method that fits you now that this long video is over I want to take a few seconds to explain what I've shown as someone who teaches themselves languages I've had my own ways of explaining information to myself which a lot of people don't really understand the whole point of every video that I've done including this long video too is to explain the system of how to think when learning new languages I completely understand that everyone has their own way of learning but like I've always said everyone has to know and understand the basis of any language my goal wasn't to teach how to speak Spanish because you can do so on your own but rather how to think in terms of speaking this video had everything that you needed to start to think in Spanish that is if it was your goal unlike other Educators that teach Spanish differently I chose to go with this format in order to not waste anyone's Time Each video was an explanation of a Spanish concept without any additional information before or after I completely understand that some formats were very fast and sometimes it was impossible to follow what I was saying but this was my way of explaining things without wasting time and I do really apologize for that for many people learning language Concepts very fast is unfitting annoying and potentially irritating and I completely understand that however because I tend to learn languages as a polyglot iend end up teaching them as a polyg and it's something that's very unfitting for many people and I'm really sorry if I went too fast in some Concepts anyhow thank you for watching and I hope that your learning became the simplest it can be thank you