Oh ap bio this is our video lecture for chapter 4 a tour of the cell chapters 2 and 3 we had to divide into two video lectures because they were pretty lengthy chapters chapter 4 is still a very important and very meaty chapter but I won't try and get the video down two or two one video so here we go so as is our tradition I've begun with the picture this is my son Jack this has taken a couple years ago he is um this is that at breakfast and he's he still is but back in when this picture was taken he was going through a growth spurt and he was a very very very very very very very healthy eater and you can see here he's got a a waffle in one hand which is dipping in syrup but he's got grits in the other hand he's eating a bowl of fruit well you can tell from the picture is he's already eaten his breakfast in this picture but when he's eating now are the remnants of the rest of our rest of our meals so Jack was Jack was a very healthy eater and he was a growing boy so I picked this picture because you know he was going through a growth spurt here and you know all of us have gone through growth spurts you are all at one point just a single cell you were a zygote and since then you have grown a lot but you're not just one big zygote when an organism grows cells get to a certain size tour they divide they go through mitosis in the case of animal or plant cells and they form two cells than four than eight and so on so you know the cell is the basic unit of life is the smallest thing that we categorize this life that can carry out life functions everything that we have discovered that's alive is made of at least one cell um if not billions of cells in cells only come from pre-existing cells of course it doesn't answer the question where the first cell came from but cells on earth today only come from pre-existing cells so the task of this chapter is to basically go through some cell biology largely though organelles the parts of a cell so really really quick you don't need to know different kinds of microscopes for the AP exam but it's worth just for just a minute or so to go through the different types most cells are between 1 and 100 micrometers a micrometer is I'm 10 to the -6 so a millionth of a meter light microscopes which are what we use in our laboratory our microscopes that allow they use the lenses and they allow light to pass through the sample usually to magnify it light microscopes can magnify usually effectively up to about a thousand times a thousand times plenty good enough to see cells chromosomes parts of a cell chloroplast when oak Andreea if you want to see ribosomes you probably need a more powerful microscope the difference between magnification and resolution and contrasts again you don't need to know this for the AP exam a magnification is obviously how much it magnifies resolution is basically like sort of the crispness of the picture the clarity of the image how well can you distinguish two two points there next one another you could have great magnification but really allows your resolution in in contrast you can have you know and magnification but really good resolution and actually get a pretty good image contrast is just looking at like what's in the background like how well do the the images pop out sometimes we use dyes chemical stains to stain cells so that they pop in the image electron microscope is for microscopes that scan a surface for the beam of electrons and you basically get a computer image you're not seeing the optional image you get a computerized image kind of like you know using sonar to find you know the wreck of the Titanic or whatever the electrons bounce off the object and come back to a detector scanning electron microscopes or transmission electron microscopes or two different types don't worry about the difference the disadvantage of an electron microscope that was is because electrons are so small because it would also bounce off air particles the same whole week has to be under a vacuum so you're not gonna see cells that are living you're gonna see cells that are preserved so if you want to watch a bacteria actually actively dividing a light microscope would be your best bet just some images from your book you can see the same what's been stained with a red dye so you can see it phase contrast differential interference contrast don't worry about these terms just some great images these are some images these are great with a confocal microscope well you can see more than one layer in focus this image they've stained the cells or parts of the cell with a dye that flores's that actually gives off light so you can see the different features themselves you know aren't usually colored like this chloroplasts are green chloroplasts are actually green but usually cells are just kind of this image just kind of an opaque bit okay some other great electron microscope images of cilia okay so this is a concept that we're gonna go through pretty quickly so cell fractionation so you've probably seen this before with with blood samples where they take a blood sample and they spin it in the centrifuge really fast and you end up with a red pellet at the bottom which is the red part of your blood the red blood cell part and then there's a cup of light yellow fluid on the top which is called plasma which is a liquid part of your blood spinning things in a centrifuge basically separates things based upon size and if you look at the image here and what they've done is they've spun a sample this is the same sample basically for longer periods of time at faster speeds this gene is not saying for gram it just stands for how fast you're spinning it and heavier things separate first so first they spun it for ten minutes this is just some kind of tissue sample and you get a pellet at the bottom a solid part which just contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell then you take the liquid part that's left and spin that down and keep doing it in sequence and every time you do it you separate out smaller carbs so here you separate it out mitochondrion chloroplast here parts of the cell membrane and finally you get ribosomes so there's sort of cell fractionation this differential spinning allows you to separate out the parts of the cell okay so prokaryotes and eukaryotes oh this is super-important in a nutshell prokaryotic cells are bacteria and they do not have a nucleus the the three domains of life domain bacteria archaea and Eukarya we're going to cover this in a later chapter but domains bacteria and archaea are what we would sort of normally call bacteria they're all single-cell that don't have a nucleus they don't have membrane-bound organelles domain Eukarya are things or there's four kingdoms protists fungi animals and plants they do have a nuclei you can get multicellularity although some you know some fungi and protists are single-celled they're more complicated the prokaryotic you crack divisions super-important prokaryotes don't have membrane bound organelles they don't have nuclei eukaryotic cells do we're gonna go through the parts of a cell and discuss what has each but it's useful at the beginning to just mention parts of a cell that all cells have all right plasma membrane the cell membrane all cells have a semi fluid substance called the cytosol all cells have chromosomes at least one all cells have chromosomes ribosomes are parts of the solvent make proteins if you can't make proteins you're not going to last very long so all cells have ribosomes so this little list of four and can provide some more hour parts of a cell that all cells have okay okay we don't get in to prokaryotes that much in Chapter four just point out they don't have a nucleus the region between what's inside the plasma membrane you call the cytoplasm the cytosol is the fluid part that makes up the cytoplasm back here usually have one circular chromosome it's highly folded but if you stretch it out it looks like a circle and what's called the nucleoid region which is usually toward the center of the cell the term membrane bound organelles this is an important term so organelles are just a word for a part of the cell membrane bound means there's a membrane around it so membrane-bound organelle would be like the nucleus the mitochondria and the chloroplasts the ER things that are in the cell that have have their own membranes around them ribosomes this is important distinction ribosomes are parts of a cell right the core cells have them but they're not bound by a membrane they're not membrane bound all right so when we say that proton excels don't have membrane bound organelles let's be specific they can still have ribosomes the ribosomes aren't membrane bound okay so having this fancy membrane system is within the eukaryotic cell sap broker egg cells do not I've just said this regret excels have DNA inside a nucleus they have min remaining organelles we're gonna go through all of them in this chapter they have cytoplasm between the nucleus and the cell membrane and they're usually much larger than bacteria or prokaryotic cells just a factoid the root carry oh I don't know if it's a Greek or Latin the root carrier means nucleus so pro-pro can mean before or firsts and prokaryotic means before there's a nucleus so those cells came first the root EU in Greek or Latin through you means good or true so this word in Greek means true nucleus okay prokaryotic means before nucleus okay so plasma membrane we're gonna go through the plasma membrane more in a different chapter but it's basically the barrier of the cell all cells have a plasma membrane or cell membrane it's a selectively permeable membrane some things get through some things don't based upon their size or their polarity oxygen and co2 gets through fine DNA does not this it's too big it's sort of what dictates what candy cannot come into the cell it's a bilayer of phospholipids we discussed this in chapter 3 again we're going to come back to the plasma membrane in a later chapter but all cells have them so this is a good question why are cells so small you know you don't have cells the size of people so if you think it's a geometry class or any other math class so formulas for surface area is always something squared right form for volume is always something cute okay so think about what happens as a cell gets bigger as the salt gets bigger the surface area gets bigger I mean down the volume gets bigger duh but which one who gets bigger faster the volume grows excuse me by a proportion of of something a diameter usually cubed whereas excuse me the surface area grows by something squared so the volume grows bigger or faster than the surface area does so think of it this way the surface area is like the wall of a cell all right the amount of service area you have dictates how much stuff can get into the cell right the volume is how much of the cell that you have to nurse you have to get oxygen in your cells to every bit of the cytoplasm all right so if there isn't enough surface area to accommodate enough oxygen coming in the cells gonna die all right so the bigger the cell gets the bigger the volume gets faster than the surface area and the surface area isn't big enough to feed the cell as then gets enough stuff in it so instead let's get to a certain size they divide this is a picture from your book so this just shows a cube doesn't show me you know just one centimeter one whatever we're not gonna worry about the math equations in this in this lecture and we'll do some math with this in class but um the surface area here is six the volume here is one the surface area to volume ratio this is a very important number it's a ratio of the surface area to the volume so 6 divided by one is six you want this number to be big or you want it to be as big as a can be if I blew up this cube by a factor of five do the math the surface area becomes 150 the volume becomes 125 they both got bigger but the volume got bigger way faster the surface area to volume ratio is 1.2 and that's Loudy that that's not good enough right you want there to be big same overall shape because sort of partition it into the little cubes like they were here the the volume is the same because you have more surface area look what happened to the ratio it went back up to 6 so having cell shapes that maximize the surface area to volume ratio by increasing the surface area is good that's a plus think about like the lining of your intestines or or any kind of membrane that's highly folded highly convoluted having all those Falls increases the surface area a good analogy is when you eat if you buy towels really cheap towels are really really kind of thin nice expensive towels are like sort of what's the word kind of fluffy well the fluffier they are that's more surface area of the little like threads in the towel it's gonna absorb more water it's gonna dry you all better so cheaper towels and honest fluffing have less surface area so they don't dry you off as well when you get out of the shower get out of the pool expensive towels literally have more fabric there's more fluff so there's more surface area okay same with cells you want lots of surface area okay all right gang we got to go through all the parts of a cell okay we're gonna do this kind of fast so buckle up so this is an animal cell we're gonna go through all the parts this is a plant cell buggies what eukaryotic cells write with plain cells just notice we have a cell wall we have chloroplasts things that the animal cell does not have okay so this is just some great images cells lining the universe yeast cells dividing this is the cross-section of a yeast cell you can see the parts of a cell this is a cross-section or actually sign a cross-section it's just now that this is a cross-section duckweed which is a plant you can see the chloroplast okay so now we're going to go through the parts it's you know at times you might need to pause the video if we take you through filling out the lecture outline because we're going to go through this at a brisk pace so nucleus the nucleus is actually a double membrane there's two phospholipid bilayers the point of the nucleus obviously is to contain the DNA you don't want DNA to get messed with you keep it nice and safe in a nucleus you know the DNA doesn't leave the cell but RNA does and there might be some times when you need to get some molecules into the nucleus nucleus does have little pores these are kind of cool little like I don't know cool little star flower shaped structures that are pores that allow ribosomes to come in and out to allow RNA to come in and out DNA this is a later chapter but DNA is basically a long linear shoestring like molecule it's wound up very tightly kind like you wind up thread into a spool though in this picture the little blue thread is DNA and the little purple balls is is protein they're called histones that the DNA wraps around and the structure collectively makes a chromosome so DNA's nucleic acid chromatin is what you call it when you wind it around the proteins just for structure and we nice wanting them nice and tight and condensed at that you call a chromosome the nucleolus so in the nucleus the nucleolus is a kind of a darker region so ribosomes which is a form of RNA called our RNA the R stands for ribosomal ribosomes are the structures that make proteins right and they're gonna do that in the cytoplasm but ribosomes are coded for in your DNA survival isms are made inside the nucleus in an area called the nucleolus or nucleolus either pronunciation is fine inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made and then they're gonna leave through the pores to go in the cytoplasm and they're gonna function in the cytoplasm to make proteins ribosomes and just just to point out you know this slides called parts of the eukaryotic cell but I'm sorry just want to remind you all cells have ribosomes okay all cells have ribosomes so where proteins are made this is translation a whole chapter on that later there's two types free and bound free ribosomes are attached to this substance called the ER which we'll get to in just a minute free ribosomes are bound or not not bound they're just suspended in the cytoplasm this picture you can see this like long thread-like thing is a cross-section of ER you can see some ribosomes are stuck to it and some ribosomes are not in a bacteria you know bacteria have ribosomes to by tear because they don't have organelles about real ribosomes are all free ribosomes ribosomes that are bound will be bound to the ER which it had to be a eukaryotic cell both kinds of ribosomes make protein so why do you need to have both well ribosomes that are free usually are making proteins that are meant to stay inside the cell ribosomes that are bound you usually make proteins that are meant to go into the ER where they're going to be stored and shipped and processed which pry means they're going to be exported or they're gonna be leaving the cell so free ribosomes usually make proteins that some wants to keep for itself by on ribosomes usually make proteins if the cells going to explore an example would be insulin cells of your pancreas make insulin insulin is a protein it's a hormone right that's meant to go into your blood the cell doesn't want to keep it if it's storing at five it's gonna eventually export it right so insulin is gonna be made by a ribosome that's bound the end of membrane system is just a fancy word for all the organelles that can swap out membranes the nucleus ER Golgi lysosomes vacuole is the cell membrane basically the endomembrane system any of these membranes can pinch off in fuse with another organelle if it's on the list so a piece of membrane this part of the ER could have literally become part of the golgi which could fuse with the cell membrane all right membranes can be swapped in and out notice what is not on the list mitochondria and chloroplasts not on this list those have membranes but those are not part of the endomembrane system they are separate vesicles just what you call you know take a piece of membrane pinch it off into a nice sphere you call it a vesicle it's just like a storage little set so the ER stands for endoplasmic reticulum this is sort of like the highway system of the cell it's basically just a series of folded membranes they begin at the nucleus they end at the cell membrane and when you're in the ER like think of this world like a tube in the cell when you're in the ER are you surrounded by cytoplasm no you're like embedded in the side of the ER is embedded or suspended in the cytoplasm so think of it like you made a big jello mold with straws on it in the straws you can go through the straws without actually being inside the cytoplasm rough and smooth smooth ER doesn't have ribosomes rough ER does have ribosomes in this picture you can see both here smooth ER the ones that are circular like that right there that's a cross-section of a piece of ER coming toward you rough ones little calling sandpaper they have ribosomes obviously your cells have both bacteria have neither because they don't have AR functions at the endomembrane system or the ER smooth ER now rafi ER has ribosomes glycoproteins this word right here glyco means sugar proteins is for proteins these are proteins attached to carbohydrates a lot of times they're going to become cell surface cell membrane little receptors there could be appendages that are stuck to the cell membrane usually facing outward we'll get to wipe the cell would have those late but they're made by rocky are because they have proteins smooth ER makes lipids makes carbohydrates detoxify as drugs and proteins this third one the AP exam mentions from time to time if you take if you drink or if you take Advil anything that your body doesn't normally have your body's gonna break it down your body's going to detoxify things that should not be there whether it's a drug or again whether it's well Advil is a drug but um anything for your body's gonna try and break down smooth ER does detoxification of substances it also stores calcium ions it's a global in jeopardy fact Rafi our makes glycoproteins makes transport vesicles usually transporting proteins and also makes more membrane of this slide the detoxifying drugs that smooth ER does that and that the rough ER make like Oh proteins those are the ones that are most important if you you know if you want to pick just a couple to memorize Golgi apparatus says with the Golgi bodies they're basically pinched off part of the ER they look kind like a stack of pancakes they're flattened membranes cisternae is just what you call like space inside the membrane so say I'm rough or bound ribosome aid a protein went into the ER and the cell just needs to store it or product kind of an EPS store store it or process it or break it down or whatever package it you're gonna do that in a Golgi body Golgi bodies if you look at this picture here like there's a cyst side in a trance I'd this is side receives the trans side shifts out so like this little vesicle that's pinching off the Golgi gains those two little purple proteins it's probably gonna go fuse with the cell membrane and when it fees some of the cell membrane it's gonna release whatever's inside the golgi cool lysosomes are little sacks of hydrolytic enzymes they're pretty acidic if all the lysosomes of a cell were to leak we start to digest the cytoplasm which actually there are times we might actually want to do that I'll give you an example in a minute but basically it's it's the cell breaking down like if you have a mitochondria that doesn't work or you know some snap unlimited resources want to take those component parts and break them down so lysosome would come fuse with the mitochondria and sort of digest it bego cytosis is the term for cell eating say a cell engulfs a piece of carbohydrate to break it down a lysosome would come and fuse with it you want to keep these enzymes separate because again they're hydrolyzed they would break down the cytoplasm this is just an image of a food particle coming in and a lysosome coming to break down the food an example when you would want a cell to do that on purpose to leak is lie systems so the concept of apoptosis you've heard that word before apoptosis is programmed cell death when cells are programmed to die and there's lots of examples of that the one that I want to mention now is when a tadpole becomes a frog right it loses the tail the tail disintegrates that's that's programmed cell death those cells are programmed to eventually die and what happens is the lysosomes inside those cells of the Capitol's tail just burst open they just leak their enzymes and the cells are digested from the inside out and they die normally you wouldn't want that right but if the cells program to die that's one way that you could kill okay this just shows a best school that contains a proxy so much we'll get to in a mitochondria the mitochondria is going to be broken down vacuums are just big storage compartments usually with vacuoles you think of plant cells big central vacuole to stores water contractile vacuoles are kind of cool they're like these are found usually in plants or maybe some kinds of protists that pump out excess water kind of like a drawstring bad weather look at you cinch a bag when you cinch them a pump out water so like a fresh water protists that's taking in too much water a contractile vacuole could pump out the excess water cool big central vacuole this just reviews the endomembrane system from the nucleus to ER to the golgi with some vesicles to the plasma or cell membrane mitochondria so mitochondria not part of the endomembrane system right all cells that are eukaryotic have mitochondria so plants animals fungi and protists at mitochondrial bacteria don't one common mistake give the kids make as they don't think planes have mitochondria because you know plants have for class what plants have both they have mitochondria and chloroplasts so this is the ATP production center of the cell interesting fact mitochondria and chloroplasts for the record have their own ribosomes and they have their own DNA so there is DNA outside the nucleus there's DNA inside your mitochondria which is interesting we'll come back to that in a minute they also grow and divide on their own they're almost like bacteria to be honest they have a double membrane system too in class if we weren't having this in class I would have you draw this with me on the board so if you're doing this in the outline this is how you draw a mitochondria so you draw like a kidney bean-shaped thing like that the outer membrane the outer membrane is pretty smooth then you draw a second inner membrane that's highly convoluted alright the outer membranes call the outer membrane the inner membranes called the inner membrane that's that's really easy to remember the space inside the inner membrane is called the matrix all right this word crista is just what you call these foldings the word per se is not that important aboard the space between the outer and inner membrane is called the inner membrane space so what you should do is you should draw a kidney bean you should draw a second membrane on the inside that's highly folded label the innermost area of the matrix the space between the two membranes the inner membrane space and then the outer membrane and the inner membrane when we do cellular respiration in Chapter seven we're going to come back to structure of a of a mitochondria cool this is a cross-section of one you can see the inner membrane space you can see all the foldings the Christain you can see the space in the very middle where you know inside these foldings that's called the matrix okay all right cool and notice mitochondria have ribosomes which is interesting chloroplasts are a family of organelle called plastids their job is to do photosynthesis chloroplast is just one example like I say of plastics not all plastics have chlorophyll some have other pigments they're yellow or red or purple chlorophylls obviously one this Granite's ones probably the most common they also have their own ribosomes in their own DNA and they divide on their own similar to bacteria and in mitochondria the structure of a chloroplast so you know if we're in class we'd be drawing this so you you know you draw a membrane you just it can just be like a an oval these stacks that look like stacks of green Oreos the stacks is called a grana grain um is the singular grain uh is the portal the stack is a Granum each oreo which is just a memory there's like go in the world Oreo shaky membrane is called a thylakoid membrane so a gram is made of thylakoids stacked on top of one another the fluid surrounding the stacks the stroma okay so you have the outer membrane the inner membrane they're both smooth you have the thylakoid membranes on the inside stacked into Grenada or a Granum surrounded by stroma when we do in Chapter eight when would you photosynthesis we'll come back to the structure of a chloroplast here you can see in a nice blown-up image of that of that picture okay here you can see this is an algal cell that's been dyed with stains that fluoresce you can see the little green chloroplasts so this is a super duper super super duper important concept we're going to come back to this several times throughout the year called the endosymbiotic theory so this is a theory that tries to explain where mitochondria and chloroplasts came from and because they're so similar to bacteria and there are other bits of evidence this this is a very solid idea people think that the ancestors of bacteria I'm sorry the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts once lived on their own and that they were kind of like bacteria monic Andreea would be bacteria that could make lots of ATP which is great and chloroplast would be bacteria that could do photosynthesis all right and the idea here is that it you know the ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfed those probably cuz it wanted to eat them and it didn't eat them and it was a mutualistic relationship where the ancestral mitochondria and chloroplast got housing they got protection from a larger cell and then the host got glucose from the chloroplast and got ATP from the mitochondria it's called the endosymbiotic theory of note mitochondria and chloroplasts today cannot survive on their own if you just took them out of a cell they would they would decompose the ancestors of them people think could lip-read their role and the fact that they have their own DNA they have their own ribosomes they divide on their own they're about the same size as bacteria all that leads credence to the idea that the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent this image and we're going to see this image again later shows like the evolution of the eukaryotic cell where you have the ancestor they engulf a mitochondria no it's not a it's not a mitochondria like today would be the ancestor then later they engulfed chloroplasts and this would be the ancestor of plants and animals right here we're going to come back to this topic later because this is a super important topic the AP exam loves asking about the endosymbiotic theory you for sure need to know this okay continuing proc systems there's times in the cells life when it needs to produce hydrogen peroxide h2o2 but you don't just want that floating around willy-nilly in the cytoplasm so an organ I'll call that peroxisome is a storage compartment for hydrogen peroxide this just shows a proximate Gulf in the mitochondria it's gonna break down its prime model country that doesn't work anymore the cytoskeleton is just a network of fibers throughout the cells calling a cell scaffolding that helps keep the cells shape it can help anchor it to either other cells or to a surface the cytoskeleton in mitosis is going to become the mitotic spindle you know we do prophase metaphase and all that stuff the phone size and all so this is gonna be important later also one thing that's kind of cool the cell has proteins called motor proteins that can walk down the cytoplasm using ATP I mean they're really cool you can like watch them like almost like an inchworm walk down and if you attach a vesicle to them you can move things throughout the cytoplasm by having them walk down the the cytoskeleton this is from your book there's three kinds of parts of the cytoskeleton microtubules microfilaments and intermediate filaments you do not need to know this for the AP exam but it's interesting just to kind of read them because some of those structures are just incredibly complex I mean it's it's it's like molecular architecture it's really it's just elegant in the in the beauty of how these filaments and tubules are made by the cell the cell wall so just make sure we know animal cells know so long right plants have cell walls bacteria can fungi can some produce can cell walls not like flexible it's very sturdy so like helps the plant grow you know up right toward the Sun and it helps the cell maintain its shape plant cell walls are made of cellulose if you think back to chapter 3 fungal cell walls were made of chitin that polysaccharide that people always mispronounced chitin it's actually chitin it helps maintain the shape and provide support for the cell a cell membrane being flexible can can burst if a cell gets too much water the cell membrane can burst the cell wall can't really burst because it's more of a solid structure one thing to note so this just shows an animal cell so this is inside the cell this is the plasma membrane the extracellular fluid the stuff around the animal cell can have lots of cool stuff in it this shows some collagen fibers and some other filaments that are helping to anchor the cell to either other cells or to you know a cell surface you know the the cells of my pancreas don't just leave my pancreas and wander throughout my blood this also my pancreas stay in my pancreas because they're bathed by this extracellular fluid in your body you might call it interstitial fluid the fluid between your cells or between your tissues yeah well combine two more that later but just recognize here that there is stuff outside the cell in the extracellular fluid on this slide this is a lot of words much these words are not that important so it sells like to be attached to one another and snugs there's junctions between cells the word gets bol plasma dis Matta this word plasmodesmata our picture like to plant cells like rectangular shaped cells there could be a little like doorways between the cells like gaps between the two cell walls that allows like water to go from one plain cell to the next plain cell which should be more efficient than what we're having to leave one cell and come into next cell plasma is smarter are like little channels between cells plant cells that allow things to pass between the two cytoplasm an animal cells things like tight junctions desmosomes and gap junctions are just things that either I hear the cells together or a lot of things to go from cell to cell the word plasmid is sma'da you should memorize that's a word that the AP exam expects you to know if you see tight junctions desmosomes or gap junctions just think those are found in animal cells not and that's just the same picture bigger so last slide we went through this fast but I think we got we definitely done in one video so the chapter ends with just a point that the cell is more than the sum of its parts as are you you're more than the sum of your parts you're not just a big bag of carbon and water all the parts of a cell work together to give the cell its functionality all right this shows a a macrophage which is a cell that can engulf and digest foreign invaders like bacteria or viruses all the parts of a cell work together to give the cell its personality to give the cell it's functionally given its order like any organism you know you're more than the sum of your of your organs the cell is more than the sum of its parts all right there are emergent properties that arise when the organelles work together okay that was fast but that was good I hope that was helpful and I will see you guys next time