Overview
This lecture covers Howard Becker's interactionist theory of crime and deviance, emphasizing labeling theory and how society's reactions define deviance.
Becker’s Labeling Theory
- Howard Becker argues that acts are only deviant because society labels them as such.
- Crime and deviance are social constructions, not inherent qualities of acts.
- Individuals do not see themselves as deviant until others react and apply a label.
- Social context influences deviance; actions accepted in one setting may be deviant in another (e.g., sports brawls vs. street fights).
Effects of Labeling
- Once labeled, the deviant tag becomes a master status, overriding other personal traits.
- Labels such as "thief" or "junkie" impact how others interact with the individual.
- Being labeled can block opportunities, especially in employment, due to criminal records disclosure.
- Marginalized individuals may associate with other labeled people, forming a deviant subculture.
- This process can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy of ongoing deviance.
Labeling and Law Creation
- Labeling not only impacts individuals but also how laws are created and enforced.
- Becker studied the criminalization of marijuana in 1930s USA to show how "moral entrepreneurs" influence law.
- Activities are criminalized based on societal values, leading to new deviant labels for participants.
Evaluation of Becker’s Approach
- Becker’s work focused on marginalized groups, highlighting how society stigmatizes criminals.
- Criticisms include not explaining the origins of the initial deviant act or the impact on crime victims.
- He is said to romanticize deviants as victims of society, ignoring root causes of criminal behavior.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Labeling Theory — the idea that deviance is defined by society’s reaction and labeling rather than the act itself.
- Social Construction — the concept that what is considered deviant or criminal is determined by societal norms and reactions.
- Master Status — a dominant label that overrides other aspects of a person’s identity.
- Moral Entrepreneur — individuals or groups that campaign to have certain behaviors criminalized.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review Becker’s "Outsiders" for deeper understanding of labeling theory.
- Prepare to discuss criticisms of labeling theory for class.