hello students this is uh Professor LMA here to give you um the second half to your uh American imperialism lecture so the first thing that I do want to kind of remind you guys is that we left talking about uh the open door policy which was the United States venturing into China but again American imperialism is all about the United States basically being involved in all different parts of the world and having a foreign presence in all different parts of the world and a lot of this is going to come out of presidential policy and what I mean by that is beginning with Teddy Roosevelt and continuing pretty much every president afterwards but I'm going to talk specifically about Teddy Roosevelt PA and Wilson they're going to have a very specific foreign policy that is going to integrate elements of imperialism now Roosevelt specifically had a policy that um comes out of his orary to the Monroe Doctrine and it became known as the big stick policy and it was the Cornerstone Cornerstone of his foreign diplomatic approach to how to handle other countries in essence it comes from this African proverb saying speak softly and carry a big stick which meant that while the US should always try and pursue peaceful negotiations and diplomatic solutions to problems the country needed to back up those policies by having a strong military force so we're going to try talking to you but if we don't like the answer or if it can't be negotiated then we would no longer be afraid to use military intervention and that's basically what speak softly and carry a big stick um it was rooted in Roosevelt's belief that the United States had a duty to act as an international police power particularly in the Western Hemisphere again his Cory and it further emphasized that the US would intervene in Latin American countries if they engaged in quote chronic instability or wrongdoing which made the United States a regional enforcer to maintain stability and order in the Western Hemisphere now his success essor William Taft is going to pick up from this and and I should say that you know examples of before I move on to Taft I should say examples of Roosevelt's uh big stick policy we can see in what's going to happen in Panama with gaining access to uh the Panama Canal Zone um but we can also see it in the way that the US Justified its intervention in places like the Dominican Republic where we took control of custom houses to make sure that the Dominican Republic was repaying uh European powers so that European powers wouldn't try and intervene in this region and in this hemisphere so those are two examples and I'll talk more about the Panama Canal um here in a minute but moving on his successor William who is the 27th president um handpicked by Roosevelt he is going to come in and he is going to modify the big stick policy and instead promote something called Dollar Diplomacy which was a foreign policy strategy that wanted to extend American influence abroad by promoting US economic interests rather than relying on Military intervention uh C is going to believe that if we encourage American businesses to invest in foreign markets especially in Latin America and East Asia as well it would strengthen us relationships with these countries and by promoting American economic interests TAF really HED to create stability abroad while also benefiting the US economy so he thought okay this going to bring stability and it's going to make us some money and this policy was trying to replace uh the need for a military force with instead Financial power so instead of getting people to do things because they're under threat dangle a carrot before them right and say hey if you do what we want we're going to invest in your country and you're going to make money and of course we would make money which is a form of influence right so both of these uh policies were used in the first decade of the 20th century now after ta and Roosevelt lose the 1912 election because Roosevelt's going to come in as a third party candidate with his uh Progressive Party or the Bull Moose Party um we have have a Democrat take over WRA Wilson and he's going to be president during World War I which we'll talk about soon and he's going to replace um the Dollar Diplomacy with missionary diplomacy and of course this is going to have a tie to uh the ideas of Western Civilization being more morally um kind of advanced and since we were more morally Advanced we had an obligation to support democratic governments and oppose regimes that we viewed as oppressive or undemocratic and unlike Taft and Roosevelt Wilson wanted to align American foreign policy with ethical PR principles he wanted to emphasize democracy human rights and self-determination which we see um with this missionary diplomacy but we're also going to see it in the way that he tries to push his 14 points later after World War one he believed that the United States should not just pursue national interests but also promote democratic ideals worldwide and it Focus particularly on Latin America where Wilson argued the US should only recognize governments that were both stable and based on law rather than dictatorships or military regimes now one key example of Wilson's missionary diplomacy was his intervention in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution and you can see the pictures that we have um in this a slide of Uncle Sam and in the middle you that's that's Wilson trying to instruct um countries like Mexico and other Latin American countries to do the right thing and be a good little democratic nations so what's happening at this time is Wilson is refusing to recognize the government of General HTA in Mexico who he saw as a usurper after Gua took power through a coup and instead he was supporting the Revolutionary forces of karanza believing that they represented democratic ideals um he also is going to um involve the United States in Haiti and the Dominican Republic where he sent the US Marines to stabilize the countries um and oversee their political systems that the irony here is that this was intended to promote democracy but these interventions often resulted in long-term military occupations by the United States which raised criticism that his you know moral missionary diplomacy uh contradicted the very ideals of sovereignty and self-termination that he was saying he was promoting um so there there's definitely some irony here in this uh foreign policy uh that we have by Wilson but we generally look at these three presidents these consecutive presidents and see how um as a result of imperialism our foreign policy is having to adjust and and change to ensure that we can have our imperialistic needs met um while also trying to have a an idea that we're doing it for the right reasons okay uh so here is a picture of kind of the United States and US possessions that we obtained in the late 19th century and into the 20th century um so you can see you have the United States we get Alaska we have Puerto Ric that we get from uh the Treaty of Paris after the Spanish American war in 1898 we're going to get the US Virgin Islands and then over in the Pacific you can see all of these different little islands that we are going to um gain and so we're going to have um a presence throughout the Pacific especially so our military particularly our Navy is going to need to be able to go back and forth through the between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans which means that we need a canal we need an ismos Canal we need a way without having to go all the way around South America to get our forces and so we are going to really push this under the Roosevelt administration now we like I said we had committed to a an ismos Canal we got the rights to build one in Nicaragua but the terrain of Nicaragua was much more mountainous and it was going to be way more difficult to actually build a canal and at this point in time France was also interested in building a canal and they had even started building a can Canal that they had received the rights for in a place called Panama now Panama was um technically part of Colombia okay Colombia was its kind of like motherland they were they were a territory and so France who had run out of money decided to sell their rights to the United States for $40 million in um 1901 I believe it was um and so now we're going to pick this up but first we have to get permission from Colombia and so we tried in 1903 to get a a treaty it was known as the hay Ken treaty um passed by the Colombian Senate but they refus to pass it and negotiations stall frustrated by this outcome President Roosevelt is going to shift his approach because at the same time the Panamanian people were interested in Independence so he said look if Colombia is not going to help us we're going to go ahead and go with uh the panamanians and we'll ensure that they are going to um you know support us so if they want Independence well let's help them get independence and so Teddy Roosevelt meets with um the Panamanian Rebels who are trying to are sparking Independence and he orders a US warship to sail to Panama and block the landing of the Colombian Army in the meantime the rebels are going to um quickly and I mean it's like within 24 hours they're going to basically go into the Capitol building and Proclaim Panama independent um you know it was done within a day and the US imately I mean immediately recognizes this new nation um in November of 1903 and within a couple of weeks uh Roosevelt secured a treaty with a newly formed Panamanian government known as the Hayes uh bua varia I believe treaty and the treaty granted Us control over the Canal Zone in exchange for a payment of 10 $10 million and an annual rent and the United States had control of the anama canal until December 31st 1999 and on January 1st 2000 we hand Ed over control but all throughout the 20th century we will have control of this um particular uh canal and building the canal began shortly after the treaty so early 1904 and it took 10 years it didn't open until 1914 and you can see uh you know the picture on the top left is kind of what it looked like when they were building it um the picture on the bottom left that's Teddy Roseville in the center in the white he actually went down to meet with workers um the conditions were horrific building this canal um many people died of yellow fever and malaria because of mosquitoes because there was lots of standing water uh eventually like I said 10 years later it was built and it has a series of locks you can see from the picture on the top right right each of these little squares is a lock so a ship goes into it and you got to think of it like as an elevator and they pump water in to raise the um water level so that the ship can then go to the next portion and into the next law um and then it will cross through a lake you can see again here what it looks like so you raise it up or you lower the water if it's going the other direction and here's what the canal looks like today now interestingly enough just kind of as a side note um one of the cool things um about the Panama Canal is it's pretty narrow as you can see and a lot of ships today a lot of the big barges it they can't make it through there even though they have widened it um they still have to go around the tip of South America but because it is so narrow and because it is so hard to navigate um it is one of the only places in the world where captains are required to give up control of their ship because they have trained individuals um who know how to navigate the canal so only people who um are approved and I think there's I say there's not a lot of them um I'd have to check the numbers but there's just like a handful maybe seven or eight people that are actually um qualified and are allowed to move ships through the Panama Canal but anyways um it's a very interesting it's it's a feat of modern technology creating this because now we have a connection between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and you may be wondering why is the Atlantic on the left side and the Pacific on the right and that's just because the Atlantic is up here and the Pacific is down here so looking at it sideways it would seem as though the Atlantic was on the the Western portion but anyways um all right so I'm gonna conclude with sort of this overarching fact that American imperialism was both new and similar to older colonizing patterns that we had seen within the nation and other European nations from this point on though you know from the early 20th century the us is going to embrace its cultural economic and religious influence in the world we are no longer going to be listening to the words of Washington from that Farewell Address of Stay Out of You Know European Affairs Fay out of world affairs that is gone that's over our new military power our new industrial power is going to allow the United States a degree of control over other nations and over other peoples views on immigration and imperialism were all over the Spectrum and they continued to spark debates within the United States and divide American politics um up until modern day whether or not the US should intervene in other Count's Affairs should we be getting involved in military conflicts should we be getting involved in taking over territories to get resources or access to resources this is an issue that we as Americans still face because of the decisions that were made at the turn of the century so I'm going to leave you there and um we will pick up next time uh with our next topic so have a great day guys