Lecture Notes: Introduction to Gilgamesh

Background and Textual Information

• The reading is based on Benjamin Foster's translation, published by Norton Critical Editions.
• The original text is fragmented, existing on 11 clay tablets with about 60% of the text surviving.
• Gaps in the text are indicated by pauses or notes on missing lines during the reading.

Tablet 1 Overview

Introduction

• Gilgamesh, described as the wise and knowledgeable king, built great walls at Uruk.
• He is renowned for his strength and adventures, including a journey seeking eternal life.
• Gilgamesh is two-thirds divine and one-third human, an unmatched king in virtue and strength.

Description of Uruk

• The city's impressive architecture including walls and terraces.
• The foundation is described in detail, showcasing its glory and craftsmanship.

Gilgamesh's Character

• Described as a charging wild bull, perfect in strength, and intimidating.
• He leaves no son to his father and no girl to her mother due to his rampaging nature.
• His actions lead to complaints from the people and the gods.

Creation of Enkidu

• Anu commands the creation of a partner for Gilgamesh.
• Aruru, the birth goddess, creates Enkidu from clay.
• Enkidu is wild, living with animals, and causes problems for hunters.

Enkidu's Encounter with Shamhat

• A hunter reports Enkidu's presence to Gilgamesh and is advised to bring Shamhat, the harlot, to tame him.
• Enkidu is charmed by Shamhat and is separated from his animal companions, gaining reason and understanding.
• Shamhat convinces Enkidu to go to Uruk and meet Gilgamesh.

Enkidu's Transformation

• Describes Enkidu's journey from wildness to civilization.
• Enkidu desires to challenge Gilgamesh but is told of Gilgamesh's might and character.

Gilgamesh's Dreams

• Gilgamesh has dreams foreshadowing the arrival of a companion, interpreted by his mother as Enkidu.

Themes and Analysis

• Strength and Leadership: Gilgamesh’s strength is both a gift and a curse.
• Companionship and Civilization: Enkidu's transformation symbolizes the move from nature to civilization.
• Divine Intervention: The role of gods in human affairs, creating Enkidu to check Gilgamesh.
• Dreams and Omens: Gilgamesh’s dreams act as omens for upcoming events.

Conclusion

• The reading sets the stage for the epic adventures of Gilgamesh and Enkidu.
• The narrative explores themes of friendship, power, and the human condition through the lens of ancient mythology.