okay welcome to bms 107 human anatomy and for the first few weeks we're going to first couple weeks we're going to go over some really basic information that will give you some foundation for the course and um in the orientation video uh and meeting that we had um we got a lot of different information in there as well so you can always refer back to that if you weren't able to meet at that at that point um i have that link for the orientation on the website as well on the on canvas and so you can go in there and you can get that so just as a reminder you want to be able to use your web lectures as well as canvas for this so today what i want to do is to basically just go over a few fundamental concepts and some ideas about what we use in human anatomy and this will provide you a general knowledge and understanding of the structures and functions of the human body and that's what it's really all about so hopefully along the way as we go through the course that will help you clear up any misconceptions you might have concerning the human body and your health in general and we're going to sort of look at this from a practical sort of what we call functional anatomy point of view and so that's really the kind of concepts that we want to sort of look at here is the sort of the practical aspects about what makes uh you up and also the kind of more functional aspects of of what anatomy is really all about and along the way we'll also talk a little bit about modern biomedical advances and techniques and things that are used to examine the body and understand how human anatomy is actually used in also clinical settings as well and so a couple different things that i want to mention is that we're going to be talking about anatomy in two different ways so the first way is what we call systemic or sometimes also known as systematic anatomy and this is literally where we go system by system through the body and we'll do that in the lecture so that approach is going to be in the in the lecture so we'll talk about things like the digestive system the respiratory system the nervous system muscular system and so forth but in the laboratory we're going to use a different kind of approach and this is called the regional approach regional anatomy this is traditionally what a lot of professional programs utilize here and this is where we actually go region by region of the body for that we'll begin a little bit differently in the in the laboratory we'll start off actually with one system which are the the bones the osteology but then we're going to get right into the different regions and how we actually use those so we want to sort of first build up kind of a framework if you will for how the body actually works and and is built and so we'll have those two different kinds of approaches and you'll see how they actually integrate with one another uh as well uh for for all this okay so uh what we want to be able to do then is to you know get you uh to learn a lot of anatomy and be successful in this course so the first thing i like to do is sort of set up kind of the fundamentals uh and how we sort of approach this and this is where we're going to use what are called the seven levels of structural and functional organization of the body now one thing that you'll see that i do a lot is i use a number of abbreviations and we'll talk about those as we go along so for something like a structure and function we'll talk about that here in just a moment but i want to make sure that you understand what some of these um these abbreviations uh are but let's start with our first level the lowest level if you will and this is sort of the the chemical or we can also call the molecular level and we're going to start off talking a little bit about that not very much but sort of understanding that the body is really built by all these different kinds of chemicals and molecules and then the next two levels go hand in hand and these are the organelles and also cells so organelles are found within cells there's a little various kinds of factories that have specialized kinds of functions that make the cell actually work and then the next level here is we're going to look at what we call tissues and tissue systems so we can get some cells together with similar structures and or functions and they make up what we call tissues so in general these are the things that are least familiar um and we're sort of building the body up from literally the ground up if you will to that point but then we get into more familiar territory which are the organs and then organ systems so we know about you know hearts and lungs and brains and things like that the organs but then of course they're formed into different systems as we talked about the systemic approach here uh for that and so that systemic approach is where we actually use these different organ systems again the respiratory system the urinary system the vascular system and things like that and eventually when we put all those things together we have the full organism so the whole organism is you um and that's what you're made up of so what we're going to do is we're going to sort of go through these structural and functional levels kind of one at a time as we go through the course sort of build that up and then once we have that it makes anatomy really really easy anatomy is actually one of the easier subjects that you'll be able to study because it's all about you first of all and secondly it's really very descriptive so you know we know about like noses and ears and hearts and and brains and things like that um it's really all about that kind of stuff it's just that anatomy has a huge volume of information and you'll be learning a lot of the different kinds of jargon that are that is used in that process of understanding anatomy itself now one of the primary principles that we look at in this this area here is a concept called form versus function so form versus function and this is a basic concept that runs actually all the way through biology in general and so let's talk a little bit about what we mean here so in terms of form we're talking about structure i mentioned that i use a lot of abbreviations so sx would be for structure here and for for this then for function we're going to talk literally about physiology which is the study of the function of the body here i use the abbreviation as fx so for structural up here i've used sxl and functional fxl for something like that now when we look at structure here oftentimes this is equated to a thing called morphology and morphology is really the study of sort of size and shape it's really what that structure is all about in terms of this and so we can kind of look at that morphology or structure and sort of define it you know what does it look like what's its shape what's its dimensions and those kinds of things and that's a very important thing to do and again that's primarily what anatomy is really all about as opposed to physiology which is function i mentioned that we'll look at sort of practical functional anatomy where we really look at the structure and we'll talk a little bit about the the functional part of this now one of the things that happens here sometimes is that we're going to examine the normal morphology of structures but occasionally something goes wrong with that structure or that that morphology and that is known as pathology pathology is also the study of disease itself but pathological changes are structural changes that that occur and here when those kinds of changes occur they can also affect the functioning of this and this is what we call dysfunction d y s not d i s this function here for for this and together the way we examine this because it turns out that form and function are almost really inseparable because one follows the other so form follows function and function follows form and that is what we call patho physiology so we'll look at the normal structure and normal function and occasionally we're going to delve into a little bit of pathophysiology and talk a little bit about some of the clinical aspects that actually occur now let me give you sort of an example of sort of how form and function kind of work in the in the body and i always like to look at um you know sort of external uh features that's the easiest thing to to sort of examine so uh if you think about you know the shape of your your nose uh think about its length and its width for example and the overall shape of it and if you look around at your friends and your family and and other people that you know you'll notice there's a tremendous amount of range of variation in the form of that particular structure people have all different kinds of noses right and so they're recognizable as noses and of course noses have a set of functions that they undergo for example they allow air to pass in and out they also trap particles that are in the in the air so it's protective as well and it's lined by a mucous membrane which helps do that and there's hairs in there which help trap those kinds of things as well and it also moistens the air makes it actually easier to breathe if you're moistening the air as well so those are some important features and if you really think about it though you don't see noses that are way disproportionate some people have bigger noses some people have smaller noses there's a whole variety of shapes as we mentioned out there but they all have to perform the same functions so the limits of what they can actually do in terms of function is limited by their form and vice versa so we don't see noses that are you know eight inches long we don't see noses that are four or five inches wide it just doesn't work that way and it wouldn't be functionally very efficient to have a form like that and the form itself would be problematical for a whole other set of reasons as well so it's important to sort of understand sort of where we're coming from with regard to to this so we're going to keep these things in mind as we sort of go through the course and we'll talk about these in kind as we proceed through the lectures and sort of set that up you know for you and again we're going to talk about how form and function are influencing each other all along the way as well okay so let's get into it a little bit here and what i'm going to do is talk a little bit about some basic units of study and what i like to do when i do lectures is to kind of have an outline form so i always use a roman numeral number one here so these will be basic units of study so roman numeral number one will always tell you that we're doing a new um area of of examination of different kinds of subjects okay so let's start off here with some basic definitions it's always good to sort of define what we're actually doing and we'll just keep this as pretty simple and again fairly basic here as well so we want to of course define what anatomy is and um you know i used to sort of skip this step until uh occasionally i would ask this on an exam and there was always a certain number of people that couldn't really define it very very well or very easily and so i just want to make sure that everybody you know really gets this okay so what is anatomy anatomy is the study of the structure of that is morphology if you will of the human body and its parts so now we're going to look at just the whole body but we're going to look at individual parts as well and of course we want to really contrast that with physiology which is a different course which hopefully you will take or have taken bms 108 and here this is the study of the function of the human body and its parts so we're really kind of contrasting both of these things and as i said before we're going to sort of you know primarily focus on the anatomy but we'll always tell you a little bit about the function of what goes on it would make no sense if you didn't really do that to be able to to have that in your understanding of what's actually taking place here with regard to this okay so let's start with then the basic composition of the human body and this really gets us to our first structural functional level here so this is really all about sort of chemicals and molecules and again we're not going to get too deeply into this but we want to sort of set some of this this up here okay so let's talk a little bit about water and why that's so important so first of all everybody knows the chemical formula here is h2o and this comprises about 60 to 70 percent of the body so this in and of itself i think is is pretty amazing pretty surprising if you think about it 67 of your body so about two-thirds of your body is actually just water so you're like big bags of water walking around here in terms of how that that works in fact in some cells it can make up close to about 85 to 90 percent of of those particular cells and what's important about water here is that this is where most chemical reactions occur so most chemical reactions occur uh in water uh either with particles that are dissolved within it or other ones that are suspended within it so we say that here that water functions as a we call solvent it's not the only solvent in the body but it's obviously the predominant one that is is there so things are dissolved within it that's what we mean by a solvent so very very important to sort of consider that it's really all about water and hydration and having that that ability to be hydrated okay then we also have these things called minerals now minerals are also known and this is actually the clinical term here as electrolytes and the reason they're called electrolytes is that they're actually what we call ionized they actually have charges on them and they conduct electricity through the body and that's out of the purview here of this course but we're going to talk about that in physiology at some point but electrolytes are very very important in these so these are considered to be all what are called inorganic elements or molecules and what's important about this is that these are considered to be what we call inert inert what does that actually mean inert means that they cannot be made by the body so they can't be manufactured by the body they can't be synthesized so where do we get them from so this is all about diet and why your diet is actually so important because there are certain features here that will not allow us to be able to get this incorporated here and we'll talk about some of the really important roles of minerals or electrolytes that are found in the body we're not going to spend too much time on that but occasionally we want to know why a certain kind of element is very very important within the in the body so let me just mention a couple of these i'll just say some important minerals and again by no means is this exhaustive i'm just going to mention a few of these that are really important first one here is what we call sodium and some of you know that abbreviation for this is n a and i'm going to show that it's an ionized form here it's got a positive charge on it this is a very very important ion here a very important mineral likewise potassium again very very important it also has a single positive charge on it as well we also have calcium calcium actually has two positive charges again you have to know this part of it but calcium again we often think about this in terms of bones right so it's all about our bones but in fact it's really really important in terms of muscles and it's also mineral really important in nerves as it turns out then we have this really complex one called phosphate and here this is in a single element and there are a number of different ways of sort of showing this and normally we'll look at this as a negative 3 here so a highly charged element or excuse me uh mineral uh here is phosphate and of course it has phosphorus in it and oxygen here is as well so very very important uh kind of of material all right so let's get to then organic molecules and for those of you who haven't had chemistry a molecule really is just a complex number of different kinds of elements that are that are there and this always contains the element carbon which is abbreviated as c so we are carbon based life forms carbon is a very very important element and one of the things that we find here is that we can use carbon to synthesize or make many organic molecules so we can make lots and lots of these literally tens and hundreds of thousands of different kinds of organic molecules that are potentially available to us okay so let's take a look then at some major classes of organic elements here or molecules and there are really five major classes that are involved in this the first one is one that's probably very familiar to you these are proteins and proteins are comprised or composed of amino acids and what's interesting about proteins is they can be very very short they can be very very huge numbers of amino acids and so we can have just a small string of five six seven eight of those or we can have literally thousands of amino acids sort of strung together proteins have all different kinds of shapes and sizes and are very very important in in the body and again in physiology we talk about that extensively here now you might know that there are 20 basically 20 amino acids and these can be used in various combinations um to make up different kinds of proteins and have proteins function in very different ways now of these nine are considered to be what we call essential and this is a term that is used in a in a different kind of context because it sounds like the other 11 wouldn't be very essential they all are essential in terms of having to have them in our diet and make sure that we get these um formed in our our system so that we can have different kinds of proteins what we mean by these essential ones is that these particular ones cannot be synthesized by the body so we actually have to get them from our diet so for those of you that are vegetarians uh vegans you know that in fact you have to be very careful not to to miss out on certain kinds of amino acids and a lot of different kinds of soy products for example have most of these in them uh either in abundance or at least to some degree so you know it's a really useful protein actually most legumes that are therapeus and beans and things like that have these different essential amino acids so very very important to have those within your diet one of the other really important things about this is that they contain the element nitrogen and nitrogen here is important because too much of it as it turns out can actually be very harmful to your liver and kidneys so having too much protein is not not good versus having too little protein of course is not good so again sort of moderation and all things here except for moderation itself as they say so really important to understand this basic idea of proteins and what they have for it we also have carbohydrates and so we think of these these carbs here these comprise all sugars all sugars are carbohydrates starches and also alcohols these are all carbohydrates and what are these well turns out that they're just what we call hydrated carbons hence the name and what that means is that every one of these has a water molecule attached to a carbon molecule so that's kind of the basic formula here is to have these hydrated carbons that are available and these don't contain any nitrogen at all and we know that when we think about carbohydrates we think about these as primarily fuel source but also some important structural features in the body but sort of think of quick energy here for for these right our sugars and so forth in terms of how those those work a third group that we have here are called the lipids and lipids here are basically all of our fats oils and waxes so fats oils and waxes in general a fat is solid at room temperature and oil is liquid at room temperature that's kind of a pretty good definition it's not exact but it works for most things waxes are solid at room temperature as as well as part of these and these are long chains of carbons and also hydrogens and hence these are known as hydro carbons it's the same stuff you burn in your gas tank right different kinds of hydrocarbons so i've heard about like octane and so forth hydrocarbon so here the basic formula is a hydrogen attached to a carbon molecule so just like that and there are a whole variety of different kinds of these that are found in the body couple things that we want to think about are things we call fatty acids and then there's also cholesterol which often gets a bad rap but it's a very important molecule of forests as well and triglycerides and of course these are also a good fuel source so very important fuel source as well and you know these make up also a variety of of also structural features okay so have those as well and we'll see those when we talk about things like oh sex steroids and plasma membranes and other kinds of membranes and so forth as well okay the type that we have here is uh what we call vitamins now oftentimes people mistake vitamins as nutrition they're not really nutrition it's not really about that these are used here as what we often call kind of cofactors kind of you know they actually attach to other kinds of molecules and help those molecules functionally work much much better for that and we have two groups the first group are what we call the fat or lipid soluble vitamins and these are a d e and k adec here so vitamins a d e and k variety different things we'll talk about retinoic acids a little bit here some structural features and so forth vitamin d very important with regard to calcium uptake vitamin e is an antioxidant vitamin k is an anticoagulant substance or a coagulant substance excuse me so it's used for clotting blood clotting and then we also have water soluble vitamins and these are the b complex and vitamin c which is also known as ascorbic acid as well so again these are going to work with other kinds of molecules along the way and then we have what are called nucleic acids and nucleic acids we're not going to really talk about except that these are found in dna and rna and this is sort of beyond the purview of what we're going to be doing uh in the course as well so it's going to be something else that we'll be uh looking at okay very good all right so that sort of sets us up at the sort of chemical level i said we're going to keep it fairly simple and we'll talk about these various kinds of substances uh here and there as we go along and why they're important in in different areas of the body when they sort of come up in that but now what we want to do is be able to sort of turn to a different idea here concept and this is what we call directions in the body and this is going to become very important of course when we talk about this in the laboratory situation one of the things that we want to be able to do is to always define where things are relative to something else so if you sort of think about the body as kind of like a map right you know so you've seen those those maps you go into a mall or some big complex and it says you are here right and how do we get to somewhere else so that's kind of the way we want to sort of think about this with regard to the body as well so how do we actually define these different directions and what we actually mean and we'll go over some of the basic terms that you're going to need to know so first of all i just want to mention that these are what we call relative terms what we mean is that they are relative to each other so they're used in relation to each other as you'll see here in just a moment secondly they are typically done in pairs so these are really about pairs of things and the third thing which is a really important thing is called anatomical position and we'll talk about that in a video in lab but basically what we have in anatomical position is that you are standing up straight your feet slightly apart about hip width your arms down by your side with the palms facing forward palms facing forward here so what we want to be able to do here is to create some terms that will allow us to always talk about these relative to anatomical position and this is a standardized way of discussing anatomy and parts of the body universally so it doesn't matter if you go to you know afghanistan or australia or tierra del fuego or finland whatever it is they're going to use anatomical position to describe things and that person could be laying down they could be kicking a football they could be rolling up in a ball but when we describe this it is as though they are in that anatomical position again standing up straight feet slightly apart arms down by the side and with palms forward okay palms forward okay so with that said let's talk about some of these different kinds of pairs of relative terms so the first and one we're going to do is a real simple one this is superior and the relative term is inferior so i'm not going to spend too much time in this because as i said we're going to do this more in depth in lab but i sort of want to introduce this this concept here okay so superior generally just means above and inferior refers to something that is below so for example we generally use this in what we call the the sort of the trunk of the body for the most part we can say that the head is superior to the feet and this is especially true when we're looking at you know different parts of the body that are not actually alike or related to each other so the head is superior to the feet but we could also say the feet are inferior to the head so again we're using these relative terms right so whatever term we talk about first relative to the second so that is the body part relative to the second so feet are inferior to the head the head is superior to the feet right and that is the way that we use those those terms now there are some older time terms that are occasionally still used called cranial and caudal cranial and caudal and this was done originally because when we looked at what we call quadrupeds you know dogs cats and so forth that walk on all fours then there was sort of a a way of describing these a little bit differently because superior and fairy didn't really work that well so this just means towards the head and caudal means toward the tail now you know we do actually have a little tail bone and in embryonic development and we'll talk about this a little bit later on uh there is an actual distinctive tail that is uh that is found here okay so again cranial versus caudal toward the head and toward the tail so again we could say that the head is is obviously cranial relative to the tail itself um you know it's a little more awkward using those those terms so generally use superior inferior for bipeds like us which are in two feet instead of four but occasionally you'll see uh these terms here as well okay so let's talk a little bit about the next set of terms this is anterior versus posterior and then you know your latin anti means in front of and post means behind so this is toward the front or sometimes face and posterior is toward the back okay so towards the back so anterior versus posterior so we could say your belly relative to your uh your butt um you know your belly would be anterior relative to your your butt which would be and we could say your butt is posterior relative to your belly um or the surface of that these terms are used again sort of front and back if you sort of think of the those in in those terms now again there are some older terms that are used you still see these these are particularly for surfaces a lot of times we see these and this is called ventral versus dorsal and ventral is usually what we call the face or belly side and again usually a surface is more commonly used in these terms dorsal here is the back or sometimes called the backbone side so most people are familiar with dorsal because of the dorsal fin of like a shark for example and again this would be like anterior posterior here so ventral versus dorsal and so ventral refers to the belly side dorsal the back side okay then another term here that we have is going to be medial versus lateral okay medial versus lateral okay so here we start thinking about this as toward the middle of the body or a structure okay the middle of the body or structure and this lateral would be toward the side of the body or structure so for example we could say that your nose is medial relative to your ears or we could say your ears are lateral to your nose right so medial your nose is medial relative to your ears or lateral would be for example your ears relative to your nose so we could use those those kinds of terms for for that all right just a couple more here for these and this is one that confuses students a fair amount and so i want to explain that a little bit in depth here this is what we call proximal versus distal and this is used in a couple of different contexts what's really important about this and we'll talk about this again in lab is that this is used for your appendages your appendages are your arms and your legs okay so proximal and distal so the word proximal here refers to something that's approximate or close to distal like distance here so let's talk about that so this is closer to the trunk okay closer to the trunk or the origin of a structure okay closer to the trunk origin of the structure and distal is farther from the trunk or the origin of a structure okay so farther from the trunk or origin of the structure so two different contexts here and a little bit later on in the course we'll talk about this other context and so let's talk about it with regard to the skeleton itself first so what is the closest region to the trunk in your upper appendage that is your arm that would be your shoulder your fingertips are going to be the most distal so we could say for example that your shoulder is proximal to your elbow your elbow is proximal to your wrist your wrist is proximal to your fingertips or we could say your fingertips are distal to your wrist your wrist is distal to your elbow your elbow is distal to your shoulder and then of course you can think about this with regard to your leg here and how we look at that lower appendage as well now what i mean by the origin of a structure is that this is often used in tubes and later on as we go along the course we'll talk about what's on the inside here so the origin but i'll give you an example here that i think you know makes a little bit of sense your mouth is going to be the origin of the digestive system and your anus is the endpoint so if we think about this because it's one long continuous tube from your mouth all the way to your anus here we could say that your mouth is proximal to your stomach your stomach is proximal to your intestines we could also say your stomach is distal to your mouth or that your intestines are distal to your stomach so again sort of using a couple of different contacts early on we're going to use it regarding bones and the upper and lower appendages the arms and legs but later on we'll talk a little bit about this here so superior and inferior do not work they do not work for appendages this is what we use for appendages we use superior and inferior with regard to the trunk okay the last pair that we have here is a real easy one this is called superficial versus deep okay superficial steep okay so this is near the surface of the body or structure and this is beneath the surface of the body or structure so oftentimes we talk about something that is superficial closer to the outside or the the surface of something versus something that's underneath that surface and we get into some tissues and things like that we'll talk a little bit more about those those different kinds of things okay all right good so now what we want to do is we want to talk a little bit about what we call planes of section it turns out that in order to sort of visualize what's going on in the body and understand these relative terms as well we also need to sort of cut the body into three dimensions so this is sort of a way of sort of looking at the body in 3d because we have so many incredible powerful imaging techniques now where we can actually slice the body things like mris and ct scans and things like that that we need to sort of understand how we view these different kinds of of sections that are found in the body in three dimensions so there are a number of different ways of sort of describing this i'll give you a few alternate terms as we go along and again when you look at this in the web lecture and also videos for the lab oh we'll talk about these things uh also okay so the first one here is what we call the coronal section coronal section now the term corona which of course we hear a lot about today unfortunately the term corona actually means crown and sometimes it also refers to ring but it's more of a crown and crowns come in a couple of different ways you can sort of think about a crown like this like the coronavirus or the corona around the sun but also refers originally to what we call a tiara right that goes from one side to the other so this is interesting here so this is going to extend oops this is going to extend through [Music] oops the right and left sides of the body or again a structure here and what this does is this divides the body or that particular structure into anterior posterior sections so here it's kind of and again there's an infinite number of these sections that we have sometimes you'll hear about something that we call mid coronal versus para coronal and i'm putting in the hyphens in here to sort of accentuate the difference here so a mid coronal section would be absolutely equal parts anterior and posterior paracoronal tells us that they're unequal in other words there's only one actual true mid-coronal and since the body is really mostly asymmetric we usually just talk about para coronal sections so when you hear about a coronal section it's assumed that it's actually a paracoronal section so anatomists like to be really formal about all this sort of stuff so they might differentiate between mid-coronal or para coronal or instead of saying coronal section they would say a paracrinal section and that's okay um but clinically it's often just called a coronal section uh that occurs and that's just understood that it's para corona itself now in contrast to that we also have what we call a sagittal section so a sagittal section and this is going to extend through the middle of a body or structure so right through the middle of the body or structure here kind of like right down the center if you will and so this will divide that body or that structure into into and you hopefully guess it into lateral portions in the lateral portions and again you might hear about a mid sagittal or a para sagittal section and so again sometimes mid-sagittal sections work a little bit a little bit better now one thing that i should mention about the coronal and the sagittal sections you'll see this when you view this in your book and also in web lectures and so forth is that these are actually at 90 degree angles to each other so they're going to be at 90 degree angles to each other if we sort of saw that at an angle so i want you to think about these in terms of 90 degrees from from one another as well now these are sometimes also and i should mention that sometimes this is also known as a longitudinal to de null section not used very often but occasionally you'll see that as as well so i just want to mention what that actually is okay now a third section that we have is what we call a transverse section and this is given a couple of different names one is a cross section that's a very common term that's used but also it is sometimes known as a horizontal section so you might see these alternate terms used for a transfer section which goes across the sagittal and the coronal again at 90 degree angles to this so we say then that this is going to extend at right angles to the coronal and sagittal sections okay so coronal and sagittal sections and this divides the body or structure into superior and inferior sections okay so superior and inferior sections so again from sort of a three-dimensional point of view we sort of see this as a sort of you know grouping here of sections we see sagittal sections kind of in this direction here kind of extending upwards and downwards below this here and then we'd have our coronal section which would go across in this direction through here kind of like this oh my god it gets a little complicated to sort of show that but again the idea here is that i did this in kind of a little bit of a different color here so we can have a sagittal or coronal section in that that direction something like that sort of like a wall uh that comes in and again uh when you look at your book and also the web lecture you'll be able to see this in three dimensions a lot better than i can actually uh draw it obviously but again the transverse section here go across like that and so then we have the opposite kind of section here for either sagittal or coronal depending on how we sort of face this three-dimensional kind of structure i hope that's not too too complicated in terms of how that that works okay so the very last thing that we have for this is what we call an oblique section and this here i as i should have these should have been a and b i guess sorry um change that in your notes if you want um this extends at any angle other than a right angle to the other sections and this divides the body or structure into strangely enough oblique sections so again this could come from any direction it'd be going it could be going from anterior to posterior lateral to medial medial lateral somewhat transversely but not at right angles to all of this so it can actually really change a lot of what's what's going on okay so let's finish off here with one last thing i know there's a lot of stuff to take in but again some basic information which will help you also beginning in the laboratory as well as the lecture establish this and here we're going to talk a little bit about what we call body cavities we get into embryology we're going to talk a little bit about how these body cavities form at least in part and so there are several different kinds of cavities the cavity is really just a large space right it could be fluid filled it can be filled with various kinds of structures uh chooses a line by something itself some kind of membrane or something like that where where that occurs okay so let's talk about the orbital cavities in the orbital cavities sometimes also known as the optic cavities as well one thing we can say about them is that they are paired and they contain as you might suspect the eyes and nerves and muscles of the eyes so pretty straightforward okay likewise we have the nasal cavities we'll see that a little bit later on in the laboratory as well and again these are paired and these contain structures forming the internal we call neries those openings and also sinuses and you'll hear them called paranasal sinuses as the word para p-a-r-a again paranasal sinuses they're found within bones and so these are named for the bones they're actually in there's four pairs of these we'll get into those a little bit later on as well okay a third cavity is what is called the buccal or sometimes also known as the oral cavity and here this is of course unpaired only have one mouth okay and this contains things like the teeth and of course the tongue cheeks and part of the upper we call the upper throat region as well so variety of different things that are that are found in there as well and of course these are bordered by the lips anteriorly and there's a pallet that is you know the roof of that and your tongue is sort of the floor of all that as well and then we have the otic sometimes also known as the auditory cavities and these are paired and these contain the structures of the we call the middle and inner ear whoops there's my dyslexia there sorry so the inner ear okay so those structures now we get into some bigger and more fascinating cavities here that not that these aren't important themselves but this one is called the dorsal cavity so what would be the other name for this sometimes called the posterior cavity more commonly called the dorsal cavity because again this forms embryologically and so embryologists refer to this more as ventral dorsal in this case but it's really in the posterior region and there are two subcavities that are found here the first is the cranial cavity and you might guess that that contains the brain and then we also have the vertebral cavity and this contains the spinal cord notice that chord here is just c-o-r-d that's the h-o-r-d to be like a musical chord so the spinal cord okay now this is in contrast as you might suspect we have a dorsal cavity we should have a ventral cavity and this one is much much more complex as you'll see this is divided actually into three sub cavities the first of these is called the thoracic cavity it's not thoracic it's thoracic cavity we also know that as the thorax that's part of our trunk as well and so here this is going to contain of course all the very structures like your heart your lungs and so forth what i want to emphasize on this one right now is the inferior border is the diaphragm you'll notice that diaphragm diffraction here has a gm right that's the diaphragm so don't leave out the g even though it's silent here and just to mention this this lies in a transverse plane so just to use some of our terminology that we just learned as well and within this there are two sub-cavities which we'll also talk about i think next time this is what we call the pericardial cavity and this contains the heart right so the heart is found within that peri meaning around cardi referring to the heart pericardial cavity and then we have the pleural cavities there's actually two of these and here these are going to surround each lung they're going to compartmentalize each along the right and left lungs that are here plural actually referring to the the lungs themselves okay so those are pretty important ones that are part of this and a little bit later on we're going to learn also about one other part that's found in here this is called the mediastinum so the mediastinum and this just means middle of the chest okay the mediastinum now there is a second subcavity that's found in the ventral cavity and here this is going to be i guess i should remember that differently so i'm going to go back here because again i sort of screwed up for this so let's do these as asterisks here these would be asterisks that are circled because this is our main cavity here subcavity just realized they did that so so the second one here is called the abdominal cavity commonly known as the abdomen okay so what we're going to have here it's an interesting thing is that the superior is the diaphragm so if you sort of think about it right this is like if you live in an apartment and there's two stories somebody's floor is another person's ceiling so that's kind of the way that this this works and here we're going to find many of our digestive organs among other things we'll say digestive and urinary organs and this also contains kind of a subcavity here this is called the peritoneal cavity in which a lot of these are are found in here as well so we talk about these different kinds of organs i want to introduce the term um this thing called the viscous spelling it wrong this gus there we go this actually is the latin word for organ okay so the latin word for organ the plural of this is viscera so these are organs so the viscera here are found of course any organ is is called a viscous but the viscera soft and you hear about the term eviscerate right is to remove those those organs found within that peritoneal cavity now anatomically we also have a third subcavity this is called the pelvic cavity and this is basically formed by the hip bones which you'll learn as the innominate bones and the sacrum as well so this of course is going to contain some very important organs things like the urinary bladder so some other viscera here for females of course the uterus and ovaries for males the prostate gland okay things like that so we'll see this also i'll mention the rectum in here as well so the pelvic cavity now the abdominal cavity and the thoracic cavities have the diaphragm which is a distinctive structure that differentiates them the pelvic cavity is kind of more of a theoretical one formed by these hip bones sort of you know in a kind of a circle here so here would be the sacrum and here the hip bones kind of come around kind of like this down and through here like that so we're just kind of imagining right this kind of area within this this kind of what we call bowl shape right and these of course kind of attach through the pubic symphysis here so this sort of forms like a bowl and that bowl is is the pelvic cavity so clinically though uh this is usually described in a couple of different ways and what we normally do then is to look at this as a whole this is called the abdomino pelvic cavity so we combine the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity together it's a little bit easier than to describe a number of these things if we look at it in those terms so there are two different ways of of doing this the first way is to look at this in terms of what we call quadrants so quadrants so the quadrants here are basically looking at our belly button and again use a different kind of color in here for this and drawing a line that is medial along here and a transverse line that way going right through the umbilicus or umbilicus is called so that's the belly button so when we describe things we always do it in anatomical position so that means that this side is going to be the right the side is going to be the left here so this would be the what is called the ruq this would be the luq this would be the r lq and this would be the l l q so what do these stand for right upper quadrant left upper quadrant sure that looks more like a q and right lower quadrant left lower quadrant so this is kind of a down and dirty way whoops let me move this up i'm sorry this is kind of a down and dirty way to sort of see how we can kind of divide the abdominal pelvic cavity into these four general quadrants and that way we can say oh that person has let's say if you have appendicitis maybe it starts off here periumbilically and then moves down into the right lower quadrant okay that may be something or maybe it could be ovarian pain or something like that could be in one or the other of these quadrants so that's a general way of sort of describing that but that isn't quite as accurate as a lot of times clinicians would like to be so we can also divide this into what we call nine regions as opposed to quadrants so here again we're going to put in our umbilicus here our little belly button we're going to draw a line on either side of this and just superior to that and inferior to that so now just like a little tic-tac-toe board we have these nine different regions so nine different regions that we have so let's start with the region where the belly button is and this is known as the umbilical region and that makes sense above that is what we call the epi gastric region epi means lying on top of gastric refers to stomach or belly then below this we have the hypo gastric meeting beneath or below that that region so that's pretty easy and then down here we have what we call the inguinal and also it's known as the iliac both these terms are used so again we're going to have our right side and our left side so i won't write it over here because we're going to have the same thing on that side we also have what we call the lumbar lumbar refers to lower back a lumbar region here again on the right side and the left side and then we have this really interesting one this is called the hypochondriac region so hypo meaning beneath and chondri refers to cartilage so where is this found this is going to be right underneath the rib cage where we have lots and lots of cartilage attaching our ribs to the sternum our breastbone right here just like that the way that and you may have heard of people who are sort of complaining all the time of various aches and pains and they're called hypochondriacs oh i'm sick about this or i stick with that or i have this or i have that pain or whatever so this originated back in the late 1800s early 1900s where in society a lot of people who could really afford doctors are good doctors or wealthy people they also ate really rich foods uh in this region over here we would find the gallbladder and so oftentimes they would have gallbladder disease uh and they would come into the doctor all the time saying oh you know i have pain here i have pain here and they would write down hypochondriac pain hypochondriac pain and these people always have these sort of vague pains that they would come in with all the time uh in that region uh you know saying oh i have you know my stomach hurts um i have pain i have gas underneath my my diaphragm or whatever it was and they became known as the hypochondriacs and that's where that that term actually came from but it's from an anatomical term uh here in in that way okay okay so that concludes everything that we're going to do for the beginning of that and so i think that's quite enough for today thanks and we'll talk about some more the next time