The End of Bipolarity

Introduction

• The end of bipolarity is a significant event in current world politics.
• Focus on the Cold War era first, as it provides the necessary background for this chapter.

What is Bipolarity?

• Bipolarity means "two polarities."
• During the Cold War, there were two alliances: the US and the USSR.
• US ideology: Capitalism and Liberal Democracy.
• USSR ideology: Communism and Socialism.

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

• The dissolution of the USSR occurred in 1991.
• The fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) was a significant event.
• The reunification of Germany resulted in the end of the Cold War.

What was the Soviet System?

• The Soviet Union was formed after the 1917 Russian Revolution.
• It was based on socialist ideology.
• No private property, all resources under state control.

USSR Economy and Problems

• The USSR’s economy was more developed compared to the rest of the world.
• Lack of private industries and agriculture.
• Bureaucracy and authoritarian rule were major problems.

Gorbachev’s Reforms

• Gorbachev attempted reforms in the USSR in 1985.
• Adopted policies of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring).
• Reforms increased the demand for freedom in Eastern European countries.

Consequences of Dissolution

• End of the bipolar world and establishment of a unipolar system.
• The US became the sole superpower.
• Emergence of new independent countries.

Shock Therapy

• The painful process of converting from a communist to a capitalist system.
• Influence of the World Bank and IMF.
• Cause of economic and social crises.

India and Russia Relations

• India and Russia’s relations have historically been strong.
• Cooperation in science, defense, and economic sectors.

Conclusion

• The end of bipolarity and the dissolution of the USSR is a significant turning point in world politics.
• India and Russia's relations continue to be strong, though facing new challenges.