hello and welcome to your video on Normans for AQA history and unlike our other videos that have done each unit and broken it down this one is an overview over the entire topic so we're going to cover everything that's in there the only differen is um as I'll explain um on our next slide here is there's going to be a separate video for question four because every year that changes so um question one for your Norman's paper is an interpretation question um in our class we call that the rugby ball question it says how convincing is interpretation a so you need to pick out a quote and then you will run with your own knowledge so you pick up the rugby ball which is the quote and then say why that is true why that's convincing based on your own knowledge do that a couple of times to show um that you understand the context of that interpretation second one and third one are actually really similar so the first the the number two is explain what was important about so previous questions we've had explain what was important about um Norman towns explain what was important about castle building explain what was important about L Frank's changes so um your PE paragraphs seed paragraphs whatever it is that that you do um and you have practiced lots of those before number three write an account you can treat that as exactly the same you can cross out write an account of and write the word explain and it becomes exactly the same type of question so explain the changes made by Lan Frank um which is means exactly the same as write an account of the changes made to the church write an account of changes to land ownership and then as we say question four there's going to be a separate video um the historic environment um and that changes every single year and we always know exactly what that is going to be on so a really quick sort of Whistle Stop tour then of this topic so firstly before the Normans so before 1066 England was led by the Anglo-Saxons and the King was Edward the Confessor um up till 1066 and his Reign had been peaceful and stable and the country wasn't um like it is uh today um instead it was split into around seven different eroms so eroms such as Mercia Sussex Wessex uh Kent places like that and each of those erom was controlled by an Earl um and Earls were incredibly powerful we'll see that when the Normans take charge they they get rid of those Earls because of how powerful um they can be so the Earls under King Edward the confessor's Reign three of them came from the same family from the Godwin family and Godwin himself was so powerful that he' attempted to seize power from the king in 1051 he'd used his THS which we'll talk about in a moment um his Warriors to rise up um because Earls controlled um controlled f um he also another thing that showed the power of the the godwins is that his daughter Edith had married King Edward even though it was probably a Loveless marriage as shown by the fact that King Edward didn't leave an heir um and his son Harold godwinson who we'll hear a lot about later he was the king's Chancellor or the fancy term is his sub regulus he did the job on his behalf on King Edward's behalf because King Edward wanted to focus on his religious Pursuits of praying and reading the Bible and the Anglo-Saxons had this feudal system that you can see on the right hand side so it was we remember in our class as ketchups with Kings Earls fs churs and peasants and then underneath it would be slaves as well and then of England's 2 million population most lived in villages with peasants farming the land for the landowner some lived in areas called burs so burs were a little bit like towns they had wooden fences to protect against them um and but they were they were still um very basic they were not the towns that the Normans would produce later the average life expectancy in Anglo-Saxon England before 1066 was just 31 years old and a big part of that was because of high levels of infant mortality where one quarter of every child under five would die before they reached that age in terms of defense and Military England had some professional soldiers called house calls but most of the soldiers who would be in charge of protecting them were made up of the FID which was was an untrained peasant Army so we get to 1066 and this is the year where English History massively changes because on the 5th of January 1066 Edward the Confessor dies and we know that he left no Heir so the people who were left in in charge um to make the decision were called the wit and they were made up of Earls um and Bishops and they chose Harold godwinson to replace him which probably wasn't a surprise because not only was Harold godwinson member of the witon but he also had his brothers in there as well but that wasn't the end of the story um Harold godwinson is crowned the next day the 6th of January but the other claimants were absolutely Furious hopefully we remember these claimants from our studies um but Harold hardrada was one of them now he was the Viking king of Norway and he believed that his father had been promised the throne and he wanted to restore England to Viking control England's got a history of being ruled by Vikings think about King Cano if you studi migration and um hrada wanted to return England to uh Viking control our other one is William the Duke of Normandy and he believed that he had been promised the throne not just by King Edward who had been a childhood friend they'd both grown up um in Normandy but also by Harold godwinson another of the claimants who's just been chosen as king he said William said that Harold godwinson had been captured in Normandy and then he'd sworn on holy relics so on maybe body parts of Saints and when if you swore on relics it was supposed to be like an unbreakable promise and he swore that he would allow William to become king and made this promise in 1064 William also had a strong claim because he had the support of the Pope who gave him a Papal Banner a flag to show that um he had the support of the Pope and therefore the support of God so with these things William prepared an army of around 7,000 men and built a huge Fleet of ships ready to attack England and take what he believed was rightfully his the final claimant was Edgar the aing now he was an Anglo-Saxon and he will come back later on in our course um but at the time as only only 14 years old his claim wasn't taken seriously and so Harold godwinson prepared for Invasion from Normandy he set his troops down on the south coast waiting for an attack to come from William Duke of Normandy um and but it was a huge surprise to him that the attack instead of coming from the south instead it came from the north from Scandinavia where the Vikings invaded first and hardrada was supported by Harold godwinson own brother tosy godwinson um who had been so angry that he'd been um sent Away by his brother so he teamed up with hardrada and he defeated the northern Earls of Edwin and morar at the Battle of gate fford on the 20th of September 1066 that's our first battle out of three of these key batt attles we need to know in 1066 when godwinson hears about this he marches his army up north to take on the Vikings and the Vikings had made this terrible decision to stop and wait for hostages and they're caught completely by surprise they leave their armor on their ships and they leave a third of their men and at the Battle of Stanford Bridge which is the 25th of September hardrada and tostig were killed and godwinson does this deal at this point where he says um he spares the life of hard's son and says only on the condition that you don't invade England again it should have been this incredible moment for um for Harold godwinson to defeat the Godwin to defeat the Vikings who'd been such a threat over um the previous centuries but it isn't it doesn't last very long at all because just as that Victory is ending the wind changes and William Duke of Normandy who's been w waiting for good weather all summer he finally gets the sustained wind that can take his men over into England so just three days after the battle of Stanford Bridge Williams Norman Army lands at a place called pevy which is down south not far from Hastings and William knew that his best chance of winning was to have a quick battle was to make sure that Harold didn't have time to gather a huge Army so he was really clever he set fire to wessix which was God winson's former earldom when he'd been an Earl and he did that because he wanted to force um Harold godwinson to come to rush down south and Harold godwinson Falls for this he marches his tired Army down south again remember they've marched all the way up north of the battle of Stanford Bridge they've got to return again he could if he'd waited he could have had an extra 30,000 reinforcements and he also leaves behind his archers but he feels like he has to rush because everything that he cares for is in Wessex he wants to get there quickly and protect his earldom so on the 14th of October 1066 godwinson sets up his army of 7,000 men at the top of a place called senlac Hill and his army will mostly FID this untrained peasant Army there were some house cars and there were also THS which is just under Earls in the Anglo-Saxon feudal system this warrior class um the Anglo-Saxon army they set up The Shield wall where they would stand interlocking with their Shields it's a really effective defensive tactic but it's a really old fashion tactic as well um it had been used in some ways since the Roman times um and certain um well trained armies had worked out ways to defeat it the Norman Army also had 7,000 soldiers and they had different types of soldiers from the Anglo-Saxons they set up at the bottom of the hill with their thre line formation with archers with infantry so foot soldiers and Cavalry soldiers on foot and Soldiers on horses which the Anglo-Saxons did not have the battle starts and at first the Norman Army is unable to break through the shield wall their horses are struggling to get up the hill um and the the um the arrows are sailing over the heads of um The Shield war and a rumor spreads that William had been killed so he bravely takes off his he to declare that he is still alive at this point the Normans use the tactic called the FED Retreat and that's where they pretended to run away and then you circle around and you sort of see pretending to run away and then you can sort of uh and circle you can trap you can outflank and this was something that they' used before they' um they'd used it at the Battle of MSA um in Italy um they had shown themselves that this was not a fluke that they were able to do this they practiced and trained for it all summer and the Anglo-Saxon Army mostly made up of FID they fell for this tactic they broke up the shield wall and it reduced the protection in front of King Harold godwinson who is in the middle of that Shield wall or just behind it and we don't know for definite there are different claims made um even in the beot tapestry um which shows the details in the events of 1066 the most common thing as you can see from the picture is that it suggests that Godwin was killed with an arrow to the eye there are other images that maybe suggest he was also hacked to death um either um instead of that or as well as that um what we can agree on is that Harold godwinson dies and William is now able to march to London where he's crowned King of England on the 25th of December 1066 and England is under Norman control this is the start of what we call the Norman Conquest now the Normans made a series of changes and for your um for your um exam it's very likely that you're going to be using some of this information here because the whole point of the course is not just how they took charge but what they did once they once they managed to take control so these are the the categories I think you'll be asked about so land ownership is a big one so um he William took charge of all of the land in England he had more power and more control than any King before him um he granted 25% of that land to the church and that showed how religious he was how important Christianity was to him he restructured the feudal system as you can see on the right hand side here so he removes Earls and replaces them with Norman Barons um and he is usually using it he's giving land as a way to reward people who'd fought alongside him at the Battle of Hastings all Barons had to swear what we call an oath of falty which just means they had to swear loyalty to William this system is so clever it's called the tenant-in-chief system and it means that you can only get land on the condition that you're loyal to him and a brilliant control mechanism because as soon as people would rebel against him he could take their land away straight away there were also key legal changes so William introduced Forest laws meaning that all forests now belong to him and this hit peasants particularly hard particularly up north especially after the hurrying of the north which we'll look at later where it was so much harder to um grow things in the north they also then couldn't hunt they also introduced trial by battle where people would fight to the death to solve disputes and that tells us something about the um the Norman way of thinking it's about bravery it's about battles but also there's a religious element because they believe that God couldn't possibly allow um the guilty person to win a battle uh there were military changes as well a big thing that we're going to be talking about is the castles so the Normans were nicknamed the castlen they brought even brought flatpack castles over with them before the Battle of Hastings made out of wood so they could build them straight away and these M and Bailey castles were initially made out of wood um they the mot would be a mound of Earth which would have a um a keep on top and then the Bailey would be where the buildings were they were initially built in Wood um and Anglo-Saxons would be forced to knock down their own homes to build these castles on their land and and that was a real way of sort of intimidating and showing how powerful these new Norman leaders were but then they were rebuilt in stone off often in these Grand Romanesque Styles which were supposed to intimidate the Anglo-Saxons and show them how much more advanced and Powerful the new Norman leaders were they were often built next to churches as well um to show that God supported the Norman Conquest there were economic changes like the Doomsday Book of 1086 and that listed what everybody in the country owed because um William was worried about a viking Invasion and he wanted to be able to raise taxes to pay for for the for the Army and pay for the for the battle which never happened um he also invited Jews into England for the first time so Jewish people came into England because Christians were banned from charging interest they needed people of other religions in order to do that and then there were huge social changes as well so towns were built um which became centers of trade um and these towns were protected by Watchmen or their volunteer equivalent Burgesses and they the towns would be built often around um castles because it gave people this sense of security that their money was safe that they were safe in those areas not just because of Watchmen but also because there was a castle looking over them however if we talk about towns 95% of the population didn't live in them although they're really important and it's become a key part of England 95% population still lived in villages which were largely unchanged they still um centers of um of farming the things that would have changed it would be things like Stone churches potentially a stone Castle nearby and also the the uh land owner would now be French would be a Norman rather than being um an Anglo-Saxon there were people who rebelled because England had never been ruled by a Norman before so some rebelled against Williams Rule Do You Remember Edwin and morar when we were talking about the Battle of um gate fford um at the start of um at the start of this video well they were a real thorn in the side of the Normans they um organized rebellions against the Normans they were imprisoned and escaped on on several occasions and then in um 1069 they joined with the former Clayman Edgar the aing remember the 14-year-old um at that point in 1066 he he'd grown up as an and now he's an Anglo-Saxon and people are going right we're used to having Anglo-Saxon leaders we're Anglo-Saxon ourselves we need to get him in as our King we need to kick the Normans out and Edgar can be our king um so Edwin and morar and Edgar they joined up with a rebel group to try and um throw out the Normans and William showed his brutality in this moment the rebellion was put down by sending soldiers in to kill 100,000 people and not only did he do that but they also destroyed the crops and the land by putting salt into the soil and this event became known as the hurrying of the North in 1070 and it clearly had a long-term effect because the Doomsday Book is 16 years after the Haring of the north and it still describes 80% of yoria as Wasteland so it's had a long-term effect and lots and lots of people had to flee as refugees from the north because um William had put down this Rebellion so brutally in fact it's the one thing on his deathbed that he has remorse for and he's worried about going to hell for um couple of other rebellions in 1070 so same year so easy for us to remember 1070 herwood The Wake led a rebellion against the Normans in East Anglia so sort of uh Norwich way Hero's brother had been murdered by Normans so he wanted Revenge so he killed some Normans he attacked Peter BR ABI and on the aisle of elely heroid was put under siege where he was betrayed by local monks and the Normans were able to regain control and then the last rebellion you could know about is one from an from a Norman Earl themselves so in 1075 um his own people rebelled against him William um had a really close friend called William Fitz osbor and it was his son Roger de broy who led a rebellion against him and William had the other Rebels killed the only reason he didn't kill Roger was because of his friendship with um his father but William shows time and time again that if there is a rebellion against him he will use violence and brutality to put that down okay fair bit going on here um in terms of the church and Monastery changes so William was a religious man and he'd conquered England under this promise to the Pope that he would bring England in line with the rest of Europe that's why he gets the papal Banner because he says I'm not just doing it to become king I'm not just doing it because I'm power hungry I'm going to make England more Christian so when he becomes king he sets about employing key people to make England a more Christian place he chooses his close friend Lan Frank to reform the Church he makes him the Archbishop of Canterbury which is the most important leader in the English church and the English church at that time um before the Normans had been seen as corrupt um so much so that William did not allow Lan Frank's predecessor so the old Archbishop of Canterbury stigand he didn't allow him to crown him which is always the job of the Archbishop of Canterbury because stigand was seen as corrupt so Lan Frank set about removing this corruption and the four areas we've practiced um is we use the acronym of MPCs so nepotism pluralism celibacy and simony were the issues um that he sought to fix remember don't use that term of NPCs use that in your brain to help you to go right what are the four things he fixed so nepotism was church go jobs were being given to friends and family rather than devout people who wanted to serve God you might have heard the term nepo babies for when celebrities give their um their kids they get extra power and extra um extra um jobs and opportunities just because of who their family are so nepotism is one of the issues of corruption pluralism is where people would hold more than one job in the church so that was clear that they just wanted the power and the status rather than actually serving their Community because you can't be a bishop up north if you're also a bishop down south it's you just want that that status celibacy because Church which means not having sex church leaders had promised to be celibate but many were openly having relationships and starting families and then the final issue is simony selling positions in the church people who were just able to buy them even if they weren't particularly religious now you don't need all of those but it's nice to be able to chuck those in as examples of the type of corruption that Lan Frank wanted to fix and in order to make the church more respected and he he he really pushed the idea of monasticism monasticism is where you devote your life to God if you become a monk or a non and you spend you sort of spend your life Dev de devoting yourself to religious Pursuits and monasteries also became centers of learning so Oxford University was established by monks in 1096 if we want to remember the ways that Lan Frank changed the church we've been using monk m o NC um so he built as part of making monasticism more popular there were more monasteries at least a hundred more and there were more monks over 3,000 more monks they made them more obedient they were stricter controlled by the church hierarchy with the Pope at the top um they had sort of 10 Services a day they had to be vegetarian they had to wear certain clothes they W they weren't allowed to break these strict rules they had Norman leaders so Anglo-Saxons completely phased out and they also brought in this strict New Order called the cluniacs um which dominated monasticism for roughly the next 500 years so maybe try and remember those um acronyms to think about changes to the church to fix corruption and also how monasticism became more popular finally then before I look at um some practice question after William so the end of our course then looks at um what happens after William the Conqueror dies William the conquer dies in 1087 he has three sons Robert certos um who is who is the oldest William Rufus the middle child and Henry and Robert curos even though he was the oldest he was only chosen to become the Duke of Normandy but not made King of England and the reason for that is that William King William the Conqueror did not rate him he didn't think he was trustworthy he had fallen out with his family we we looked at that story I don't know if you've done it in your classes of how they had a Fallout because his brothers poured a a chamber pot a potty onto his head and from that point on he um was trying to invade um trying to attack his his family he was um he went off and uh had loads of children illegitimately so he wasn't seen as trustworthy enough to become king of England so instead the middle child William Rufus became King William II of England and the main thing we need to know about William Rufus is that unlike um William the Conqueror William the first Who had who was genuinely religious and used Lan Frank to control the church and make it more devout um William Rufus was not like that he was not genuinely religious and instead he used the church for power and wealth so when Lan Frank died Rufus did not replace him so that he could keep the money in power for himself and he was also unpopular with the church due to his homosexual lifestyle it's it's it's almost certain that William II was homosexual um in 1100 Robert ceros attempted to invade England but it failed and that same year William Rufus was killed in suspicious circumstances when out hunting one of History's great Mysteries is what happened to him um and Henry the William's youngest became the king of England now I'd be very surprised if you got a question on that but you may be able to link it in with attitudes and relationships between the church and the Kings of England so finally then a couple of practice questions you could have a look at the explain or the write an account so explain what was important about the Doomsday Book um of 1086 and again you could talk about using like perms words you could say it's important for economic reasons about raising tax maybe it's also important for social reasons because it was a way of controlling people doomsday means Judgment Day the people of England felt judged military reasons as well because it was um it was used to raise money in case of an invasion of the Vikings which never came and then number three write an account of changes to towns made by the Normans so you could again a really good way to use those perms words of political economic religious military and social it's eight marks so you do a paragraph on each um so try and come up with some different ways so you could talk about economics like building um becoming centers of trade where people would come because they had the the security of having a castle overlooking it um things like that you could talk about um social changes so you could talk about things like people being able to work we didn't talk about it in here but potentially people becoming um apprentices and then Journeymen and then Masters um that that sort of thing is what you could talk about for for Norman towns um okay best of luck there will be a a second video about the historic environment question question if you're watching this in 2024 but best of luck with your exam you will be fantastic bye-bye