AP Human Geography - Unit 7 Review

Lecture Overview

• We covered an entire year of content in seven days.
• Targeting the upcoming test on Tuesday.
• Today's focus: Unit 7 - Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes.
• Resources: Guided notes and practice tests available.

Topics Covered

• Industrial Revolution & Sectors of the Economy
• Women in Economic Development
• Economic Development Theories
• Trade and Global Patterns
• Measures of Development

Structure of Lecture

1. Introduction
2. Key Concepts: Industrial Revolution to Contemporary Economic Systems
3. Detailed Review & Practice Questions
4. Q&A and Encouragement for Exam Preparation

Industrial Revolution

• Historical Impact: Changes in food production, population growth, urbanization, new class structures.
• Technologies: Steam engine, urbanization, enclosure movement in agriculture.
• Colonialism & Imperialism: Driven by need for raw resources and markets.
• Cottage Industries: Decline due to factory-based mass production.
• Uneven Economic Development: Resulting from industrialization, leading to income disparities.

Sectors of the Economy

• Primary Sector: Extraction of natural resources (e.g., mining, agriculture).
• Secondary Sector: Manufacturing and production (e.g., factory work, construction).
• Tertiary Sector: Service-based jobs (e.g., teaching, law, retail).
• Quaternary Sector: Information-based services (e.g., research, data management).
• Quinary Sector: High-level decision making (e.g., CEOs, government officials).

Key Terms & Concepts

• Value Added Product: Products with increased value after processing.
• Break of Bulk Point: Transfer of goods from one mode of transportation to another.
• Weber's Least Cost Theory: Focus on minimizing transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs.
• Bulk Reducing vs. Bulk Gaining Goods: Differentiates production based on weight changes during production.

Core, Semi-Periphery, and Periphery Countries

• Core Countries: Most developed, dominant in global trade.
• Semi-Periphery Countries: Emerging economies, mix of industrial and service jobs.
• Periphery Countries: Least developed, reliant on primary sector and exports.

Multinational Corporations

• Businesses operating in multiple countries, exploiting global labor and resources.
• Formal vs. Informal Economy: Regulated economic activities vs. unregulated street vendors, domestic work, etc.

Measures of Development

• GDP, GNP, GNI: Standard economic indicators looking at production and income.
• Gender Inequality Index (GII): Measures gender disparities in health, education, and economic participation.
• Human Development Index (HDI): Measures development based on life expectancy, education, and income.

Economic Indicators

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Total value of goods produced within a country.
• Gross National Product (GNP): GDP plus income from citizens abroad.
• Gross National Income (GNI): Total income generated by the country’s residents.

Women's Role in Economic Development

• Microloans and Micro Financing: Small loans and financial services to promote economic independence and reduce poverty.
• Gender Parity: Focus on equality between men and women in economic participation.

Economic Development Theories

• Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth: Traditional Society, Preconditions for Takeoff, Takeoff, Drive to Maturity, High Mass Consumption.
• Wallerstein’s World System Theory: Core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries interconnected through global trade networks.
• Dependency Theory: Less developed countries depend on and are exploited by more developed countries.

Trade and Global Patterns

• Globalization: Increasing interdependence of world economies, cultures, and populations.
• Neoliberal Policies: Promote free trade and market freedom with reduced government intervention.
• Tariffs and Free Trade Zones: Taxes on imports versus areas with no tariffs to encourage trade.
• Comparative Advantage: Specialization in production to increase trade efficiency.

Modern Production & Industrialization

• Fordism and Post-Fordism: Mass production models including just-in-time production.
• Economies of Scale: Reduction in production costs as a company grows.
• De-Industrialization: Decline of manufacturing in favor of service sector jobs.

Sustainability and Future Development

• UN Sustainable Development Goals: 17 goals aimed at promoting sustainable development globally.
• Environmental Degradation & Resource Depletion: Negative impacts of human activity on the environment.
• Ecotourism: Environmentally responsible travel to natural areas.

Exam Tips

• Focus Areas: Understand trade patterns, production methods, economic theories, and measures of development.
• Practice Questions: Engage with practice questions in guided notes and livestream resources.
• Confidence and Preparedness: Emphasized throughout to ensure readiness for the exam.

Good luck on the test and remember to review these key concepts and theories to ensure a thorough understanding of the material!