Overview
Beowulf tells the story of a heroic Geatish warrior who aids the Danes by defeating the monster Grendel and later Grendel's mother, before returning home and eventually dying in battle against a dragon. The poem explores themes of heroism, honor, loyalty, fate, and the passage of time.
Origins and Rise of the Scyldings
- Scyld the Scefing rises from orphan to revered king, earning tribute and loyalty from surrounding tribes.
- His descendants, including Beowulf (not the hero) and Healfdene, continue the royal line with honor and strength.
- Hrothgar, Healfdene's son, builds the majestic Heorot hall, attracting prosperity and celebration.
Grendel’s Terror
- Grendel, monster of Cain’s lineage, is enraged by the joy in Heorot and attacks the hall, killing warriors.
- Hrothgar’s men suffer twelve years of Grendel’s nightly raids with no relief in sight, despite prayers and offerings.
Arrival of Beowulf
- Beowulf, a renowned Geatish hero, learns of the Danes’ plight and sails to assist Hrothgar.
- He and fourteen companions are welcomed after identifying themselves and expressing their mission to defeat Grendel.
Beowulf’s Feats in Denmark
- Beowulf boasts of past exploits and promises to face Grendel without weapons.
- During the night, Grendel attacks and kills a warrior before grappling with Beowulf, who mortally wounds him, severing his arm.
- The next day, celebrations ensue and Beowulf is lavishly rewarded by Hrothgar.
Grendel’s Mother’s Revenge
- Grendel’s mother attacks Heorot in vengeance, killing Aeschere, Hrothgar’s advisor, and retreats to her lair.
- Beowulf pursues her to a hellish underwater mere, plunges in, and after a fierce battle, kills her with a giant’s sword and beheads Grendel’s corpse.
Aftermath and Rewards
- Beowulf returns with Grendel’s head and the sword hilt; Hrothgar praises and warns him about pride and the limits of earthly power.
- Beowulf and his men receive treasures and hospitality before returning home to Geatland.
Beowulf’s Return and Kingship
- Beowulf recounts his adventures and gifts to King Hygelac and Queen Hygd, sharing his honors.
- He eventually becomes king, ruling wisely for fifty years.
The Dragon and Beowulf’s Death
- A thief disturbs a dragon’s hoard, prompting the dragon to wreak havoc on the Geats.
- Beowulf resolves to face the dragon; only his loyal thane Wiglaf stands by him as others flee.
- In a deadly battle, Beowulf and Wiglaf kill the dragon, but Beowulf is mortally wounded.
- Dying, Beowulf reflects on his life, gives parting instructions, and designates Wiglaf as his successor.
Mourning and Legacy
- The Geats mourn Beowulf, building a great mound and burying him with treasures.
- The poem concludes with praise for Beowulf’s gentleness, bravery, and lasting honor among kings.