[Music] [Music] so [Music] so [Music] [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] so [Music] hi there rachel this is another learning session on 21st century literature from the philippines and the world i am jasper angeles joining you in the next hour in exploring the treasures of contemporary literature before we proceed make sure that you have with you your notebook your pen and of course your learning packets take down notes during the live stream session so far we have been introduced already to various topics that will prepare us in the succeeding topics on this subject can you still remember our first lesson if you can still remember our first topic was the geographical linguistic and ethnic dimensions of philippine literature this was followed by a learning session on the critical interpretation of literature surely you still remember the things you learned about literary genres and of course the discussion allotted for the poems and short stories of 21st century literature today we shall embark on another bought familiar topic to all can you still remember the different approaches that we have discussed during the second live stream sesh that topic will surely help you understand our lesson for today before anything else however let us do this activity are you familiar with these people who do you think are they write your answer on the comment box who are these people of course they are writers or authors of well-known literary pieces i shall be introducing these writers to you in a form of an activity grade 12 let's do the match it activity in this activity you'll be introduced to the background of each of the four writers that you can see on the screen later i will also be showing and reading literary pieces related to these writers your task is to match the writer to the literary piece he or she has written but sir how will we know if we have matched the writer to the literary piece he or she has written use the background of the writer to do that the author or the writer's background will help you match them correctly let's start first we have edgar allen poe he is a short story writer poet critic and editor who is famous for his cultivation of mystery and the macabre moreover his familiar mode of evasion from the universe of the common experience was through eerie thoughts impulses or fears according to cestre 2020 i'm hoping that you are taking note of the important details about post life on your notebook or on a piece of paper aside from this class we were informed that during his time when most people died at home and were quickly buried without being involved newspaper stories occasionally reported cases of people hearing the screams of wrongfully buried and rushing to their rescue so much for edgar allan poe let's have our next writer this is david job david job was a poet of the negritude movement job's works in code pilon his only surviving collection are angry poems of protest against european cultural values enumerating the sufferings of his people first under the slave trade and then under the domination of colonial rule again remember important details about this writer let's have our third writer rachel meet mr dante dan delegate was born in 1265 to a family with a history of involvement in the complex florentine political scene his work is an allegory of human life presented as a visionary trip through the christian afterlife written as a warning to a corrupt society to steer itself to the path of righteousness i trust that you have somehow remembered something about dante let us have our last writer here class we have khaled hossini hossini grew up in kabul afghanistan his father was a diplomat and his mother a secondary school teacher in 1976 he and his parents moved to paris where his father worked at the afghan embassy with the soviet invasion of afghanistan in 1979 they found returning to their home impossible and they moved to california having been granted political asylum by the united states again here are our writers for this activity now let us see the literary pieces again let me just remind you your task here is to match the author or writer to the literary piece he has written to help us with this i've invited some personalities close to you please welcome ray 12 some members of the bts we have rm and of course each of them is holding a book containing the literary piece we kept on saying a while ago we shall be looking at the literarities inside each book let's start with rm rm what do we have there oh it is inferno in this piece virgil guides someone through hell and a phenomenal array of sinners in their various states each circle of hell is reserved for those who have committed specific sins and the writer traveler spares no artistic expense at creating the punishing landscape who among the writers do you think is the one who wrote this piece write your answer on the comment box shock jin would you mind to show us the literary piece you're holding oh it's the kite runner the kite runner is the story of amir a sunni muslim who struggles to find his place in the world because of the after effects and fallout from a series of traumatic childhood events along the way readers are able to experience growing up in afghanistan in a single parent home a situation that bears remarkable similarities to many contemporary households hmm who do you think wrote this one write your answer again on the comment box and wait for your answer come on this is just an activity no need to be conscious about your answers let us have our next literarities jungkook holds the story the premature burial it deals with the subject of being buried alive in this story a man who suffers seizures is terrified that will be mistaken or dead and accidentally injured while in this state who do you think is the writer of this short story write your answer on the comment box let us have our last literary piece jimin what do you have there all right it's africa my africa it is a poem spoken by a persona who presents pride in african blood and the sufferings endured by african people it talks of both the plights and the hopes of an african for freedom who do you think is the writer of this poem don't forget to write your answer on the comment box now moment of truth ritual jungkook holds what story of course premature boreal who is the writer again of premature burial comment your answer on the comment box come on okay it is oh i think we made a mistake there that shito merando parocheni edgar okay the correct answer is actually edgar allan poe what about or how about the book held by rm it is inferno by come on write the correct answer based on the backgrounds you've seen a while ago correct it is dante alighieri what was shock jin's literary piece it is the kite runner who is the writer of this novel writer answers it's none other than khaled possini last but not the least who is the writer of the poem held by jimin again it is africa my africa jimin do you have ideas can you tell who the writer is all right it is actually david how were you able to determine the correct writer for each literary piece yes just like what i told you a while ago the background of the writer will help you determine the literary piece he or she wrote let us look at the case of edgar allan poe and the premature burial in his background you would see that po was not only a short story writer he was also fond of writing eerie and sometimes mysterious stories in addition we likewise knew that during his time people who die are quickly buried without being embalmed you can just imagine how it is to be buried alive actually even without the second point about the background of the writer you would easily find that edgar allen poe was the writer of this piece it is because among the four literary pieces this is the only one that evokes that mysterious tone again the background of the writer must have helped you locate the correct literary piece for edgar allan poe let's have another example this time let's have inferno by dan alighieri how did you know that it was dante who actually wrote this part of the divine comedy trilogy which word in dante's background connects with the theme of inferno again this piece is about experiences of sinners in health looking at the background of alighieri on the other hand we would see that dante's work involved warnings to a corrupt society sinners and corrupt society seem to be of relation so you would definitely think that dan as the ones connected in our activity grade 12 you must have seen the importance of the biography or background of the writer in determining which literary works are related to a writer furthermore we can understand and appreciate the literary text more if we somehow know the background of its writer the experiences of the writer could have influenced the writing of the literary piece of course after all literature is a compendium of significant human experiences what do we call the surrounding information about the texts again let me repeat the question for you what do we call the surrounding information about the text comment your answer in the comment box do you still remember how to determine the meaning of an unfamiliar word using only the surrounding words of course all right that one and our lesson for today have the same logic we use context to produce a deeper understanding and interpretation of the text we read remember grade 12 context is important context matters using the context you would know the impetus for a literary word the reasons why certain things are accepted and some things are not in a short story and a lot more things which we will discuss in a little while to guide us in our discussion for today let us look at our objectives number one examine a literary text through biographical social cultural and linguistic contexts and secondly analyze how the different contexts enrich the reader's understanding of the literary text what are the different contexts that we consider in interpreting literature if you can say remember our second live stream sesh you'd be able to answer that question of course we have the biographical linguistic literary and social cultural contexts from this point forward i'd like you to follow your learning packet module 7 written by mr marwin satoy from karuhata national high school let us start with the biographical context in using the biographical context class we look at the relationship between the writer's life experiences and the meaning of the literary word here the life experiences of the writer directly and indirectly shape the meaning of his work you will be able to see the biographical context of the work by looking at number one the significant human experiences or significant life experience of the writer shown in the story and of course the similarities of the story with the writers other works biographical context can be best used in understanding the short stories of edgar allen beau again he is famous for works that invoke eerie thoughts impulses or fears this is well observed in his short stories the telltale heart which talks of a man who confesses to the readers how he killed a neighbor and the task of a montiado which deals with a long-held brudge used by a man to kill his friend with all the sufferings miseries and challenges faced by pope it should not be surprising that his short stories often depict darkness the next context is linguistic context here the meaning of the literary piece is revealed by looking into its words sentences patterns among others hence the meaning lies within the text and its form this basically means to look at the words to determine the meaning of the text specifically highlight the words diction sentences figurative language and of course the cops let's see an example this is a portion of the short story the tail tail heart by edgar allan poe when i had waited a long time very patiently without hearing him lie down i resolved to open a little a very very little crevice in the lantern so i opened it you cannot imagine how stealthily stealthily until at length a simple damn ray like the thread of the spider shot from out of the crevice and fell upon the vulture's eye what have you observed in this passage how did the author evoke the feelings of horror here look at the words very and stealthily there were repeated repetition of these words seemed to make the scene slow just like how a murderer will probably open something in a crime scene the writer has even used simile like the thread of the spider to vividly describe what is seen by the killer again the linguistic context or the surrounding words including how they are arranged evoke feelings of fear while reading the story another example would be africa by africa by david yap but your blood flows in my veins your beautiful black blood that irrigates the fields the blood of your sweat the sweat of your work the work of your slavery africa tell me africa is this your back that is unbent the bat that never breaks under the weight of humiliation it's blood here through blood what do you think is conveyed by the word blood your blood flows in my veins your blood that irrigates the fields blood here refers to life an african's life held by slavery life that never bends under the weight of humiliation this part of the poem tells us how tenacious africans are how strong they were to resist the plans of slavery during the old times figurative and literal language in this form also helped us to better understand the text aside from biographical and linguistic contexts we also have the literary context the ones who analyze the text using this context believe that the elements of the literary piece constitute a meaning that is necessary to understand the theme or the message of the literary piece to use this context one has to recognize the genre of the piece or the literary piece identify the elements of the literary genre and of course find the connection among these elements to make meaning going back to flicker fade gone by carl johar we understood that the scene where the boy disappeared from reality is real is a real deal because the genre of the short story according to context is speculative fiction it involves supernatural events we reconcile this event in real life by saying that it is actually a symbolism for being lost looking for validation furthermore we knew that this will give us the main conflict that consummates into its theme because it is a short story though we don't realize the value of the literary structure because we already know the differences among literary pieces the genre of the story contributed a lot to the development of the team this sonnet sonnet 116 by william shakespeare is a perfect example of what i'm saying a while ago if you will only read the poem according to how you read a normal poem you would not see the inside or where the inside or epiphany is located this insight is important because it is like the theme of a short story looking at this sonnet you would see 14 lines the first three stanzas with four lines or three quatrains if you can still remember present the arguments of the writer while the theme central message if not epiphany can be located at the last two lines we call as the play i'm sure that if you are unfamiliar with the literary context of this piece you would find this poem difficult to understand the last context that we can consider in interpreting literature is the social or the social cultural context the one who analyzes a literary text using this context believes that understanding the social economic political and cultural issues or concerns within the literary piece helps the readers examine the role in shaping the meaning of the literary piece let me just highlight social economic political and cultural issues in the text if literature is a reflection of reality we can be sure that these things are indeed embedded in the text in incorporating the social cultural context the reader must see the relationship number one the relationship between the characters or the speakers in the text and their society issues of gender race or class how the nation and its inhabitants are reflected in the peace and of course the struggle or the class struggle oppression and other forms of economic and social power in the text can we really use this context to better understand the text let's see an example this is skype runner or the kite runner by khalid posibi this is a novel that discusses not only the issue of friendship it likewise presents the situation of contemporary afghanistan in the novel an adult amir opens the novel in the present day united states with a vague reference to one of these events and then the novel flashes back to amir's childhood in afghanistan to get the son of his friend he travels back to afghanistan he then finds a country which is so different from his childhood the coup supported by the russians left afghanistan in chaos now the country is mostly controlled by the talibans who impose inhumane regulations on the sections they occupy generally the novel encapsulates the situation of the present afghanistan and all states citizens who are either controlled by the taliban or have migrated to another country as immigrants to escape the horrors of the country they once cherished i hope that these pieces of information and explanations backed up with examples have helped you digest the topic again biographical linguistic literary and social cultural contexts help us readers or the readers in our understanding of the text remember that when it comes to the biographical context we look at the relationship between the literary text and the writer of the text basically we see the text either as a reflection of the author's life or as an evidence that the writer became a genuine eyewitness to a particular significant event you know that you are using the linguistic context more than the other context to understand the text after all all work of fiction is composed of words so what other way to understand if than to look at the words used by the writer to present the story again this context is at work when you look at the role of the words phrases and sentences in painting the setting of the story or in capturing the other important literary elements in the text literary context is also important or is also important for the form of the literary text informs its readers how to read the text not all poems and stories have the same structure class later i will show you a poetic form different from the form you have been accustomed to seeing how will you interpret that pawn i wonder last but not the least my favorite the social cultural setting or the social cultural context remember that each of the story that you have read carries a society and its culture your task as the reader is to discover them before we proceed let me just remind everyone also that all contexts can be used simultaneously to understand the text you can actually think that the linguistic context is needed by all of these contexts now let us have our short story a harvest of sorrows by kucheres mangansakan ii we will use this as our basal text for our analysis based on the picture on the screen i know that you've had or we've had the same idea after reading this short story we know that it is set in mindanao during a war between the rebels and the government soldiers i don't want to preempt you of course with other important details that will be presented later through the four contexts we have discussed a while ago let us proceed not much information was said about the life of the writer of this story but one thing is for sure he must have written this using his real life experiences in mindanao how can we say this let's see it is because gutierrez mangansakan ii was born in cotabato and raised in maguindanao to a political family his grandfather was founder of the mindanao independence movement which was formed in response to the habitat massacre in 1968. mangansakan is a native of mindanao his biography informs us that the plot of the story could be one of the real life stories he has seen in mindanao during the conflict between the rebels and the government troops this background of the writer also gives us an idea as to why he was able to incorporate the issue of the creation of another autonomous region in mindanao we call as the mang samoro group what part of his background is related with this remember he is from a political family so he must have been informed of all the things that happened in mindanao politics how about the linguistic context how can we see that context here in the story on the very first part of the story one would already see the role of linguistic context to make the text understandable for the readers the women are huddled in front of a bamboo pole their bare feet kicked in mud from last night's downpour whispering among themselves when i arrive in the evacuation center it is nine o'clock the sun is already high in the sky that is part of the story of harvest of sorrows look at the words bamboo pole mod from last night's downpour whispering and evacuation center what they think is the climate of the country where this story is set where they think are we in this part of the story yes you're correct we are in an evacuation center but what do you think is the reason why we're here we're here in this setting so answer the first question we know from the words that this country is in tropical climate because of the words downpour mod and the bamboo the bamboo also informs us that most probably we are in a province the whispering is common for some filipinos right all of these things are what we call local original color the customs manner of dress or manner of speech or other typical features of a place or peer you'd inform the readers about the setting of the story let us have another part of the text where linguistic context must be used what do you think is the reason why the civilians are in the evacuation center let's see this part of the story harvest is only 10 days away it is here almost the husband told his wife that he wanted to have money inside for the birth of their child the rice field was beginning to turn golden when they heard the droning of the military choppers two weeks ago but the husband said the conflict was far from their village which words inform you of the reason why the civilians are in the evacuation center all right the words military choppers and conflict these two inform us that the story is in military conflict oh yes you know this already because you have read already the story or because i've introduced this one to you in our previous examples but again class it is important also that you develop that thinking about thinking attitude you think or you should think why you did think that way um in terms of the literary context our knowledge of genre tells us that there must be a conflict and that this conflict must in turn produce a theme we were right there is a conflict and this conflict is character for characters versus social and political institutions remember that the people in the story are at a very tight situation not only because of the failure of the governments to realize the needs of this part of the country but also the lack of true sincerity on the part of social institutions that are supposedly the ones who should take care of the underprivileged if not communities who are victims of these kinds of war all right we have already seen the application of the first three contexts now let us look at the application of the social political context in the story of course harvest of sorrows to see this we will be analyzing how the nation and its inhabitants are reflected in the peace nobody knows for certain let's look at this part of the story huh nobody knows for certain which side started the recent uh spate of violence when the peace negotiation when the peace negotiation between the government and the boston rebels bogged down in june it was almost certain that this was going to happen the agreement would have paved the way for the creation of the large autonomous region that allows the muslims greater freedom to practice their faith and we know the rest of the story what did we learn in this passage we're not so sure as to why these rebels continue to fight against the government but we're sure that these people would want to have or make their own government that recognizes the traditions customs and of course their religion this is i think the reason why the ban basic law was passed and approved its role is to establish a political entity provide for its basic structure of government in recognition of the justice and legitimacy of the cause of the bangsamoro people and their aspiration of course to chart their political future through a democratic process that is there that is a reason or that could have been the reason why that bangsamoro law was passed there's another interesting passage that is filled with a common social cultural issue let's look at this but here what i'd like you to do is read at the comfort of your home and then ask questions during your discussion with your follow-up feature for now these are the things that we have already discovered we have discovered that the short story of harvest of sorrows is number one a reflection of the experiences of the author as a legitimate filipino in mindanao number two a short story that captures the realities faced by the refugees and victims of war between the government and the rebels through local color number three a literary piece or this is a literary piece that discusses the conflict between the character or characters and social and political institutions and lastly a reflection this short story is a reflection of how social and political institutions address political divisions and apply of the people remember class that we have gathered all of these information using context specifically biographical linguistic literary and social cultural or social political contexts now let's have a short evaluation i will be showing you portions of literary work your task class is to tell me what context must be used to better understand the text let's have this first one she plunged herself upon his knees and clung to them away away my husband she cried i did everything to have a child she said passionately in a hoarse whisper look at me she cried look at my body then it was full of promise it could dance it could work fast in the fields it could climb the mountains fast even now it is firm full but the wheel i am useless i must die this is from the wedding dance by amador nagio why do you think is the reason why or what do you think is the reason why alumni the one speaking so keen on having a child why did she say she must die just because she can't have a child what context class must be explored here comment your answers on the comment section again which of the four must be used correct it is social cultural context the first thing you have to identify is the culture of this story looking at the descriptions of the setting of the story if you can still remember the story when you were in grade 7 we can say that the story is set in the ifogao culture class according to the encyclopedia of sex and gender in the world's cultures by amber and ember for the epigao having children confers greater responsibilities for men and women as well as more social esteem and recognition as adults so now you would understand why alumni is so keen on having a child using this information you can explain as why are as to why alumni is so desperate to have a child how about this example look at this poem what context must be explored for us to understand what it means to be a free bird and an aged bird but a caged bird stands on the grave of dreams his shadow shouts on a nightmare screen his wings are clipped and his feet are tied so he opens his throat the same again what context must be explored rachel write your answer in the comment box to better understand where this is coming from it would be wise to look at the background or the biography of the writer caged bird is written by maya angelou she was respected as a spokesperson for black people and women and her works have been considered a defense of black culture using the biographical context you would say or you would now say that the caged bird represents the black americans who were and are continuously discriminated in america let us have our last literary text this is a leaf false by ee cummings what is this this is actually a poem yes it is a poem to understand what is meant by this form what context do you think must be explored write your answer in the comment box correct in this case there is a need to look at the literary context of this poem actually comings is associated with the modernist pre-form poetry much of his work has idiosyncratic syntax and uses lowercase spellings for poetic expression this poem is in the form of imagism the title is ali false right the poem basically captures the image of the falling deep that's why it's like this imagism was a movement in the early 20th century anglo-american poetry the favorite precision of imagery and clear and sharp language i hope that with all the examples that we have given in this learning session you get to understand the role of the context in our understanding of the text remember that context matters the next time you read a seemingly difficult text look at the different contexts that we have discussed in this session i hope that this lesson will further help you become critical in reading literature another session an hour has passed rachel next meeting we shall be reading other literary texts only in the 21st century literature from the philippines and the world this is once again sir jasper angelus saying goodbye and see you next time you