Hello. Hello. Rohan is not even interested in giving the answer. Part and parcel of life. Sapna Sapna is here has not come right other people have harsh sur very very ka will join later on I mean in between only she will join okay so what we did yesterday huh soil profile you understand geography like anything. Okay. The temperature has increased or what? I mean I can't stand this used to be a very cold place. Go back. Okay. So, what we did yesterday, we did the classification of soil. And what we did in the classification of soil, what we did in the classification of soil, huh? Different layers. Different layers that we have done. So, what kind of different layers that we have done? Layers. Soil profile horizons that we have done. Okay. What are horizons? We have different layer. Every layer has a different distinct what? USB based on whether they are weathered material, whether they are the slab or the chili not chilation process for alleviation elevated soil that we did removal leeching of the minerals and nutrients and then because of the leeching the color of the soil is got light right. Okay. Is it normal? Uh write down how are soils in India classified? How are soils in India classified? How are in India classified? First soil in India divided into eight categories. Soil in India are divided into eight categories. Soil in India are divided into eight categories by the Indian Council of Agriculture Research by the Indian Council of Agriculture Research. Stop the All India Soil Survey Committee. The All India Soil Survey Committee was founded by was founded by Indian Council of Indian Council of Agriculture Research. Indian Council of Agriculture Research in 1963. in 1963 and it categorized Indian soil into and it categorized Indian soil into eight broad types. Eight broad types. First stop. This is highly reasonable classification. This is a highly reasonable classification of Indian soils and it has lot of support and it has lot of support. Two stop. IC IC what is the full form of IC? Council of huh Indian Council of Agriculture Research has divided into following groups. The first type of soil that we are going to do is al soils. [Music] Huh. Divided into eight groups. The first soil that we are going to write is al soils. Second is black soil. Second is black so then third is your red soil. Fourth is let or letic soil flite or electritic soil. Next is forest and mountain soils. Forest and mountain soils. Sixth, arid and desert. Arid and deserts. Seventh, saline and alkaline soil. line and alkaline alkaline. You have to rewrite How many soils do you have? We have eight soil. Who has divided that? IC. What is the full form of IC? Indian Council of Agriculture Research. And when we divide into eight types in which year it has been divided 1963, right? How many types of soil? We have eight. So first is L. Then we have black, red, we have letter, then Fest and mountains and arid and desert saline and alkaline then alkaline soil ultimately right. How many of you are comfortable drawing the Indian map? Start Okay. No. So I will discuss actually this is not what I exactly draw without watching. That will be much better I guess. Show me. Show me yours. What is your name? Robin. Show me yours. Not bad. He has He's drawn fine. Show me yours. Rhan, take your time in drawing. Show me yours. Third importantly explaining which all soils are there. Okay. picture. What? Yes, Rakshhat has asked a excellent question to me that there will be no different colors to mark in the examination. Raat I have a solution for it. Then what you do? You draw it like that. Okay, I'll tell you. In that case, you draw it like that. Draw it like that. You draw it like that. Okay. You use different geometric patterns. No, no. If you draw it very nicely, then they will not make it untidy because you don't have time to color that that time. You have to just explain, right? You have to explain. They one of a student who has you used to draw very beautiful maps and she was fine. She drew it. By the way, how it is looking on the boat aesthetically? Good. Okay. So, take the picture or if you can draw, then you can draw it. Why I have done this? I have done this because I wanted you to take have a look at it. The more you draw, the more understanding you will have of the different parts. For example, if I have drawn the forest soil which is on the top, it is what Ladak and Kashmir. So nobody will forget that. Okay. The next is saliv soil. It is in the northern place and also where in the coastal region, coastal plains also and also in the region of Gujarat. Then the next I have is arid soil. Arid soil is there in Rajasthan. Right. Next which soil we have black soil. I have left the black soil part like that black only this is not empty. This is a black soil right here also I have left it empty only this is a black region black soil because of the decalar we'll do that all the soils in detail but first of all have an understanding this this has been made in your you find it in NCERT and I think that one of the major distribution that we have now another type of soil which we have is electrite soil electrite soil has been found here like on the karnatica and the coastal areas of Karnataka and Maharashan as well as it is found in in between parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. We'll understand each soil in detail. So don't worry about that. First have a look that how the soil looks, what is the type etc. Can you see? Indian soil. [Music] High major classification, right? Okay, you have joined today. What about happened about your optional classes? Yes ma'am. Today lecture is not there like they are saying initially it will be for three days Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday and after that it will be like oh that great that is great. Okay. Okay. So from view fuse on brick saying it anti-American. Okay, I'll read the article then. The Hindu you're talking now. Excellent. No ma'am. Indian Express. In Indian Express, I read Indian Express. You can have either one but have it. Please read it. Okay. Shall we move? Shall we move? I've given enough time. Now the next first soil that we are going to discuss is your alo soil. Write down alo soil. The first soil we have is alo right on. By far the largest and the most important By far by far the largest and the most important soil group in India. By far the largest and most important soil group in India. This is a major alvial soil which is covering the major part of India. Okay. Al soil consist of major part more than 48%. Okay. It covers around 15 lakh square kilometer. It covers around 15 lakh square kilometer or 46% of or 46% of total land area. Total land area. First stop, these soil produce these soil produce the majority of agriculture wealth. These soil produce majority of agriculture wealth and provide for and provide for the majority of India's population can provide for majority of India's population. Next point. Lovium. Spelling is a L l u v i u m. Lovium is made up of alovvium is made up of the finer rock particles. Alovium is made up of finer rock particles. that are carried in suspension. that are carried in suspension and ultimately they are deposited and ultimately they are deposited in reverse bank in reverse bank and bet in reverse bank and wet stuff. Al soil are those alv soil are those which are made up of which are made up of first phosphoric acid. They're rich in phosphoric acid. They're rich in phosphoric acid. Next potach. Next potach and organic matter. And organic matter. Write on the next point I mean headline. Formation of aloial soils. Formation of aloial soils. First point, although certain eleial soils Although certain eleial soils in the coastal location in the coastal location have been generated by have been generated by sea waves. Sea waves, comma, most alo soils most alo soils are derived from are derived from sediments. derived from sediments deposited by deposited by rivers by by rivers as in indog gangic plane. Indog gangic plane. Full stop. As a result, as a result, all of the parent material all of the parent material in this soils in this soils are moved. As a result, all of the parent material in the soils are moved. Next point. The crops that can be grown The crops that can be grown in aloe soil. The crops that can be grown in alial soil include include despite being despite being one of the India's most important most important and productive soils most important and productive soils, comma, they lack nitrogen. They lack nitrogen, comma, phosphate and humus. and humans, comma, limiting limiting the growth of and and humus. H U M U S Limiting the growth of a wide range of crops. limiting the growth of the wide range of crops such as rice, comma, wheat, comma, sugar cane, comma, cotton, comma, shoot, comma, potato, and vegetables. Vegetables. Okay. So what do you mean by whole parl? Let me explain this to you first. So the first starting from the very first point that alo are rich in which all nutrients which all compounds phosphoric acid. So they are rich in phosphoric acid. Next they are rich in what? Potach. And the last organic matters. Right? This is the quality of alial soil. Right? The next thing that I have to explain you is although certain ele soils in the coastal region have been generated by sea waves you se waves are coming and they are depositing what? Sediments here the sedimentation is taking place and when they are depositing here what will happen this will be your alial soil this is how we I have drawn on the coastal region how they have been formed they formed by the sedimentation of river or the sea waves are you getting Robin are you getting so sea waves are coming and when the sea waves go back what they leave silt sediments they leave here and that deposited here which is good for very good for rice in Andra and also in Tamil Nadu. So it's a very good what? Coastal area is good good and enriched in the agriculture activity. Okay. So which all area it is in indogangitic plane also in dhaputra plane also which is very important. Why? All the delta regions they also having what? Yes. Even in Brahaputra plains because Brahmaputra is bringing what? Lot of silt and sand and then they are deposited on the sides of it. Okay. So crops that can be grown in ele soil include despite being one of the most important productive soils they lack nitrogen. Always remember all the Indian soils lack nitrogen. All the Indian soils. There is not even one single soil which is rich in nitrogen in India. All the soils lack nitrogen. Okay. Phosphate is also not there. Humus is good but not as good as it should be. Next is limiting the growth of wide range of crops. What kind of crops we grow here? Rice, wheat, sugar. Very good. And cotton. Cotton is mostly grown in your black soil. But still you can write. Okay. But Jude potatoes and vegetables. Takshhat is saying why not west coast. Rakshhat on the west coast it is a continuous we do have the coastal place on the west coast also but the west coast is a continuous mountain why the east coast is a discontinuous why because many rivers are flowing towards east and then when they are flowing towards east they also carry the delta creek they also carry the silt which are been deposited here so since lot lot of rivers deposit here. So it's a continuous region. Huh? This is a continuous region. This is a discontinuous region. Then what will happen? The this area is more enriched with respect to the alial soil as respect to the left hand side. Okay. Clear. Good. Now write down ele soil distribution. Alvia soil distribution ele soil distribution. Write down the Satlru Ganga and Brahmaputra flood planes. The Satluch Ganga and Brahmaputra flood planes which run from Punjab to Assam which run from Punjab to Assam as well as Narada Tapi. Mahanadi, Krishna, comma Godavari valleys and plains. Valleys and planes. account for account for approximately 46% of sorry 23% of India's total soil cover India's total soil cover. Now why it is written 23% here? Because we talking about the percentage from the soil cover only. [Music] of total land area land area cover it will be 48%. But when we cover 23%. Okay. Now write down types of al soil. types of alial soil. We have done this part. You will remember all this. Write down the great plane of India. The great plane of India's alvium. The great plane of India's aluvium alovvium is split geologically between is split geologically between newer or younger kada. New Year of younger. Next point. Next point. Older bhang. So older bhanger. First point, cther soil are found in the other soil are found in the valley's bottom low parts. Valley's bottom low parts. Feather soil are found in the valley's bot bottom low part which are inundated. Spelling is e i n u n d a t e d inundated. Nearly every year. Next part. Bhanger. The bhangar. The bhangar on the other hand is located roughly is located roughly. The bhang on the other hand is located roughly 30 m above flood level. above flood level on the highest levels. Full stop. It has clay mixture. It has clay mixture and is often black in color. Please underline. It is black in color. First stop beds of lime nodules. I'll explain I'll explain the whole part. Do not worry. The beds of lime nodules known as conquer known as conker. K A N K A R can be found few meters can be found few meters beneath the surface beneath the surface of Bhang. Next point. Alivial fans. Alivo fans with coarse. C O A R S E. Co, frequently pebble soils. Frequently pebble soils. can be found along the Shivalik foothills. can be found along the Shivalik foothills. First stop. This area is known as This area is known as Bhab. B H A B A R B. First stop. A long comma thin band of a long comma thin band of swampy low land. Swampy means marshy. Swampy low land with silty soils. with silty soils. Run. Run. South of Bhabat. It is known as Tarai. T E R A I. It is known as Tai. Next point. The soil of Tarai are high in nitrogen and organic matter. But but they are low in But they are low in phosphate. But they are low in source fate. Full stop. These soils are typically covered. These soils are typically covered by long grasses and woodlands. by long grasses and woodlands. And they are excellent for And they are excellent for variety of crops such as wheat, rice, comma, sugar cane, comma, jute, comma, soya bean. Now this part has to be explained. See about extensive I think we have done. Now we have to explain this part. Please understand it carefully. Although I have I think I've done this portion earlier but now since you're understanding it again so you can do this topic. Okay. So this is the layer which we call it as Shivalik. Shibalik is what part of layer? We call it also as outer Himalayas. We call it as outer Himalayas. Now the rivers and the glaciers especially the rivers here they are coming and bringing down the silt sand stone pebbles etc. And here what we are getting what what is getting formed is a layer which we call it as what? What we call it as huh? Baba. So the bhabar is a this layer. So what are the characteristics of bhabar? Just see in the notes and tell me the characteristics of bhabar. Pebble soil. The first one is it is a pebble soil. Next. Why it is pebble soil? Now you got it. Next. Please read out from there only. Huh? Lime nodules. What are the lime? Lime is basically your calcium Ca or CO3. or O will be found more that means your basic content your lime will be present in more amount that's why lime nodules present lime your C calcium product will be more or CO3 carbonate will be more so it will be basic next what is another tell me the another characteristics from the notes and oxygen. Huh? Yes. The no is different. Babar is different. And Baba just tell me. Okay. Now after that only we having a low land. What we are having in low land? In the low land we are having another layer which is another extension which is swampy in nature. What do you mean by swampy? It is marshy. Swampy means it is more of wet. Right. This layer is known as what? The dry. Now can can you tell me the characteristics of this online students you also participate? Huh? Tilty and deposit is there. Then long thin bands of sepy land with silty soil. Then this is high in nitrogen very good and in organic matter also they are rich and low in phosphate. Phosphate very good. Now what else you can grow this is excellent for agriculture purpose also. Why? Because it is swampy. It is not having those big nodules. Because nodules Now come to the next which we have is bhangar. The next layer that we have is bhangar. Bangar is old alium or new? Old alium means what are the characteristics of old alvium clay texture black in color soil? Black in color bed of lime. Have you seen the bigger bigger pebbles form stony form which we call it as conquer? So it is not good in cultivation. Why? Because coner presence is not good for cultivation. How they look stony correct stone types it's not good. So next is what? Next is kadar. Soils are found in valley's bottom low part after this. This is your river. So your will be found here only because it is seeping through the bigger pebbles. finally this is known as known as new alum in undated flowing water will flow here that do mean that is meant by inundated everybody clear please look at this 2 minutes and then we will go to another soil. So what is another soil that we are having? Huh? Okay. The next soil that we have is a red soil. you. So what is the color of kader and bhangar? Can you give me the color differentiation once you can make a table like that? Because this can be asked you never know in your prelims. This is your kad. This is your bhang. Your bhang is your old. Your father is your New LED. Your new LED is of which color? Light color. Why? Because bhang has it old. It is having what? Organic matter. Whenever you will have more organic matter, it will be dark in color. You The next soil that we have is red soil. The next soil that we have is red soil. Okay. So red. Why? Why the color red? Why the color red? because of presence of iron and aluminium oxide. The first point is this is three L2 right. Okay. Write down the second point. Red soils are often Red soils are often reddish to brownish. Red soil are often reddish to brownish in color. Red soils are often reddish to brownish in color. Comma. Resulting from resulting from weathering of granites. Resulting from weathering of granites. Comma. Nice and crystalline rocks. What rocks are they consisting of? What is this granite? Basically granite is coming from which kind of rock? Metamorphic rock. Different types of rocks. So metamorphic rock is having what? Granite. Okay. And range in quality from poor comma thin comma light colored upland soils to fertile. I'm repeating again range in quality from poor thin. These are the characteristics. Poor hair, thin hair, light colored upland soil hair to fertile from a deep colored lowland and valley soils. Low color lowand low color. Low land and valley soils. Can somebody give me the description of Tamil Nadu? How it looks? Kerala how it looks. Andra how it looks. What is the color? People who are living there or maybe they have gone there can we can share something because this has this is the class is going very plain with only studying studying right otherwise information flooding of information and you will not started liking. So in order to make you like more with the subject I want to discuss. Yes, you guys are from southil. What is the difference between soil that you can find here versus there? is saying thick. Okay. And slow production coming. What is what is not there in the red soil that is not very good in the production. Dry not good for Yes. is also saying the same in the same point. How the color looks? It is orang-ish. It looks orang-ish in colorangish color. So what is this? Absorb. Absorb. They will absorb in themselves. Tell me something about red soils. You guys are from South India. Tell me tell me something. I you tell me your observation less nutrients. Yes. Very good. When you see the South Indian movies, have you seen that? if it's so interact you guys interact so so less in the one and a half hour class also huh Chili. Chili. It is good for chili. Very good. Very nice chili. Excellent point. I was looking for this only. There's a very major big this thing biggest industry of spices. What do you call that as MDH? Do you know MDH? spices you no don't you know MD spices they have big acres of land in Andra very very famous MDH spices masali sat such remember I guess even right yes it is there excellent point because what I noticed Yes. Yes. During rainy season, it's quite slimy. A lot of landslides happen because of that. Correct. Good observation. So it is it is not good for construction. It's not good for construction. Good. He's picking up the point. Yes, it is there in the northeast also. I mentioned that soil in the northeast as well. From which place do we belong? Infurum the manipur sorry. So acha is misum is ice wall. So that my way of remembering the capital is like that misumam is having z eyes also having z. Likewise, talkingtheast one of the most spiciest. It's big. I don't know. Can you name it again? Ma'am, in it's called Naga Chili. Naga Chili. And In Assam it's called Bjokia in Assam in Manipur it's called but at the end of the day it is same in Manipur it's known as Umuro umo umo so red spices are found in andra a lot there's a big acres of land that people have taken especially people who are doing the trade in spices so they have grown big land taken big acres of land in the Andra and Hyderabad and Karnataka and Then they are doing the cultivation of spices especially red chilies. This red chilies go where? They go to Mesopotamian. Earlier they used to in history they used to go to Mesopotamian region. Now we call it as Africal areas countries. So you transport it from there like export red soils red because of the presence of iron and aluminium oxide. Basically because of the iron presence iron rangish because of that rusting it becomes what? Red in color or orang-ish in color. Okay. Now there's a weathering of granites. Nice and granite are a part of which type of rock? Please search. Nice and granite. Gour. What is that? It's a movie name. It's a movie name. It's a movie name. Okay. Okay. Rich. Okay. Chile. Very nice. He's Rakshhat. Where are you from? Particularly is asking. He's typing. Yes. Grenite and niece. Oh, you're from Chikmagaloo. H coffee plantation. He's from Chikma, Karnataka. You tell from where exactly? Bangali. Okay, granite metamorphic. what I wrote earlier. Okay, good. So the range is metamorphic to metamorphic rock and then this quality ranges from poority. Then it is a light colored up soil to fertile fertile deep color and valley soil. Now with these soils, write down the features of iron soil first. Write down the features. These soils are rich in iron and low in humus content. These soils are rich in iron. and low in humus content and are somewhat acidic and are somewhat acidic and have low phosphorus and have low phosphorus. comma nitrogen low phospha nitrogen and organic content. Now my question is why the organic content is less? Why the organic content is less? The answer is hidden in from my previous classes. Why the organic content is less point? You got it right. for red soil. Hm. Good, good, good. Because metamorphic rock metamorphic rock built under high heat and pressure or high heat and pressure. Next side or next point. Due to feric oxide coatings due to feric oxide coating on the soil particles, the color changes from red to yellow. The color changes from red to yellow. Next point. The texture of the soils. The texture of the soils vary greatly. Vary means differ. The texture of the soils vary greatly. ranging from lom to clay loom. What is lom? See this is not another type perfect mixture silk or that is different. Okay. I'm repeating the texture of these soils varies greatly comma ranging from lom to clay loom lom to clay loom. Next point. Because they are deficient in nitrogen. Because they are deficient in nitrogen, comma phosphorus and humus. They are deficient in nitrogen. Phosphorus and humus. Soil depth. Soil depth. varies from shallow to deep shallow to deep in nature. Shallow to deep in nature that we have taken of the soil profile yesterday which will have a greater depth. Okay. Now write down the next is distribution of soil profile. Have you written that it's rich in iron, potassium, potassium? Have you written this point? These soils are rich in iron. Obviously, no potach and potassium. What is iron? iron is Fe. What is potach? Potach is K O H. What is potassium? It is K. Then now write down distribution of the soils. Now write down distribution of the soils. such an interesting subject that you can read whole day social history is overall is coaching I'll say economics optional economics because I'm from a management background so knowing about different strategies companies okay good what about online students okay geography is history you are also history Good. Next. Who is left? Hashika. Good. But you have to remember that so that you should not read only one subject whole day. There should be a balance because environment 40 questions and I'm very happy. All right. Now write down red soils. Dead soils are found in section of Tamil Nadu are found in section of Tamil Nadu comma southern Karnataka comma souththeast Maharashtra souththeast Maharashtra Comma parts of Madhya Pradesh parts of Madhya Pradesh comma Goa comma Goa comma Kerala comma Orisa comma Bihar Comma West Bengal, Eastern parts, Eastern last Eastern Rajasthan, comma, Asan, comma, Manipur, comma, Tiripura. Comma Meghalia and comma Nagal. Red soil accounts for 29% of Red soil accounts for 29% of total soil cover. Total soil cover ragi comma ground nuts ragi comma ground nuts comma millets comma tobacco and potassium and potassium are well grown are well grown in these soils. No, but at least cut potassium. These are well grown in this soil. Done. All right. So, this is the last 12 that we have. will not do in X soil Y because too much of information will be there. Now you will make me revise what we have done in the whole class. I have done lot of talking in the whole of the class. Now it's your time to tell me more about it. See lactite soil is good. The tea is majorly grown in electrolyte soils. For the ale soil also right al soil is also found in asam and leite soil is also found in Asam. Two major types of soils are found in Asam. Why? The reason is because of the major dhaputra plains which are present there. those are bringing lot of siltation. So alo soil because of that aloe what is happening lot of growth of wheat not sorry wheat rice right okay and then you have what soil for decontination coffee plantation is done in chik mangalur karnatka from where he is amazing type of plantation. There are coffees which worth like one lakh, two lakh, three lakhs. There are types of the coffee. Robusta and Arabica. They are one of the costliest coffees. Ask any doubt just go through your notes. Ma'am if you could just confirm whether today's science class is there or not with the students as I have received message guys you don't have science class today no no aa you don't have ma'am is not there she's asking2 huh up to 22 she won't be there 22 say science class resume okay by 22 your science classes will be resumed Okay. How to communicate to you if I don't come someday? Who will communicate to you? Admin department. I'll make sure So like till 22 having only one class that is my geography. Can I give you one means question? Write down Okay. Make an account of the different types of soil. But you have not done all those type of soil. Sabina, wait. This is not the right question for you because you have not done the all type of soil. Okay, you're right in uh describe the different factors. Describe the different factors on which soil formation is present. Refine the different faces on which soil formation is dependent or present. Any 10 marks? Okay. So Ra is asking is geography is boring to you ma'am? If not how to make it interesting for the people getting boring of this. See Ra some of the topics which you have are very very static in nature. I try to indulge a lot of current affairs in that required but how you can make it interesting is what I do I try to collaborate lot of things from the movies or documentaries. So for me it becomes very interesting. student I will have a goal in front of me that this question will be easily solvable. I will refer to lot of PQ topic and then you will go to PYQ. If you're able to solve that will give you a stimulus to do geography to learn geography more and also because the weightage of the geography and environment is more it itself a big motivation to do geography where you guys are going you guys are packing huh time. Okay. Okay. That is my strategy because 40 questions 40 questions are not less 35 to 40 questions. That is how you have to make it interesting. You keep on connecting it to the things then it will become interesting for you. There are two three people in the class who like the geography a lot. like she has to taken geography option for that. Okay. Moderate moderate [Music] like about same same same it's just different correct I was confused no no no all right is not he's neutral he doesn't say have to say yes he doesn't have to say no he's neutral diplomatic See geography and environment is going to be the end thing in next 10 years. I'm telling you environmental courses because the world is going to pay you like anything anything. Why? Because application. Yes. And if you go to European countries, they are paying you like anything because lot of student there's no competition. There's not much competition in this segment. Now it will be required. Okay. Thank you so much class.