AP World History Lecture: Units 4-6 Overview

General Announcements

• Duration: 90 minutes
• Lecture focuses on Units 4-6
• Lecture recording will be posted afterward
• Shoutouts through Super Chat (Submit by 9:30 p.m. EST)

Unit 4: Trans-Oceanic Interconnections (1450-1750)

Big Idea 1: Maritime Technology and Empires

• Maritime: Sea-based technology and navigation
• Technology: Borrowed & developed by Europeans from Greeks, Muslims, and Chinese
  • Astrolabe (Greek/Muslim) - navigation by stars
  • Magnetic Compass (Chinese) - direction
  • Lanteen Sail (Mediterranean) - enhanced sailing
• Ship Design: European innovations
  • Caravel (Portuguese) - nimble, fast
  • Fluyt (Dutch) - large cargo capacity

Big Idea 2: State-Sponsored Exploration

• Motivations: Wealth, spread of Christianity, and competition
  • Wealth through Indian Ocean trade
  • Spread Christianity (e.g., Reconquista in Spain)
  • Competition (e.g., Mercantilism)
• Explorers: Portuguese (trading post empire), Spanish (Columbus sailed west), increased Transatlantic interest
• Effects: European expansion, new sea routes, and colonization

Big Idea 3: Columbian Exchange

• Transfers: Animals, plants, foods, diseases
  • Crops: Maize (Americas to Europe), Wheat/Rice (Europe to Americas)
  • Animals: Turkey (Americas to Europe), Cattle/Pigs/Horses (Europe to Americas)
  • Diseases: Smallpox, measles, malaria (Europe to Americas) -> Population effects
• Impact: Population growth in Europe, syncretism, societal changes

Big Idea 4: Empires and Coerced Labor

• Empires: Portugal (Brazil, sugarcane), Spain (Mexico City, gold to agriculture)
  • Systems: Encomienda, Hacienda, Mit'a - coerced labor
  • Treaty of Tordesillas: Spanish/Portuguese territories division

Big Idea 5: Economic and Social Changes

• Economics: Rise of joint-stock companies (British/Dutch East India Companies)
  • Atlantic trade system: Triangular Trade
  • Rise of mercantilism and colonies' importance
• Societal Changes: Spread of Christianity, Sunni-Shia divide

Big Idea 6: Resistance to Colonial Powers

• Examples: Maratha Rebellion (Mughal), Pueblo Revolt (USA)
• Tensions: Cultural, political, and economic impositions leading to resistance

Big Idea 7: Social Hierarchies and Practices

• Maintained: Qing Dynasty, strict policies for Han Chinese
• Changed: Spanish Casta system in Americas
  • Stratification based on race, top (Spanish born), bottom (Africans/Native Americans)

Unit 5: Revolutions (1750-1900)

Big Idea 1: Enlightenment and Revolution

• Enlightenment: European movement shifting knowledge from belief to empirical data
  • Key Ideas: Natural rights (Locke), Social contract (Rousseau)
  • Reform Movements: Women's suffrage (Seneca Falls), Abolitionism (slave trade ban, Russian serfdom abolished)

Big Idea 2: Nationalism and Revolution

• Nationalism: Sense of common identity leading to revolutions (American, French, Haitian)
  • Key Documents: Declaration of Independence, Rights of Man and Citizen, Bolivar's Jamaica Letter

Big Idea 3: Industrial Revolution

• Origins: Britain
  • Factors: Waterways, resources (coal, iron), urbanization, technology
  • Factory system: Mass production, specialized labor

Big Idea 4: Industrial Spread and Decline of Non-Industrial States

• Spread: Continental Europe, USA, Russia (Trans-Siberian Railroad), Japan (Meiji Restoration)
  • Decline: India (textiles undermined by taxes), China (Opium Wars)

Big Idea 5: New Technologies and Manufacturing

• Three Phases: First (steam power, textiles, iron), Second (internal combustion, steel)
  • Technologies: Railroads (USA, Russia, Africa), Telegraph

Big Idea 6: Economic Shifts and Capitalism

• Capitalism: Adam Smith's 'Wealth of Nations', rise of free-market capitalism
  • Transnational businesses (e.g., Unilever), middle class growth

Big Idea 7: Reforms and Labor

• Labor Unions: Minimum wage laws, shorter workdays
  • Marxism: Class conflict (proletariat vs bourgeoise), Communist Manifesto

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (1750-1900)

Big Idea 1: Ideologies and Imperialism

• Cultural: White Man's Burden, Social Darwinism, spread of Christianity
• Nationalism: European state competition (Britain, France, Japan)
• Economics: Raw materials, new markets

Big Idea 2: Consolidation and Expansion of Power

• Nonstate to State: Belgian Congo, British India
• New Powers: USA (Philippines), scramble for Africa (Berlin Conference)
  • Settler Colonies: British (New Zealand), French (Algeria)

Big Idea 3: Resistance

• Direct: Tupac Amaru (Peru), Indian Rebellion (1857)
• New States: Balkan States against Ottoman Empire
  • Religious Resistances: Ghost Dance Movement (USA)

Big Idea 4: Economic Transformation and Global Economy

• Shift from subsistence to cash crop farming
  • Regional economies transformed to serve imperial needs
  • Increasing interconnectivity of global economy

Big Idea 5: Economic Imperialism in Asia and Latin America

• Opium Wars: British economic power over China
  • U.S. investment in Mexican and Cuban industries

Big Idea 6: Migration Patterns and Labor Systems

• Reasons: Work, escape bad conditions
  • Systems: Indentured servitude, Asian contract laborers, penal colonies (Australia)
  • Impact: Cultural diffusion, ethnic enclaves, urbanization
  • Reception: Discrimination, racist legislation (White Australia Policy, Chinese Exclusion Act)

Closing Remarks

• Lecture end and announcement for next session
• Encouragement to students for upcoming exam

Shoutouts

• Numerous shoutouts from students to their AP World History teachers for being supportive and excellent educators.