AP World History Lecture Notes: Developments in East Asia (1200-1450)

Introduction

• Focus on the Song Dynasty in China during the period 1200-1450.
• China was the most significant power in East Asia during this time.

How the Song Dynasty Maintained and Justified Power

Revival of Confucianism

• Confucianism became the official state philosophy during the Song Dynasty.
• Key Concepts:
  • Hierarchical nature of society (e.g., fathers > sons, rulers > subjects).
  • Emphasis on filial piety: honoring ancestors and parents to foster respect for the emperor.
• After the Han Dynasty's fall, Confucianism declined but was revived during the Tang Dynasty and reformed in the Song as Neo-Confucianism, incorporating Buddhist and Taoist ideas.
• Illustrates historical continuity and innovation in Chinese culture.

Imperial Bureaucracy

• Expansion of the imperial bureaucracy to maintain control over a vast population.
• Bureaucratic roles filled through civil service examinations based on Confucian classics.
• Promoted meritocracy; increased efficiency and competency in governing.

Social Hierarchy and Gender Roles

Impact on Women

• Confucianism relegated women to subordinate positions.
• Legal rights restricted, property rights transferred to husbands.
• Foot Binding:
  • A practice among elite women to signify status; led to physical limitations and social implications.

Cultural Influence of Song China

Relationship with Korea

• Korea maintained a tributary relationship with China.
• Adopted Confucianism, civil service exams, and hierarchical family structures, further marginalizing women's roles.

Influence on Japan

• Japan adopted cultural traits voluntarily, including bureaucratic organization and Buddhism.
• Selective adaptation of Chinese practices; Japan maintained independence from Chinese political control.

Influence on Vietnam

• Vietnam participated in tributary system but retained political independence.
• Adopted Confucianism and civil service exams, but women's roles remained higher compared to China.
• No practice of foot binding observed in Vietnam.

Buddhism in East Asia

Overview of Buddhism

• Originated in South Asia, spread to China during the Han Dynasty.
• Four Noble Truths:
  1. Life is suffering.
  2. Suffering is caused by craving.
  3. Cessation of suffering is possible by ceasing craving.
  4. Eightfold Path as a means to end suffering.

Branches of Buddhism

• Terra Vada Buddhism: Close to original teachings, limited to monks.
• Mahayana Buddhism: Emphasizes compassion and accessibility of teachings.
• Tibetan Buddhism: Incorporates mystical practices and elaborate rituals.
• Chinese adaptation led to Chan Buddhism (Zen).

Economic Prosperity of the Song Dynasty

Factors Contributing to Economic Growth

1. Commercialization of the Economy:
   • Production of surplus goods for trade; introduction of paper money and credit systems.
2. Iron and Steel Production:
   • Increased manufacturing for military and economic needs.
3. Agricultural Innovations:
   • Introduction of Champa rice, allowing for double harvests and population growth.
4. Transportation Innovations:
   • Expansion of the Grand Canal and improvements in shipbuilding (e.g., junks, magnetic compass) to enhance trade.

Conclusion

• The Song Dynasty was marked by significant cultural, social, and economic developments that shaped East Asia during 1200-1450.
• Encouraged a focus on Confucian values while also adapting new ideas from Buddhism and other cultures.