American Popular Music: From Jazz to Rock (MUS 103)

Final Exam Review Sheet

Chapter 10, Part II: Soul, Jimi Hendrix

I. Soul

• Composers/Performers: James Brown, Aretha Franklin, Jimi Hendrix, Otis Redding
• Terms:
  • Soul music: Combines African American gospel intensity with popular R&B styles; exemplified by Aretha Franklin and James Brown in the late 1960s.
• Songs:
  • "Say it Loud: I'm Black and I'm Proud" (James Brown)
  • "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" (James Brown)
  • "Respect" (Aretha Franklin)

II. Jimi Hendrix

• Songs: "Purple Haze"
• Terms:
  • The Jimi Hendrix Experience
  • Monterey Pop Festival (1967)
  • Feedback: Out-of-control sound oscillation used expressively by musicians like Hendrix; creates a "screaming" or "crying" sound.

Funk/Bass

I. Composers/Musicians

• James Jamerson, George Clinton, Larry Graham, Bootsy Collins

II. Terms

• Funk music: Derived from R&B and soul, characterized by rhythmic figures and strong, syncopated bass lines.
• The Funk Brothers: Studio musicians at Motown Records, known as the "house band."
• Slap bass technique: Invented by Larry Graham, emulating drum sounds with thumb slaps and finger pops.

III. Songs

• "Darling Dear" (The Jackson 5, James Jamerson on bass)
• "POW" (Graham Central Station, Larry Graham on bass)
• "Flash Light" (Parliament, George Clinton and Bootsy Collins)

Chapter 11: Disco, 1970s R&B, Glam Rock

I. Disco and R&B

• Featured Artists: Barry White, Donna Summer
• Songs:
  • "Love’s Theme" (Barry White and the Love Unlimited Orchestra)
  • "Bad Girls" (Donna Summer)
• Terms:
  • Overdubbing
  • Synthesizer
  • Disco: Heavy use of synthesizers, regular beat; popularized by "Saturday Night Fever."
  • Soft rock: Acoustic and mild rock with electric instruments, e.g., Carole King, Barry White.

II. Glam rock

• Featured Artist: David Bowie
• Songs: "Life on Mars", "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide"
• Terms:
  • Glam rock: Theatrical performances, costumes, androgyny; e.g., David Bowie.

Chapter 12, Part I: Punk and New Wave

I. Precursors to Punk

• Featured Artists: The Velvet Underground
• Songs: "Sunday Morning", "Heroin"
• Terms:
  • Andy Warhol/The Factory/Exploding Plastic Inevitable
  • Garage rock: DIY attitude, simple chords, paved the way for punk rock.
  • CBGB-OMFUG

II. Punk

• Featured Artists: The Ramones, The Sex Pistols
• Songs: "I Wanna be Sedated", "God Save the Queen"
• Terms:
  • Punk rock: Rebellious, "nonmusical," with ironic or dark lyrics.

III. New Wave

• Featured Artist: The Talking Heads
• Song: "Psycho Killer"
• Terms:
  • New wave music: Artistic, experimental punk rock; e.g., Talking Heads.

Chapter 12, Part II: The Birth of Hip-Hop

I. Featured Artists

• Kool Herc, Kurtis Blow, Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa, Sugarhill Gang

II. Songs

• "Rapper’s Delight" (Sugarhill Gang)
• "The Message" (Grandmaster Flash)
• "The Breaks" (Kurtis Blow)

III. Terms

• South Bronx
• Hip-hop culture: Includes graffiti, dance, dress, and speech; pioneered by DJs like Afrika Bambaataa.
• Rap: Originated from hip-hop, centered on MCs with spontaneous rhymes.
• Hustler’s Convention
• Breakbeat, Turntable techniques (e.g., scratching)
• DJ vs. MC

Chapter 13: The 1980s, MTV, Digital Technology, and the Superstar

I. Featured Artists

• Kenny Rogers, Tina Turner, Bruce Springsteen, Madonna, Michael Jackson, Prince

II. Songs

• "Lady" (Kenny Rogers)
• "What’s Love Got to Do with it" (Tina Turner)
• "The Girl is Mine" (Michael Jackson)
• "Thriller" (Michael Jackson)
• "Born in the U.S.A." (Bruce Springsteen)
• "Like A Virgin" (Madonna)
• "When Doves Cry" (Prince)

III. Terms

• MTV (Music Television): Promoted new acts; founded in 1981.
• Analog recording
• Digital recording
• RIAA units sold certifications:
  • 500,000 = Gold
  • 1,000,000 = Platinum
  • 10,000,000 = Diamond

Chapter 14, Part I: Hip-hop, Music, and Politics

I. Featured Artists

• Run-D.M.C., Public Enemy, Snoop Dogg, Tupac (2Pac) Shakur

II. Songs

• "Walk This Way" (Run-D.M.C.)
• "Night of the Living Baseheads" (Public Enemy)
• "What’s My Name?" (Snoop Doggy Dogg)
• "Keep Ya Head Up" (2Pac)

III. Terms

• Def Jam Records, Death Row Records
• The Source, Yo! MTV Raps

Chapter 14, Part II: 1990s Alternative Rock

I. Featured Artists

• Patti Smith, R.E.M., Sonic Youth, Nirvana

II. Songs

• "Smells Like Teen Spirit" (Nirvana)
• "Teen Age Riot" (Sonic Youth)
• "Radio Free Europe" (R.E.M.)

III. Terms

• Alternative rock: Early 1980s genre opposing mainstream rock, with a punk and heavy metal blend.
• Grunge: Late 1980s/1990s Seattle-based rock movement; exemplified by Nirvana.

Chapter 15: Topics in 21st-Century Music

I. Featured Artist

• Radiohead

II. Songs

• "Creep", "Just", "No Surprises"

III. Terms

• American Idol, Simon Fuller, narrative
• In Rainbows (2007): Radiohead album with "pay what you want" model.
• MP3: Compression system for sound files.

Section 2: Short Essay I

• Topics: John Platoff’s "John Lennon, 'Revolution,' and the Politics of Musical Reception," Licks’s "Standing in the Shadows of Motown," Simon Reynolds’s "Retromania."

Section 3: Short Essay II

• Topics:
  1. Technological developments in music (mid-20th to 21st centuries)
  2. Development of hip-hop (1970s to early 2000s)
  3. Artist/band stylistic changes throughout career.