Cambridge IGCSE PE - Muscles and Musculoskeletal System

Introduction

• Focus on learning objectives from the official Cambridge textbook.
• Three Learning Objectives:
  1. Know the location and role of major muscles.
  2. Understand the importance and role of tendons.
  3. Provide sporting examples for the movements each muscle creates.

Major Muscles and Their Locations

1. Trapezius
   • Location: Upper back and neck.
2. Deltoids
   • Location: Shoulder muscles around the ball and socket joint.
3. Pectorals
   • Location: Chest muscles.
4. Biceps and Triceps
   • Location: Front and back of the upper arm, respectively.
5. Latissimus Dorsi
   • Location: Middle and lower sections of the back.
6. Abdominals (Abs)
   • Components: Rectus abdominus and obliques.
7. Hip Flexors
   • Location: From hip joint at the front, spine and pelvis to femur.
8. Gluteals
   • Location: Backside muscles.
9. Quadriceps and Hamstrings
   • Location: Front and back of the thigh, respectively.
10. Gastrocnemius and Tibialis Anterior
    • Location: Calf muscles, front of the leg beside the tibia.

Importance and Role of Tendons

• Tendons: Connect muscle to bone.
• Function: Allow muscle contractions to create movement at joints.
• Example: Bicep contraction pulls on tendon, moves forearm upward, causing elbow flexion.

Sporting Examples of Muscle Movements

1. Trapezius:
   • Function: Rotates shoulders, moves head backwards and sideways.
   • Sport: Rotating neck while swimming.
2. Deltoids:
   • Function: Moves arm forwards, sideways, backwards at shoulder.
   • Sport: Overhead clear in badminton.
3. Pectorals:
   • Function: Adducts arm at shoulder.
   • Sport: Throwing a discus, forehand drive in tennis.
4. Biceps:
   • Function: Flexion at elbow.
   • Sport: Drawing back a bow in archery.
5. Triceps:
   • Function: Straightens arm at elbow.
   • Sport: Throwing a shot put, javelin, jabbing in boxing.
6. Latissimus Dorsi:
   • Function: Pulls arm downwards and backwards.
   • Sport: Rowing, swimming arm extension.
7. Abdominals:
   • Function: Flexes spine.
   • Sport: Pike position in diving, gymnastics.
8. Hip Flexors:
   • Function: Flexion at hip joint.
   • Sport: Running, kicking a football.
9. Gluteals:
   • Function: Pulls legs downward and backward.
   • Sport: Long jump takeoff, hurdling.
10. Quadriceps:
    • Function: Extends leg at knee.
    • Sport: Jumping, running, kicking.
11. Hamstrings:
    • Function: Flexion at knee.
    • Sport: Running stride, preparing to strike a football.
12. Gastrocnemius:
    • Function: Plantar flexion at ankle.
    • Sport: Pointing toes in gymnastics, basketball layup.
13. Tibialis Anterior:
    • Function: Dorsiflexion at ankle.
    • Sport: Toe kicking in football, raising toes while running.

Conclusion

• Review and practice the information by revisiting this video.
• Apply knowledge to past exam questions for better understanding.
• Aim for a comprehensive grasp of muscle movements and their sporting applications.