good morning it's quite loud this morning excuse me sort of myself too let's continue with our derivatives of the neural tube and we were talking about the mezen seylon but we didn't quite complete it so I'd like to return to it and we drew a section through the mezen seyon we showed the aqueduct was here this is our Central Canal as it looks boy this is loud is that loud for you too or is right it keeps you awake it's what it's okay all right thanks Aqueduct and then we had the these could be the the Corporal quadr gemina either I just repeat it repeat it repeat it and sometimes that's referred to as the tectum tectum means roof and you'll see that in the literature too so I thought this morning I'd put it in tectum is the same as a roof here then we had the cerebral pedon Les down on the vental surface and we put in the substantia which would be just dorsal to the PED Dunes this would be the substantia and we said it gets its name black substance from the pigment melanin pigment melanin and that the uh fibers were rich in dopamine dopamine was their transmitter and the substantia projects then up to the basil ganglia we'll see the basil ganglia today we'll develop it basil ganglia which modifies motor Behavior does many things but just for the moment we need this modifies motor we'll just say motor action so that if we get some that knocks out are substanti so lose cells in SE in substanti what disease did we say you got everybody knows that one it's such a clearcut one Parkinson's and the tremor for Parkinson's is a Tremor at rest and I give you that one because there's another part of the brain that gets destroyed and it's a Tremor when you intend to do something so be sure when you look at your neurosurgeon whether he's trembling at rest because then you know know he'll go away when he starts to do his surgery but the intention treamer can be sitting there quietly but when he picks up the scalpel then he does that so you have to be careful so let's move on up then there are lots more things in our one other thing I do want to say though because I want to be consistent here we've been giving the cranial nerves with each one of these areas as we move up the brain stem so the cranial nerves with the mezen sephylon will be three and four and The ventricle then was our Aqueduct so to see how they change as we go up so our next area will be the Dian seylon as we move up from the mezan sephylon our Dian seylon and we might as well give the cranial nerve associated with it since we're just talking about it what cranial nerve is related to the Dion sephylon well we've moved all the way up we've only got two more to go we've gone from 12 up to three so where are we with Dian seylon two and what is the second cranial nerve does anybody know it's the optic nerve very important yours is definitely being used right now and The ventricle in the Dian sephylon then is going to be what ventricle we've had forth we've had Aqueduct we're moving up what's next third right so just so you can figure these things out for yourself so it's not just memorizing you can see where you are so we're going to have a third ventricle and the structures that we'll be dealing with then will be the I'm going to take this off I trust you have it the thalamus and epithalamus and hypothalamus but I first want to make one point because it gives a landmark that's used when you're using uh radiology and finding out where your sections are coming from so I'm going to make our old neural tube that we had this is our neural tube and the most anterior part of the neural tube is called the lamina terminalis lamina which just means layer terminalis because we want to use this Landmark when we put in our diphallic structures so this is going to be our lamina terminalis for a lateral view of our Dian sephylon this is our lamina terminalis but important structure for a landmark when you're reading scans so from it we're going to come out and form the structures of the Dian seylon and what we put here we'll have three structures we'll have the epithalamus Epi means upon so it means upon the thalamus so the epithalamus is just going to be some structures up on top here but in addition the pineal gland back here so our epithalamus will be this and this will be our pineal gland it's the only structure of the epithalamus that I'm going to give you it is what it's a neuroendocrine gland neural endocrine it plays a role in establishing and maintaining your biological Rhythm your biological or biological clock if you like biolological clock don't you find it strange that after you've gotten up at 6:00 in the morning for several months and had your alarm sometimes your alarm doesn't go off but you get up anyhow your pineal is playing a role so beneath the epithalamus we have the thalamus what is the thalamus the thalamus is a mass of nuclei we defin nuclei before whoops there it goes what happened Thalamus mass of nuclei and somebody said they're about 25 plus or minus we're not going to give you those just let you know that they exist all impul sensory impulses that are going to your cerebral cortex first go through the thalamus before they go to the cortex with one exception all right so all sensory input goes through Thalamus before going to cerebral cortex but there's one Sensation that does not what is that all faction right except that's a chus in itself why doesn't old faction so for example just making it easy we're going to bring light to the retina to the thalamus to the visual cortex and one could do this with all but you'll find out that the auditory pathway is much more complex so it's not just from the main receptor to the thalamus to the cortex so I pick light instead all right so that gives you a general idea of the thalamus what does it look like they're considered to be egg-shaped you have the two phalam a right and a left and the third ventricle then will be between them with the hypothalamus below and then go on down to your pituitary here so these would be Thalamus Thalamus and the third ventricle will be between them here and this will be hypothalamus in this slide in this section and here's tary just to give you a this would be a coronal view all right in some there's a connection between the two phalam does anybody know what it's called the Massa intermedia Massa intermedia it's missing in 30% of males and we tested that once in class when we had 20 brains we knew what sex they were and exactly 30% we're missing it males as you know if we could go into sex differences in the brain whole subject are more lateralized that means many times they have one side that's much stronger the right side stronger than the left and perhaps those people who have this don't have that differentiation but when it's missing they have it strongly I don't know now the structure beneath the thalamus is the hypothalamus and this many of us when we were starting in the field thought was the most exciting structure in the brain how much does it weigh your hypothalamus hypothalamus weighs only four grams how much does a large grape weigh four grams gives you the size of it I know it depends on the size of the grape but still what are the functions of this important structure why did it attract so many of us when we I did my PhD on it well number one it's a control center for your autonomic nervous system control center for the ANS which we've introduced it regulates your body temperature regulates body temperature how many have an average body temperature of 98.6 how many don't don't how many know what your average temperature is but how in the world you put all these different kinds of fuels in there and this machine can maintain a body temperature because you have a hypothalamus you destroy the this nucleus in the hypothalamus the hypothalamus again is a mass of nuclei just like the thalamus but only different functions if we destroy the nucleus for temperature temperature will climb to 106 and death then we have anterior pituitary releasing hormones we have this is our pituitary down here so hypothalamus can send down releasing hormones anterior pituitary releasing hormones it regulates thirst you finish class you run out and get a drink of water it regulates your appetite tells you when you want to eat it affects emotions just think the computation that has to go on to a little structure that's that big we're still going it affects mating behavior it's actually different in homosexual males than heterosexual males in the one area dealing with mating behavior so seven affects mating behavior then it affects your sleep mechanism uh where are we nine memory and it produces your posterior pituitary hormones produces just we'll put it produces ADH which um is anti- diuretic hormone to be stored in the posterior pituitary that was my thesis to see if it was active in the hypothalamus as well as in the pituitary and it was but look at that isn't that amazing you know how you tell somebody where your hypo is that's exactly it she knows exactly above your nose above your ear where the two points meet right because most people have never heard of a hypothalamus but look at what it does for you phenomenal so let's then go on to our telen seylon can I take this off so we're way up at the [Music] topon theel andon then it's going to account for 85% of your brain I mean it's the big most and will consist then of the basil ganglia and the cerebral hemispheres these are the massive hemispheres so we've worked our way all the way up when we're drawing embryologically here would be our lamina terminalis from our neural tube but then we pouch out like this to start to form our cerebral hemispheres in basal ganglia this was our lamina terminalis so that Landmark is used a great deal in talking about forbrain relationships so let's look at the embryo at the uh reason why you it's called a basil ganglia let's look at our hemisphere and this will be in the embryo and we'll have the clear till we get to the base and then we'll come in so here in the base of the hemispheres we we will have these masses of cells that are the precursors of your adult basal ganglia basil ganglia and these of course are your cerebral hemispheres and so the what will we name or number the ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres way back at this level one and two right as we get to the adult we call them the lateral ventricles one and two will become lateral ventricles and those are going to be reading MRIs and and pet scans you'll have to know your ventricles backwards and forwards because they're affected if you've got a tumor they get smaller if you get older they get larger as the cortex decreases so ventricles in your medical profession are very important to know but what do they look like now in the adult brain let's take a section through an adult brain so we'll take our hemispheres again and we know we have the thalamus in here put in a Thalamus and we have a hypothalamus beneath it in here coming on down just to get our orientation what's The ventricle between the thum third right very important third ventricle hypothalamus has it the same third ventricle because they're both right together so it just lets you know what we have in our midline area at this level but now we're going to put in the basal ganglia they take on a very different shape in the adult and we're going to put in some lateral ventricle here so this will be a lateral ventricle at this level and we'll put in some more basal ganglia here inferior to the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle we've got the same duplicated on the opposite side we need one more structure it will be in here so we're ready to label these now basic parts of the basal ganglia so parts of Basil ganglia let's take number one one is the cadate nucle nucleus cadate nucleus we'll show pictures of these number two we're going to take the lateral aspect of this part and this is called the putam putam and the medial part here has divisions but we're just going to show it as a whole for introductory purposes it's called the Globus Globus paladis these will be second nature to you after you start studying brains what what does that mean pale Globe so you'll be able to pick it out because it stains much lighter than the paman or the cadate for example and our fourth one here I should have had a little bigger Thalamus so it's called a subthalamic nucleus subthalamic nucleus so 1 2 3 4 equal our basil ganga very large very important part of your forbrain modifying motor Behavior we get different symptoms from every one of these if you knock out your subthalamic nucleus I've only seen one example in my life of subthalamic and he goes like this he was an engineer he could talk to you he was fine but he had no control over these flailing limbs just amazing so you better be thankful that your subthalamic nuclei are in order because I don't see anybody going through such gyration boy it was amazing and fatiguing too all right so just to let you know the importance of these when they work you just take them for granted right so what else would we want to say about our basil ganglia before we move up let's be sure we're catching it yes we want to mention another important structure here let's put in the internal capsule in internal capsule so we're going to see a pathway fibers that are surrounding the basal ganglia these X's make up the internal capsule and you say well is there an external yes but not as much is known about it but I'll put it in out here this will be external capsule but the internal is extremely important because we've put these basal ganglia right in the middle of our hemispheres where we have all this information coming from the thalamus coming from the spinal cord into the CeX and it's got to go around these big nuclei so they call the inner one the internal capsule so it consists of ascending and descending fibers to and from cerebral cortex so if I break a blood vessel right in here we know exactly what fibers will be knocked out coming from my motor Behavior right these are very well defined within the internal capsule all right that gives us one component of our telen seylon and our next one then are these large cerebral hemispheres which make you you and me me give us our uniqueness to our brains so cerebral hemispheres so we're going to divide these into the Ary cortex which means the old cortex and the neocortex let's take the Archy cortex first it will only have three layers in its components and what are they they're found in what's known as the hippocampal complex hippo cample complex what does that consist of it consists of the hippocampus and the dentate gyus dentate gyrus we've used this term before when we said that there were neurogenesis or new nerve cells can be formed in the adult in the dentate gyus because it had granular cells with small short axons so where is this hippocampo complex let's put it in and then say a word about its be function so let's take a medial view of the hemispheres just to put in some landmarks we'll see when we cut through the two hemispheres we'll have a big mass of fibers that we've cut through that are connecting the two hemispheres who can tell me what they're called the Corpus colossum right so this is the Corp purp kosum for those who haven't studied neuro before we'll look at them a different way and we'll see that we've got these fibers that are connecting back and forth to the hemispheres coming around and going here so it's Crossing like this but what we've done we've cut in the middle so we''ve got them Crossing and looking at them from a medial view so that's the Corpus kosum those are fibers connecting both hemispheres all right those for a landmark whenever you see those you know it's a medial view to pick up the hippocampo complex we're going to go into this lobe what is this lobe temporal good for you temporal lobe just you know beneath your temporal bone you can figure these out this would be which lobe up here frontal sure so we want to go deep into the lobe because it's not going to be on the surface so deep within this lobe we'll find this structure that looks like a seahorse and to the early anatomist and this is the hippocampal complex in here when you study neural you'll follow all of its Pathways but we're just identifying it here this is hippo cample complex and I'd have to peel it apart so you could see the dentate gyrus is right why is it called dentate what does dentate Mean Teeth you look at it and it's just got all these little rows like this and that's the dentate gyrus so it's easy to identify when you have a brain and can peel back the Hipp campus what does a hippocampus do for you hopefully it's working in your brain at this moment what's it doing what kind of memory there are all sorts pardon shortterm memory right thank you so this complex deals with shortterm memory processing terribly important and what's another function for the hippocampus visual spatial Acuity visual spatial acuity so when's it important let's say you're going on a trip for three weeks you park your car in the parking lot down in the Oakland Airport and you've got to remember where you parked it so as you leave it you turn around reinforce your visual spatial Acuity so you know exactly where it is so when you're coming from the other direction you'll recognize where it is and you need your recent memory to put it into long-term memory so hippocampus just a small example it's very much affected with Alzheimer's I saw in University of Iowa deasio said you want to see uh a defunct hippocampus and I said yes and he said he just has one in from an Alzheimer patient so you looked on the microscope and the cells were all disoriented and decreasing for recent memory so you need to work on your recent memory for a lifetime because otherwise you lose it all right so this is the Ary cortex and as we said it's it's three- layered it's not as complex it's older but we go up to our neocortex which is the most highly evolved Mass on this Earth and most recently designed it's the last to develop embryologically and the last to develop pH genetically so we're up to our cerebral hemispheres let's look at a lateral view again and as we showed you previously that it's thrown into folds how big did I say it would be if it weren't folded oh not the cerebral cortex no that would really be interesting because to fold that as big as a cortex we'd have heads as big as this center part of our Auditorium so to have it it's as big as 2 and 1/2 ft square and we always ask why can't you have a head that's 2 and 1/2 ft Square pardon well I think something more important than that pardon why can't you have a head 2 and a half fet Square why does it have to fold as it evolves child child birth of course I mean you imagine any woman who's given birth and knows 2 and 1/2 ft square that it's not going to work so it's highly folded and it's folded so that the you have these folds and the top of the fold is called a gyrus and the indentation between the folds these are gy would be susai or a sulcus some people like Hills and Valleys the hills or the gyri anyway just to remember them because when you have Alzheimer's the salsi are very much pronounced because the gyri have been losing their cells so they're important to know and when we look at the lateral aspect of our brain over here we have a central sulcus you have a lateral fissure lateral fissure so what lobe is this what lobe is this what lobe is this what lobe is it temporal right so we've learned that the occipital deals with vision all sorts of modifications part of the temporal just a little part up here deals with hearing the parietal deals with sensory General sensory pain toucher touch pressure we'll just put sensory lots of other functions but just to give it a name and the part of the frontal what's this first part of the frontal deal with motor right but it's refined motor and then we have what's called supplementary motor I'll just give you one other that you've already had what is here brokas area good for you what artery is supplying brokas area Area Middle cerebral right don't forget it you heard the fellows at 131 using that the other day so this is broka area and what does brok his area do for you motor speech I wouldn't be able to talk if I had broken my middle cerebral blood vessel now the area that is unique ly human and has advanced furthest in the brain is our prefrontal cortex so let's say a word about the prefrontal cortex so functions of prefrontal Cortex one planning ahead how many thought what they're going to do on Thanksgiving vacation so you have a prefrontal cortex two sequencing events knowing how you're going to fit things together to carry out an action sequencing events initiative decide what you're going to do and then once you decide is it really wise to do it judgment from prefrontal cortex working memory how does working memory deal differ from others you hold the memory in your thoughts while you're working with it I mean I hold telen cilon what am I going to bring in next to say that's working memory right so working memory oh lots more lots lots more let me just pull up a couple just so that you get the Dynamics of them oh that's fine we'll do with those now what game of cards uses all of these functions Bridge yes that's why we use bridge to see if we could stimulate the prefrontal cortex because we found in an immune deficient animal he was bilaterally deficient in his dorsal lateral frontal cortex we transplant the thymus came back again we knew we had an area of the cerebral cortex that controls the immune system so we whoops we've got slides I didn't see the lights did you see the lights boy I was involved sorry here we go can we go fast because I've got lots of good slides for you I'm sorry first slide please no show too bad we've got it all right what part of the brain stem are we hindbrain midbrain forbrain midbrain sure here's your Aqueduct here your calculi here is the uh the cerebral peduncles and this is a substantia you see it's a major part of that midbrain in the next one and our cerebral hemispheres thrown into folds what area is this broka area good for you what area is this hearing right what area is this prefrontal cortex say it what area is this occipital right this area parietal great next one and now it shows what the ventricles look like inside this is our fourth ventricle back here in the hind brain then we have the aqueduct this thin one you can see what happens if a tumor gets against that so that's really dangerous there to have it such a narrow tube but then we come up this is third ventricle and these are the lateral ventricles as they get stretched out this would be in the temporal lobe this will be back in the occipital lobe and this one will be up in the frontal lobe so you get all different but you learn to know those ventricles landmarks next one and this shows our brain stem this was fourth ventricle our cerebellum was over here we cut it off but we want to see the phalus now this was all midbrain here here we come up into the Dian sephylon the epithalamus would be on the surface in the midline here we don't see the pineal here on this slide but then the basil ganglia would be out here with the whole hemisphere surrounding the whole thing in the next one and here it CHS the basal gangler you have to look sharp here's the head of the cadate here's the paman pale Globe Thalamus thirdd ventricle and you could see this line that divides here that's that big internal capsule with fibers coming from the motor cortex coming through there you break a blood vessel you're paralyzed on the opposite side because they're all condensed in the internal caps because of these masses of nuclei that sit here in the next one and this shows the fibers as they have to be condensed so this would be internal capsule from a different point of view because the nuclei would be in here coming down very narrow as they come down your brain stem in the next one and this shows the dentate gyus forming the hippocampus just to let you see how they're related in the next one and it shows step by step how it curls up so that you end up with the dentate gyrus and the hippocampus right together in the hippocampo complex within your temporal lobe in the next one and this shows what it really looks like here's your hippocampus here and see the little dentates here so this is where your recent memory is processed and sent on then to long-term memory and an article I just read doesn't put long-term memory in the frontal lobe I sort of have doubts about that but it did not put it there it put it in parietal occipital and temporal in the next one and then this shows that you'll eventually learn the names of all these gy and what they do in the next one and I put this one in what is this how many have been to Rome a few of you what what where is this in Rome cine Chapel the roof of the cine Chapel here's God and here's man but what's the shape of the Shroud that's around God did Michelangelo have fun up there at the top of that Chapel think about it all right that's it for