EMS Response to Terrorism

Definition of Terrorism

• Unlawful use of force or violence to intimidate or coerce
• Includes domestic and international acts

Types of Terrorism

1. Domestic Terrorism
   • Directed towards own government or population
   • Examples: Environmental Liberation Front (ELF), anti-government militias, racial hate groups
2. International Terrorism
   • State-sponsored or foreign-based
   • Examples: Al-Qaeda, ISIS
   • Growing trends towards Loosely organized networks via the internet

Methods of Terrorism (CBRNE)

1. Chemical
2. Biological
3. Radiological
4. Nuclear
5. Explosives

Hazards and Safety for EMS

• EMS responders are often prime targets
• Potential for secondary devices post-primary attack
• Emphasis on threat identification, maintaining safety, and crime scene respect
• AUTO acronym: Occupancy, Type of Event, Timing, On-Scene Warning Signs

Detailed CBRNE Responses

1. Chemical
   • Protect with respiratory protection and appropriate gear (SCBA, chemical suits)
   • Decontaminate patients before interaction
2. Biological
   • Treat as public health emergencies
   • Identify symptoms early and isolate sources
   • Use PPE and good information sources (e.g., CDC)
3. Radiological/Nuclear
   • Concerns include suitcase bombs, dirty bombs, and sabotage
   • Protection: Time, Distance, Shielding
   • Treat exposures quickly; decontamination is key
4. Explosives
   • Can range from pipe bombs to large vehicle-borne devices
   • Be aware of secondary devices
   • Understand injury patterns (blast injuries)

Protective Measures

• Use good quality sources of information
• Practice responder safety (PPE, time-distance-shielding)
• Utilize Emergency Response Guide (ERG)
• Decontaminate thoroughly with water and soap

National Strategic Stockpile

• Medications, equipment, PPE readily available
• Quick mobilization: locally and nationally

Future Trends in Terrorism

• Increase in active shooters and mass shootings
• Cyber-terrorism risks to control systems
• Potential misuse of drugs as chemical weapons

General Advice

• Responder Safety: Always protect yourself first.
• Scene Safety: If unsure, stay away and back up.
• Mental Preparedness: Be aware of the psychological impacts on responders and the public.