Summary of the Anti-Federalist Papers by Cato

Overview

• Discussion of the Anti-Federalist Papers attributed to 'Cato,' likely George Clinton, Governor of New York.
• Written between September 26, 1787, and January 3, 1788.
• Cato's papers were a response to the newly signed Constitution.
• George Clinton was informed by John Lansing and Robert Yates, who left the Constitutional Convention early due to disagreements.

Key Themes and Papers

Cato No. 1

• Urges American citizens to critically examine the Constitution.
• Warns against being swayed by the presence of notable figures at the Convention, such as George Washington.

Cato No. 2

• Responds to Alexander Hamilton's aggressive pro-Constitution paper under the pseudonym 'Caesar.'
• Criticizes the Federalists for their arrogance and aggressive promotion of a strong central government.
• Promises to focus solely on the Constitution in future papers.

Cato No. 3

• Questions the feasibility of a large republic like the United States.
• Argues that vast land and population pose challenges for a centralized republic.

Cato No. 4

• Critiques the office of the presidency.
  • Concerns about vague election processes and potential manipulation of the Electoral College.
  • Fear of the presidency becoming akin to a monarchy with an aristocratic high court.

Cato No. 5

• Challenges the notion that Americans are inherently free and immune to tyranny.
• Criticizes the mode of electing congressional representatives and the practical issues related to the process.

Cato No. 6

• Discusses the apportionment of taxes, a critical issue.
  • Argues high import taxes will burden common citizens and are insufficient to fund the government.
  • Suggests taxing wealthy landowners to support the government.
  • Briefly mentions issues with the three-fifths clause and voter representation.

Cato No. 7

• Criticizes Congress's power over election logistics.
  • Questions why Congress can dictate the time, place, and manner of elections if states are responsible.
  • Warns against potential misuse of this power.
• Encourages voters to choose representatives wisely.

Conclusion

• Cato's papers are crucial, with significant talking points on the presidency and tax burdens.
• George Clinton's strategic delay in New York's ratification convention allowed for the Constitution's eventual adoption.
• Despite not being the most influential, Cato's papers are highly significant in Anti-Federalist thought.