Learning Techniques Based on Science

Introduction

• The lecture introduces various learning techniques backed by scientific research.
• The speaker's personal experiences with school and ineffective teaching methods.
• Emphasis on understanding learning as beyond memorization—integrating knowledge into a broader framework.

Bloom's Taxonomy

• Visualization of learning into two categories:
  • Low-level learning: Remembering and understanding (first three levels: remember, understand, apply).
  • High-level learning: Analyze, evaluate, and create.
• Aim for higher-level learning for mastery and expertise.

Ineffective Learning Strategies

1. Rereading:

   • Not effective; no significant difference in comprehension after rereading.
   • Rereading gives false confidence because of familiarity.

2. Highlighting:

   • Passive and ineffective when done without purpose.

3. Note-taking:

   • Simply copying information is not effective.
   • Effective note-taking requires more engaging methods.

• Commonality: These methods are passive and easy, lacking cognitive engagement.

Effective Learning Strategies

1. Retrieval Practice:

   • Involves actively recalling information, which demands cognitive effort.
   • Steps: Read, close the book, write from memory for 5 minutes, then review and correct.
   • Combine with rereading for areas needing improvement.

2. Elaboration:

   • Explain concepts to oneself out loud.
   • Ask questions to deepen understanding (e.g., "Why is it like that?").

3. Interleaving:

   • Mix study topics instead of focusing on one at a time.
   • Helps with problem recognition and solution differentiation.

4. Concrete Examples:

   • Use real-world examples to understand abstract concepts.

5. Dual Coding:

   • Combine words and images for better comprehension (e.g., visual timelines, labeled diagrams).

Conclusion

• The importance of engaging with materials actively for effective learning.
• Mention of Brilliant.org as a learning resource that promotes critical thinking and interactive learning.