AP Human Geography Unit 2 Review

Introduction

• Purpose: Review of Unit 2 for AP Human Geography
• Resources: Study guide from Ultimate Review Packet
• Contents of Packet: Unit review videos, practice quizzes, study guides, answer keys, full practice AP exams, FRQ resources, vocab lists, exclusive videos

Human Population Distribution

• Major Regions:
  • South Asia: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
  • East Asia: China, Japan, Korea
  • Southeast Asia: Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam
  • Europe: Influenced by the Industrial Revolution
• Influences on Settlement Locations:
  • Physical Factors: Climate, landforms, water bodies, resources
  • Human Factors: Economic opportunities, cultural/historical context, political stability

Population Distribution and Density

• Population Distribution: Spread of people in an area (dispersed vs. clustered)
• Population Density: Number of people per area
  • Arithmetic Density: Total population / total land area
  • Physiological Density: Total population / arable land
  • Agricultural Density: Farmers / arable land

Consequences of Population Distribution and Density

• Political: Greater political power and representation in dense areas
• Economic: More job opportunities and services in dense areas
• Social: Better access to services in dense areas, community feel in dispersed areas
• Environmental: Urban sprawl vs. green spaces, carrying capacity concerns

Population Composition

• Demographic Characteristics: Age, gender, ethnicity, etc.
• Population Pyramids:
  • Age Categories: Pre-reproductive (0-14), Reproductive (15-44), Post-reproductive (45+)
  • Insights: Aging population, economic potential, local community dynamics
• Ratios:
  • Sex Ratio: Males to females in a population
  • Dependency Ratio: Non-working age population / working age population

Population Dynamics

• Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Live births per 1000 people
• Crude Death Rate (CDR): Deaths per 1000 people
• Natural Increase Rate (NIR): CBR - CDR
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average children per woman
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Infant deaths per 1000 live births
• Factors Influencing Dynamics: Health care, education, economic development, political policies

Demographic Transition Model

• Stage 1: High CBR & CDR, low NIR
• Stage 2: High CBR, declining CDR, high NIR
• Stage 3: Declining CBR, low CDR, moderate NIR
• Stage 4: Low CBR & CDR, low/zero NIR
• Stage 5: Speculative, declining population

Epidemiologic Transition Model

• Stage 1: High mortality from disease and famine
• Stage 2: Decrease in pandemics, improved living standards
• Stage 3: Degenerative diseases
• Stage 4: Fight against degenerative diseases
• Stage 5: Resurgence of infectious diseases

Malthusian Theory

• Concerns: Population growth exceeding food production
• Neo-Malthusians: Concerns over depletion of resources

Government Influence on Population

• Pronatalist Policies: Encourage larger families
• Antinatalist Policies: Reduce birth rates

Women's Role in Demographic Changes

• Economic Development: Increased opportunities for women
• Impact: Lower TFR, IMR, maternal mortality

Migration

• Ravenstein's Laws: Economic reasons, short distances, step migration
• Migration Types: Forced vs. voluntary, transnational, chain, step, guest workers, transhumance, rural to urban, intraregional, interregional
• Push/Pull Factors: Economic, political, social, environmental
• Intervening Obstacles/Opportunities: Hindrances and opportunities affecting migration

Impact of Migration

• Political: Citizenship debates, immigration policies
• Economic: Talent pool, brain drain
• Cultural: Acculturation, assimilation, syncretism

These notes provide a comprehensive overview of the key concepts covered in Unit 2 of AP Human Geography, focusing on population distribution, density, dynamics, the demographic transition model, and migration. Make sure to practice and understand these concepts for a thorough preparation.