Soviet Union's De-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev influenced Mao’s legacy fears.
Mao's ideology appeared at risk of being undermined.
Symbolic Actions
Yangtze River Swim: Mao swam across the Yangtze in 1966 to demonstrate strength and counter rumors about his health.
Previously swam in 1956, symbolizing defiance against US imperialism.
The 1966 swim was heavily publicized, despite dubious claims about swim speed and distance.
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Announcement: Two months before the Yangtze swim, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution targeting "bourgeoisie" elements.
Purpose: To purge the government of anti-Maoist elements and strengthen communist ideology.
Impact
Red Guards: Youth paramilitary group encouraged by Mao.
Mission: Destroy the "Four Olds"—old culture, ideology, customs, and traditions.
Actions: Renamed streets/buildings, destroyed cultural sites, and persecuted opposition.
Little Red Book: A collection of Mao's sayings, widely carried by supporters.
Consequences
1969: While the Red Guards dissolved, the Cultural Revolution continued until Mao's death in 1976.
Deaths: Over 1 million people died during this violent period.
Legacy: Despite condemnation in 1981, Mao's cult of personality was cemented.
Annual commemorations of Mao's Yangtze swim persist.
Summary
Mao's actions during the Cultural Revolution were aimed at solidifying his legacy, asserting his ideology, and reviving his prominence in Chinese politics.
While leading to significant turmoil and loss of life, it entrenched Mao's influence over Chinese history and politics.