good afternoon everyone welcome back to five minute GCSE or as I think I soon will rename it eight minute a star I think it sounds a little bit better so you know by the time you watch this it'll probably be a rebranding but today we're doing a bit of a mega video it's not five minutes away it's not eight minutes I don't know how long it will be it'll be as long as this presentation is it's the conflict intention 1918 to 1939 you know AKA GCSE we'll just read the title anyway but it's um all of the course uh everything you need to get a star it's it's gonna be let's just say a video to buckle up for because it's gonna be very long but it's gonna have all the knowledge all the details as long as you do exam practice as well then you know easy nine to get for history but you know let's get right into the course so let's not waste your time you've got plenty of more things to be doing right so what is you know in a nutshell what is this course um well pretty much it's basically looking at mostly Europe although other countries in the world and looking how we transformed from the picture on the left to the picture on the right so end of world war one to the start of World War II and as you can see on the map Europe changed quite a lot but so did Africa so did Asia the world changed quite a lot and luckily you know for GCSE you don't have to know all of it and what happened to you know every single country you don't have to know everything in too much detail but you have to understand you know the general picture and you have to understand some keys case studies so that further Ado let's get right into it now of course our story starts with World War One ending in November 1918 Germany signed an Armistice so an agreement to stop a war where it signed up to the withdrawal of troops from France Belgium and Luxembourg the handing over of alsat Lorraine you know that region between France and Germany there's been you know fought over for centuries you could doggy the demilitarization of the Rhineland so making sure you know there's no armed forces in there and the handing over of their military Arsenal and the payment of reparations that's what was in Armistice and now of course that all proved to be very contentious you know erdsberger who was the leader of the German delegation who signed the Armistice was actually murdered in 1921 by the right wing so you know you could see how much tension that was already built up but to be fair this is the conflict intention course you know you know what you signed up for now in January 1919 over 30 countries took part in the Paris peace conference so a follow-up to this to establish the terms of Peace after World War One The Big Three so Francis clemenser USA's Wilson and Britain's Lloyd George all had to compromise in order to agree on treaties like the Treaty of Versailles now technically was the big four because there was Italy but for this course you know you're looking at the big three here and we're gonna need to look at the interests of each one of them and how far in the end treaties they were implemented now let's take a look at the first one France and Clements who was the head of the French with his nickname being the tiger and you'll find out why in a moment so his aims were first of all to punish Germany for all the deaths infrastructure damage and effects on French land that the War caused of course a lot of the war as you know took place you know in places like the Somme places like north of France this is all a French area and so all of the damage or at least a lot of the damage was incurred by France so it's unsurprising like he really wanted to make Germany pay for all of it he wanted maximum reparations to rebuild France and economically Germany into breaking apart he argued that Germany would have punished allies harshly as well and of course there is some truce to this the Treaty of bresculotovsk which you can see on the screen the Treaty of restless of annexed large amounts of land and opposed A Fine of 300 million Rubles and you can see those red areas that's what Germany took and that's some of the most fertile strategically important lands that Russia at the time had was very humiliating You could argue that Germany would have done the same to the Allies had it won the war at least that was the argument of the tiger now he also wanted to push the German borders back to the river Rhine to protect France from any future Invasion Britain was a little bit more in the middle and a little bit more mild and cautious you could describe David Lloyd George head of Britain as a realist now he felt cautious about punishing Germany because he wanted German economic stability to prevent communism spreading and for the growth in international trade the high point the Bell Epoch was up to 1913 where the western civilization prospered and so if you wanted some of that to come back although the British public wanted Germany to pay because of course they suffered from the war quite a lot and as you know during this time Russian Revolution started in 1917 David law George was concerned that Russia would push through Poland and potentially spread through to Germany and other countries this the Bolshevik threat of course that was barely prevented with the Miracle on the Vistula but anyways that's going off track now David Lloyd George also wanted Germany's colonies confiscated and British Naval Supremacy so he did also want to get his piece of the pie so to speak he published the fonten blue memorandum in March 1919 which opposed to the French demand for Allied occupation of Rhineland clearly showing you know this conflict between the big three and endorsed the League of Nations what that is we will find out shortly now the most idealistic of the big three was America of course no fighting happened on American soil and they joined late so they naturally didn't want to punish Germany that much Woodrow Wilson who was the president at the time wanted a fair piece so that Germany wouldn't seek revenge and he proposed the 14 points which included the Freedom of the Seas self-determination creation of the League of Nations and all of this was for a better world it was quite you could say quite a high aim and a high Ambitions there was actually criticized by Americans but for a different reason because of the widespread desire for isolationism and it's the idea that America should stay out of European Affairs you know George Washington the founder of America said that America should stay clear of European conflicts and alliances that tie them to certain terms so this sort of came back in a new form in America at the time whoa whoa whoa The Big Three may have had complex aims after World War one but is your aim to get grade nines for gcses if so you've come to the right place down in the comments section there are Links of the revision resources that I made and I used to get grade Nines in subjects like history and others and they're selling uh not only very good prices but also with special offers so you can get the most bang for your buck so go check that out below if you're interested and once again money back guarantee is secure on the platform so no harm in you trying it out and if you want to go the extra mile well I'm offering exclusive coaching and tutoring for you to get the grades you deserve in your exams so whether you're planning ahead or you're cramming in the topics and the content that you need then head on over there the first lesson is free so you've got nothing to lose but hurry up and enjoy anyways I'll let you continue with the video now we know what the aims of all the big three were let's take a look at what the main treaty their main product was and how much it fitted all of their vision now Treaty of Versailles a very well-known treaty signed on the 28th of June 1919 and it dealt specifically with Germany of course we'll see there's other Axis or I shouldn't say access central powers that it dealt with and this one specifically is with Germany and you could you could use the acronym that it was meant to happen don't use the a over there but I can think of a different acronym but um the acronym stands for territorial terms military economic and psychological and the reactions to the duty of course are mixed because there was a massive compromise everyone had different interests and you could see that was the German Empire as of 1914 on that map so lots of territory lots of people to deal with so lot is at stake let's see what happened now let's first take a look at the terms of the Treaty of earth science let's take a look at the military Germany was forced to demilitarize the Rhineland so not a full annexation as the French wanted but a demilitarization that's still quite harsh the German Army was restricted to 100 000 men which had to be volunteers conscription was prohibited so Germany couldn't force people to serve in the army Germany was not allowed any tanks submarines or aircraft considering that Germany played such a big role in World War One this was humiliating its Army which was the most powerful in the Central Powers you know this is a big blow to them Germany was also prohibited from the arms trade meanwhile the German Navy was restricted to 15 000 men and 1 500 officers clearly the influence of the British here as you can see they wanted Naval Supremacy you know Britannia to rule the waves so to speak let's take a look at the economy now now of course you have to take a look at this in a mixed way because these reparations which is a big part of the economic part of this one set straight away this was set in 1921 so it wasn't very clear in the first place but anyways the economy was mainly impacted because article 232 Saturn operations at 6.6 billion pounds quite a lot obviously and the Tsar was also handed over to the League of Nations for 15 years de facto basically it was controlled by France and it was very coal Rich so this really hurt the German economy and of course all the workforce and resources lost from you will see a lot of territory loss impacted the economy as well Germany lost 10 percent of its land and 1 8 percent excuse me one-eighth of its total population and 48 of its iron industry so it wasn't an even impact because certain key areas were annexed or taken away now let's take a look at the n and T national pride the national pride was actually hurt by Germany by the way when you're looking at the map that I use over there just remember that we don't need to look at the 1945 losses this was post-world War II the war Guild Clause is kind of the key part of what you need to remember article 231 stated that Germany and her allies were to accept all responsibility for World War one and that article came to be known as the war Guild Clause now of course you know this is a bit of an oversimplification if you ask actually look at their history because there was no real mention of moral responsibility in the Clause this was kind of German propaganda and you know later used by Hitler so you know if you know you ever go to research this Beyond this course then just keep that in mind but for GCSE AQA this is the war Guild Clause that's what you need to keep in your mind and there are a few other Clauses Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria Angelus as this is called that was very humiliating as well for Germany and for Austria of course they both speak German and Germany was not allowed to join the newly formed League of Nations another blow to its legitimacy really as a state as well so it's quite harsh the last time we have to take a look at is territory you know if I had a different acronym this would probably be at the start because it explains kind of everything else you saw German Empire was reasonably big while a lot of its territory was taken away the German colonies all of them became mandates under League of nation control although really because Britain and France dominated the league most of them became basically the new colonies um and Germany was split into two by the Polish Corridor with Danzig which is now modern day Dansk taken away you can see that free city of Danzig that's what it became um of course you know when your country split into that is pretty humiliating in terms of this specific lands lost they're labeled on this map but I'll just list them to you Memel was given to Lithuania which of course didn't exist before the war it was created after the Russian Empire fell apart posing West Prussian upper silica was given to Poland al-sas Lorraine of course as it used to be known you know um after Germany took it following the franco-prussian war in 1870 1871 Asus Lorraine was given to France hulshina Layton was given to Czechoslovakia also a new country malmadi and yupin was given to Belgium and Northern schleswig was given to Denmark Northern schleswig something that Prussia gained from Denmark a few decades ago during the Prussian Danish War so you know all of this very very big blow for Germany now that's the Treaty of Versailles let's look at the reactions of all the people in all the countries to it spoiler alert none of them are happy completely anyway let's look at the French reaction Josh Clement sorry for my pronunciation some of them might be a bit wrong uh Clements who was very unhappy with France's public being somewhat unsatisfied too assess Lorraine and the Rhineland being more under the control of Grants ancest Lorraine was given to it outright Ryland was demilitarized for France's safety that was of course liked by clemency but he disliked the fact that Germany was even allowed an Army and the fact that the Rhineland wasn't annexed and the fact that he thought the reparations were too low while the French right saw the treaty as too lenient the French left-wing of the country actually saw it as too harsh of course foch famously called it an Armistice for 20 years which was kind of true if you think about it the public had mixed feelings if you don't look at the ideological Spectrum though they liked the fact that they controlled the Tsar coal Fields many felt that Clements who ultimately didn't do enough and he was voted out in the January 1920 election so you know maybe part of the reason Clement Sue was so insistent on some of the terms you know he knew that the public was watching him at every time and of course it was let's look at the British reaction this is probably the happiest you're going to get I think Lloyd George was happy that the British gained Naval Supremacy over Germany and that the British Empire gained more colonies you know colonies like uh Tanganyika which turned into Tanzania and of course British Empire actually peaked territorially in 1921 around that time so you know on paper this was all good for Britain but he was actually displeased with harsh reparations resulting in less German trade and privately said that the treaty will start another war in 25 years also prophetic in a way and you know in a sense he was also perhaps punished electorally considering the Liberal Party of which he was a member you know was never elected again pretty much after his administration it was all back to labor and conservatives after that but anyways this is just for your wider knowledge of course you don't know how to know about British politics in 20th century as part of this course you don't need to now due to anti-german propaganda being spread during the war the public actually had little rewards for Germans had praised Lloyd George as a hero and I'm pretty sure actually but when he came he was like greeted at the railway station when he arrived back to Britain you know cheers for him and uh you know he him quite ironic you know he had a different opinion to the average person now of course some in Britain disagreed Keynes the famous 20th century Economist called it a carthaginian piece and basically means it's a piece that's supposed to completely crush the country and the British Diplomat Nicholson called its creator stupid now you can I actually put it in quotation marks because that is an actual quote now let's look at the Americans Wilson Woodrow Wilson was moderately unhappy and the public was also dissatisfied Wilson was pleased with the creation of the League of Nations but was discontent with his 14 points being ignored some parts of them of course were respected so a independent Poland was created but other parts like self-determination was not extended to everyone as you will see nationalities Nations like the Kurds never got their own state after the war neither did belarusians and many others um and he thought that the treaty was too harsh but of course he was an idealist he was never really going to go his way the Americans felt very negatively towards the treaty I mean the American public now calling it harsh and unfair additionally partisan political divisions and isolationists concerns about article 10 potentially forcing the U.S to protect other countries meant that the U.S Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Si meaning the U.S could not join the League of Nations now this is a quirk of U.S politics for every International treaty you need the Senate which is part of that Parliament to approve with a two-thirds approval the treaty and he could not get that two-thirds mark of course there's lots of recently couldn't I can go into that for way longer but all you need to know the Senate did not ratify the U.S could not be part of the league that's going to completely undermine the league and as you'll see this problem will keep coming back Americans are not part of it and it makes the league much weaker much weaker and um of course Woodrow Wilson I mean in a way you have to feel sorry for him all this talk about self-determination he was making the treaty with France and Britain which were massive Global Empires they were never going to agree to self-determination so of course he was not going to be left fully satisfied now as I said these are not the only treaties that they negotiated and of course there were some that were negotiated way after the Paris peace conference uh now the Allies basically needed to decide on how to punish Germany's other allies and this was done through the Treaty of Saint Germain the Treaty of newly the Treaty of trionon a treaty of Severus and the Treaty of lausanne now let's take a look at those quickly the Treaty of San Germain this was for Austria and of course Austria was together with Austria-Hungary but they got separate treaties take a look for a second at the ethnic groups of Austria-Hungary in 1910. now you could clearly see that unlike other Empires you know for example the Russian Empire a lot of it of course it's very multi-ethnic but there are a lot of Russia Today you know you take a look at the uh United States some people would argue it's an Empire that's quite controversial but it's the Americans and people speak English dominate here it is a truly multi-ethnic Empire I've got poles Ukrainian slobax checks James hungarians lots of ethnicity and they all want self-determination so it's unsurprisingly that new countries were going to be created out of this now the Treaty of San Germain was signed on 10th of September 1919. its land was taken to create new countries such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia now of course Czechoslovakia in 1990s it split into even more separate countries because now you have checky and Slovakia now the other parts that when created in separate countries Galicia which is that part in the North East was given to Poland the new second polish Republic that formed bucovina was given to Romania South tyrol was given to Italy and Bohemia was given to Czechoslovakia Austria's Army was limited to thirty thousand men and no Navy or conscription was allowed Austria agreed to reparations but the amount was never set and in fact it was never fully paid because Austria economically collapsed in 1921. now the problems economically that it suffered were so harsh that actually paid with animals Like Cows and Bulls you know it's a very tough time after World War One of course you have even the uh um which is what was that disease sorry I forgot what disease it was um the Spanish flu that's it killed millions of people afterwards now it was also forbidden to unite with Austria excuse me forbid you know with Germany um of course the Angelus Clause that's related to and Austria was actually forced to break trade deals with countries like Egypt China and Morocco further undermining it economically it was also banned from naming themselves German Austria once again breaking that tide with Germany um excuse me I'm doing this all in one take please bear with me if I stutter or anything I'm not pausing for this now Treaty of newly next that's for Bulgaria this was signed on 27th of September 1919. now it also lost land to new countries such as Yugoslavia Greece and others you had the rich wheat growing area of Southern de bruja that was given away to Romania quite painful for them you know they lose some of our agriculture Western Thrace was given to Greece and quite crucially for them they lost access to the GNC which they gained in the Balkan Wars of 1913 so there was a element of humiliation for them as well they had to pay 100 million pounds in reparations its Army was limited to 20 000 men it was only allowed four battleships no conscription was to be there and it got no effort Force after the war the bulgarians were also forced to recognize kingdoms of serbs croats and slovenes and I had to sign a convention on population exchange with Greece population exchanges as bizarre as they sound now was a thing that occurred in this time of history in Europe now arguably Treaty of trying on you know if you're not Hungarian if you're not familiar with it this is this is harsh in fact hungarians Victor Orban the current rule of Hungary still references and still refers to this treaty it was a painful painful treaty for Hungary to take signed on the 4th of June 1920 Hungary lost over two-thirds of its pre-1918 territory to neighboring countries I mean think about it with let's say Britain this is like if Britain lost Northern Ireland Scotland and Wales at the same time of course this kind of makes sense because they're all I guess separate Nations but still for them after a war you know this was arguably even worse than what Germany had to put through part of rufini and Bratislava was given to Czechoslovakia Bratislava of course the current Slovakian Capital Transylvania was given to Romania and fume was given to Italy article 61-66 stated that all hungarians living outside new Hungarian borders would lose their nationality in one year so that was certainly a lot of pain for expatriates people now living outside hungry I mean you wake up one day you're in Hungary now you're a new country like Czechoslovakia certainly you could feel sorry for them in some ways post-tree and Hungary produced 500 percent more agricultural Goods that are needed and this economic interdependence that it used to have with Austria once that was broken it was unsurprising that they also collapsed economically in 1921 which led to the reparations that agreed to never been paid this is kind of the problem um that when you have large countries large Empires the different parts of the empires that have different Industries they depend on each other and you you're going to see this throughout history for example with the collapse of the Soviet Union when Russia had certain things in countries like Belarus and Kazakhstan and other Industries but because they went out different countries the interdependent economies could no longer function and you saw a large decline for example in post-soviet countries same thing here Hungary lady was more agricultural Austria was more industrial they now were different countries their economies could not function independently its Army was also limited to 30 000 men again no conscription and they got just three Patrol boats as part of their Navy of course no access to the Sea now as you can see by the map very harsh certainly very hard now this is a really interesting case turkey sidon 10th of August 1920 you've got the Treaty of Severus this is a particularly interesting thing that you should remember look at the map here for a second of Turkey does this look like the current map of Turkey 2 now well if the Treaty of Severus stayed this could have potentially been the modern map of Turkey but it isn't why not we'll find out why so the Treaty of Severus was very harsh the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful entities in the Middle East for centuries in the Caucasus in the Constantinople region or Istanbul depending on how you call it it was very powerful and Treaty of Severus treated it very harshly simena which is now Ismail Eastern Thrace and Adrian opal was given to Greece according to the treaty the dudokinese islands were handed over to Italy Palestine became a British mandate while Syria and Lebanon became French mandate the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus Straits were internationalized and they were forcibly open to others and you can see that in the zone of The Straits these are very important they connect the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea of course goes into the Atlantic Ocean extremely important the Allies took control of ottoman Bank of the Ottoman bank and other Economic Institutions within the treaty it's Army was limited to 50 000 men with just seven sailboats and six torpedo boats but here's the catch why didn't any of it go through well Ataturk which you know some people feel is actually the modern father of the Turkish nation state although he was actually ironically born in Greece but Ataturk and his nationalist government rejected the treaty a demanded renegotiation from the allies and this actually led to the Treaty of Roseanne of course again the story is way more complicated because you had the Turkish war of independence and they fought with Greece at this time you know after 1918 and eventually at took gained prior gained power and so he demanded for this to happen and Treaty of lazan was the final outcome and all of this affair proved to men like Hitler that treaties could be ignored International agreement could be spat on and renegotiated if you're stronger that's a key important thing for you to remember oops I uh this is actually on a different slide but yeah as you can see Treaty of lausanne very different much milder much more Pro Turkish you could even say um Severus was a humiliation and they decided that it should be renegotiated right this has got all of lazan let's look at what the treaty said turkey did give up all of its territorial claims to the dominicanese islands Cyprus Egypt Syria and Iraq but according to lausanne Eastern Thrace and Smyrna were returned to Turkey Turkish territory in Europe actually expanded and plans for an independent autonomous Armenia and Kurdistan were abandoned of course Kurdistan still not independent to this day it remains without a proper State even today so you could see all of this is still relevant in the modern day the conference recognized Turkish sovereignty over its Straits but they were still managed by an international commission until the 1936 Montreux convention the treaty led to the International recognition of a new Republic of Turkey so a rebirth of turkey as we know it and it was a successor to the Ottoman Empire turkey agreed to minor Financial burdens and tariff restrictions but War reparations were canceled so clearly you know Ataturk must have done his job well turkey got a way a lot of Turks would argue way Fair of Peace than Severus and as I said before people like Hitler would arguably see it as weakness by the International Community now enough of the post-war treaties let's move on on interwar agreements and what shaped the interwar peas what were the diplomatic relations like and how all of the relations were negotiated now first let's take a look at the Washington arms conference 1921-22 what was that all about well it was a Conference held by the U.S encouraging disarmament and the limitation of the naval arms race it led to the signing of agreements and treaties like the five power Naval elimination agreement which resulted in the scrapping of 26 American and 24 British warships as well as 16 Japanese warships other treaties limited warship weight to 35 000 tons and regulates a submarine use now you'd think oh geez that's as good we're demilitarizing we prepare for a long period of peace and prosperity well these treaties only lasted 14 years and the league had no part and I know this doesn't make much sense right now you'll understand this once we go through the League of Nations but of course the league couldn't have a pardon this because America hosted and America was not a part of the leak Treaty of rapalo 1922. this was a Rosso German agreement where or I should say perhaps it was a Soviet German agreement the Soviet Union was in there instead of Russia but they both agreed to renounce Territorial and diplomatic claims against each other which is quite a big deal considering you know Germany spent a lot of its time on the Eastern front of the war or the Great War I should say World War one and of course breslotovsk handed over a lot of temporarily at least a lot of the territory that Russia had in its West but diplomatic territorial claims were all renounced against each other they began a process of increased military cooperation allowing Germany to get hold of weapons banned by the Treaty of Si this is actually very important just for your general knowledge once again you know they even had secret laboratories on Soviet soil where German scientists continue to research and continue to operate and invade and invent new machines and improve their army you know while of course the Allies weren't watching the Soviet Union was very secretive um so this actually benefited Germany a lot and it of course sets the scene as you know later in the course of for the Molotov ribbon truck packed but on that later they were both non-members of the league highlighting once again the League's weakness and Germany U.S star ties angered the Allies but of course increasing concern of the spread of Communism you know this all plays a part in it the doors plan very important you will be familiar with the doors plan if you do the Germany AQA GCSE you know from democracy to dictatorship course you already know about this in case you don't that's all right we'll teach you it around 1924 plan arranged by Britain and the us to help Germany economically and diplomatically its main points were the calling for the withdrawal of foreign troops from the roar an industrial region of Germany which was occupied by French and Belgian troops just a year before during the hyperinflation crisis and well you don't need to know what happened but they called for the withdrawal troops from the Roar the resetting of reparations was also recommended the Allied supervision of the rice Bank and a 200 million dollar loan from the U.S was given now this is actually one of the sort of I guess big diplomatic successes of the 1920s but it may generally reliant on the U.S loans and also upset the French the French of course while as I've said before wanting to punish Germany much more also a very important set of agreements the lacano treaties it led to the so-called spirit of locano in Europe you know this idealistic optimism about peace in Europe well you know now you could say quite naive but at the time was a big deal it was a series of agreements which aims to improve diplomatic relations between Eastern excuse me Western European countries these pacts included Germany and France promising to never attack each other Germany accepting the Treaty of Versailles and its terms and the early evacuation of Allied troops from the Rhineland now this Improvement in the European political climate led to Germany actually joining the League of Nations in 1926. so you know as you could see in that caricature on the screen door's lacano disarmament you know this is although you could argue this kind of making fun of international relations because it's the woman is wearing heels and it's so fragile but you know maybe you'll get this as a source one day but um this was a stepping stone nevertheless it was still progress but sadly Germany didn't agree to the securing of its eastern borders you know even politicians at the time like stressman who could argue were more liberal uh than of course you know his success is like uh Hitler and you know the um right wing that was present in Germany but even he you know he felt that the Polish borders of the second polish Republic they included ethnic German territory and that Germany should seize some of that territory and the league was again not involved in the lacano treaty so once again another failure the league isn't involved in all of these massive really important treaties that shape the Europe of the interwar period not involved yet again caligbrien pact 1928. um another sort of big treaty big Treaty of optimism you can argue too far it's even more naive than the locarno treaties um but this was a 1928 International agreement between 62 countries who promised to avoid using War as a means of solving disputes with one another significant because Germany was treated equally there which showed that it could be views as a respected serious Powers treated equally um the U.S even took part as well as the Soviet Union following the litwinoff protocol of 1929. however it was realistically unenforceable I mean think about it just the whole world of green not to invade each other I mean that is certainly a very big standard to meet and people could just ignore it at any time they'd have no consequences no punishment so this certainly as you could see on that character on 1939 yeah caligbrian pact it was a run and out of steam we could say um now as I said yeah realistically unenforceable and once again League of Nations had nothing to do with it concluded outside of it another problem now the last one of these sort of big agreements was the young plan 1929. it was a revision of the doors plan which reduced the reparation excuse me the reparations of Germany to two billion pounds which was a 20 reduction now in should all occupying troops leave Germany and encourage the Allies to stop intervention in the German economy so this kind of differed from their previous intervention in the Revis bank for example now infuriated German extremists however and ultimately it was doomed by the catastrophic 1929 Wall Street Crash which made you know in a nutshell all the economies focus on themselves again and so people didn't care about lending out loans and trading and helping others everybody looked inwards and so International cooperations ceased in many ways after 1929. right with that out of the way let's get on to a league initiative which one of the most important ones you could argue was the League's disarmament conferences 1926 the league set up a commission to hold a disarmament conference but Britain and France actually refused to cooperate and being one of the key members of The League that went no by only six years later did the world disarmament conference actually held and it was convened by the league but sadly it was a failure now what was the problem with it well Naval size reductions and armored moratoriums were all proposed but no final agreements were made and the conference led to Germany actually leaving the league and all of this so the initial failure to host it in 1926 and the later conference when it was actually held not going anywhere that all led to the League of Nations status dropping we've all talked a lot about the League of Nations let's take a look at what the League of Nations is what it actually was and what it actually did it was an organization for international cooperation based in Geneva established in January 1920 as we mentioned it was created by the Treaty of Versailles its main goal was to prevent anything similar to The Great War from ever repeating again with 42 members initially joining it hoped that the world could stand together for peace for justice and for prosperity and its Ames could again let's use Lu Akron here could be summarized with the word dips disarmament improving Global welfare preventing War through collective security and settling disputes between countries through negotiation or diplomacy all of those aims were pursued by the league and of course well you can argue it all failed in the end but it had mixed success in some parts let's not discredit it so you know while we look at all the different ways it went wrong you know we should still look at the ways it went right and you could see in that caricature in that cartoon you know the League of Nations it's all raining up that's all war and Terror but you know it's trying to get the world to a better place from War I guess that's the idealistic way of looking you know maybe that's the way Woodrow Wilson looked at it now of course to get to know it and to understand it you have to look at the structure you know this is argue a bit of a boarding part but bear with me here you should know this the liquor was made up of different bodies I've brought you know it was supposedly supposed to run the world the council was the main part of the league it was made up of members that met five times a year and it met during emergencies France Italy Britain and Japan were permanent members 49 countries were temporary members members could veto decision and the assembly could actually not enforce any decisions that could only recommend them to the council so the council was this I guess top of the pyramid it was this very important part of the league now moving on to the assembly the assembly was an international Parliament you could describe it each member State sent a representative to attend yearly meetings of all members it discussed and voted about you know certain issues and on what to do with them and decisions had to be unanimous so everyone had to agree on the decision you know you could kind of see it as a un but just a into war version of the UN so you know you have to have everybody agreeing with things and it's not very effective You could argue but don't let me go on a rant about the UN otherwise it'll be here forever the Secretariat was this is arguably the most simple part of the league it's just an international civil service that runs the league it's a bunch of people who write up its laws and manage it it's like the management of the league the Secretariat it also had special commissions and they had an important role You could argue this is basically the only part of the league that was you know really successful as you'll see it had a permanent Court of international Justice which was a court of law which settled disputes between countries it advised the parties involved involved in an argument but rulings were not compulsory so if it ruled for something that didn't actually have to be implemented it's I guess kind of like the current Court in The Hague although actually the Hague issued a document you know seeking the arrest of Vladimir Putin and actually that was the reason that Vladimir Putin didn't go to South Africa recently so well you could argue they've at least learned from the lessons of the permanent Corps of international Justice um and the last part is the international labor organization you could kind of lump it in with the special commissions but we'll just quickly review it here it's an agency which seeked to promote excuse me seeked the wrong word there sought to promote social justice human rights and good working conditions around the world representatives of governments employees and workers met once a year to discuss suggested improvements by the way I'm not reading from this presentation there's presentation is a summary but the details I'm you know speaking now let's take a look at the strengths and weaknesses of the league and I'm actually doing this because these are the general points you could use for most of the little details and most of the different case studies we'll look at because these will just keep repeating apart from some of the strength the strengths are actually quite rare arguably and they're a bit vague but the the weaknesses yeah those are really need to be remembered especially in those like essay questions um now the what's the good parts of the league it was written into each post-war treaty so people recognized and respected it well although yeah I mean how much they respected those poisible treaties is arguable but that's technically a pro the league consisted of 42 countries in the beginning of course some later joints such as such as Germany and it included very powerful economies so economic sanctioned threatened some its commissions did some important work to tackle social and economic problems around the world and I had a range of powers mitigation and economic sanctions and others and that made solving international disputes easier now on the downside dumb this is a big one the US was not a member of course isolationist U.S you know didn't want to get involved because of article 10. so its Army didn't support the league the process of sanctions was undermined because you know let's say the league sanctioned someone they could just trade with the us because the US isn't part of the league so completely undermines that although sanctions even nowadays you know sanctions are still undermined even in the modern world the USSR were not allowed to join until 1934 and Germany wasn't part of it until 1926 so you have these big massive players of the world I mean these superpowers that simply are not there now of course it's going to undermine the league now it was kind of by mimicking my point that I said earlier it was set up by the Treaty of versaillon most Nations hated the Treaty of Versailles so at least the ones involved because nobody liked it because it was such a compromise that nobody had their interests respected by it the league had no Army as well and self-interested Britain France were reluctant to send their own troops I mean think about it why would you send your own men your own boys you know down to fight across the world just so this League of Nations could you know enforce peace in a place that you don't care about you know this is a great weakness and while the league had no Army of its own so I had to rely on other countries now it was pretty badly organized um pretty ineffectively run you know you could argue the assembly could only make decisions by a unanimous vote and you know it's very difficult for everyone to agree considering how many countries there are in the world the assembly met just once a year the council's permanent members had a veto again no one loved learned from that because the current un still has a veto so you still can't do anything so once again you know if you you ever want to remember the weaknesses of the league just look at the Modern un and how useless it is some would say some would say of course I'm not anti-un but anyways the Secretariat was understaffed and the Comforts of ambassadors you don't need to know much about it other than it gets in the way basically but the conference of ambassadors of the league kept overruling the council to see the council's decisions so if it isn't bad enough that the assembly has to make sure that the council approves it the conference of ambassadors also was an obstacle for the leak now let's take a look at the sort of I guess the micro level of the league you know not just looking at these massive bodies but the little commissions that worked around the world to actually achieve some things you know this is arguably the only part of the league that worked as I've said before now let's use another acronym there's a bit of a stretch keep searching for the Committees and organizations again ignore the a they just don't name their commissions after A's and it's really annoying but you know we just ignore that um now the acronym stands for the slavery commission the economic and financial committee the refugee commission the communications and transport organization the Health Organization uh the uh the who forces modeled after the Health Organization the ILO and the narcotics board or um well I just put narcotics board because that's uh it fits the acronym but it's actually the permanent Central narcotics board let's start off with the slavery commission and for each one this is going to be a pretty systematic approach we're going to look at the aim we're going to look at the successes we're going to look at the failures um now shouldn't be so upbeat about the slavery Commission um which is a pretty Grim subject but it's a pretty simple aim pretty easy to remember they're trying to end slavery of course you know this isn't going to be fully successful there are more slaves in the modern world right now living than there ever has been so slavery definitely has not been ended by the League of Nations but they made a progress let's look at the progress they organized raids on the camps of slave traders in Sierra Leone freeing 200 000 people they influenced Nations like Nepal to emancipate AKA free their slaves in 1926. now failures let's look at the failures despite the progress made by the 1926 slavery convention no Universal set of laws prohibited slavery internationally I would argue it's because some people benefited from the continued enslavement of people and I'm not talking about Western countries here even at this point I mean third world countries rely on slavery or at least relied in the past I'm not sure how much of that is the case nowadays economic and financial committee now I appreciate this a bit all it was a bit dull but you've got to watch through this because you know this is actually very important details that you could throw into your essay and you don't have to remember every single you know every single little detail but if you have a few details up your sleeve then you can whip them out during an exam the EFC its aim improve economic conditions now Ascent International Financial experts to Austria and Hungary to help them rebuild their economies of course as you know they all failed in 1921. they developed codes for the importing and exporting of goods but they could not cope with the 1929 Financial or you could say Wall Street Crash but who could I don't really blame them it was a terrible crash in the world really the world economic system arguably collapsed at that point so you can't really blame them the commission of refugees have to remember um you know 1918 the war ends the Great War but guess what they're still fighting in Turkey as you saw they're still fighting Eastern Europe because the Russian revolution's going on and they're still fighting around the world and uh places like Africa um so you know it didn't really end conflict everywhere you know so you know keep that in mind 11th of November yeah Western Europe stops fighting other people still do its aim helped people return home and find new homes after the war and I'm saying all this because refugees will keep on coming after World War one because of the continuing fighting now what are its successes well it helped free 427 000 out of 500 000 prisoners of war after World War one and help them return to their Homeland by 1921. it also provided Aid to fleeing Russians that were escaping the Civil War and helped 1.5 million people settle in refugee camps by 1921. of course it makes sense that they use these dates 1922 is when the Soviet Union fell oh excuse me not fail I was was created um but it failed to help Jewish refugees fleeing Germany in the 1930s despite attempts by the league and the signing of documents like the bernheim petition bernheim petition spelled b-e-r-n-h-e-i-m so not all successful there as well the organization for communications transport you know you don't have to wonder why I have no failures here but it's a bit of a boring commit organization you know a bit of boring committee quite frankly so it's not as important you know as slavery and uh War you know not to offend any of the transport enthusiasts out there potentially you could be watching what is what was it aim well its aim was to help countries with transport and Transit links and it had some successes it introduced shipping lanes which meant fewer collisions occurred and It produced an international Highway code so that car drivers follow the same rules everywhere it's pretty smart actually I'm not sure if they use the same one today you could probably look that up yourself I can't look at everything for you you've got to have some you know some initiative Jesus right let's go on to the health committee and keep in mind this is not you know don't refer to it as the who this is the health committee we're talking about the league here the health committee was there to improve public health and eradicate diseases from around the world now it had quite a few successes actually it focused on ending leprosy malaria and Yellow Fever by setting up a mosquito extermination campaign it worked with the USSR to combat typhus spread it sent doctors to Turkish refugee camps in the 1920s and it set up research institutes in places like London Copenhagen and Singapore now ILO International labor organization this has a bit of a mixed record as you can see man it's actually quite important I'm not sure if the current ILO that exists is the same one as this maybe this is another Legacy of the league again I don't I'm not sure about this I don't know that but what was the same well the aims was to improve working conditions as I said and the standard of living particularly of workers it recommended Banning the use of white lead in paint as it was poisonous in 1922 it helped Greece and Romania set up systems of social insurance in 1930. it helped Egypt set up a labor department in 1932 and it organized an agreement between 77 countries to set a minimum wage in 1928. in terms of failures yeah I had quite a few it tried to stop children under 14 from working but faced opposition 1919. of course you know it's easy to look down upon you know previous generations as being sort of backwards and regressive but at that time you know a lot of people were poor you needed teenagers to be working to sustain your family otherwise their staffs of course that face opposition they failed to pass a convention guaranteeing workers rights to join trade unions in 1927 yeah arguably you know anti-communist yeah probably were a bit wary of trade unions at the time and strike action as well it also faced severe opposition for suggesting the working day should be less than eight hours long in 1935. permanent Central Sorry by the way if you click here that clicking noise um that's just me pressing the keyboard onto the next slide Don't You Worry Now last but not least is the permanent Central narcotics board and its aim was to tackle the trade of illegal drugs like opium what was its successive well the 1925 Geneva conventions made companies who import opium percent certificates to show their legality so I guess regulating them more if blacklisted four large companies who were involved in the illegal drug trade but sadly and to this day some were still profiting off opium you know people suffering and that's just the real world now back from commissions and committees and organizations let's take a look at the case studies here and the case study says the disputes it's the particularly territorial disputes between countries you know it's supposed the league and its core values are tied to their idea of solving dispute without countries resorting to war can it do it well kind of but not really let's take a look at the different disputes dispute number one tension um don't know if I pronounced that right I'm not Czech or polish so who knows in 1919 Poland and Czechoslovakia fought over the coal ridge region so the league was called to help and of course the as I've said before Czechoslovakia arose From the Ashes of the austria-hungarian Empire and the second polish Republic arose from the Russians and the Germans control of Poland and um it actually you're pretty sure the Independence Day of Poland is on the 11th of November which is the day of the Armistice which makes quite a lot of sense the league settled the dispute by dividing testing along the also River giving Poland the Eastern districts as well as the city while Czechoslovakia received the suburbs now yes okay Poland was dissatisfied that the checks got most of the coal mines but the fighting and the violence stopped so this is a probably a classic uh League success let's move on to dispute number two vilna although you know just in the many ways that you can pronounce this you can pronounce it we know you can pronounce it vilnus it's a the modern capital of Lithuania but the fact that it's uh it was occupied by so many countries kind of shows and implies what sort of dispute this will beat this is just a classic Invasion occupation territory dispute as I've said before the conclusion of World War One did not end war in Eastern Europe you had the second polish Republic the new Baltic countries the czechoslovaks ukrainians and belarusians the Georgians the Russians themselves and obviously the whites and the Russian Revolution best the Bolsheviks lots of fighting lots of Bloodshed continuing and during this time the Bolsheviks aka the Russians invaded Ukraine luckily this will never happen again it will only happen in 1919. I'm joking of course it will um well although maybe by the time you're watching this all this is over but anyways yeah the uh they invaded Ukraine pretty successfully and this was around the map by 1919 and the Polish Soviet War emerged you've got Poland and the beige and the Bolshevik Russia and the red and actually the briefly existing West Ukrainian People's Republic and the blue so as you can see it's a you know quite a multi-faceted war but what you need to remember is that it was a Polish Soviet War and in this Polish Soviet warp uh was countries like Lithuania and uh vilnus which is the modern day capital of it was repeatedly occupied by both countries during this period in 1920 violence broke out between the Polish and lithuanians and the league actually try to arrange a partial Armistice between the two in October putting vilna under Lithuanian control but Poland you know and you know some would argue you know you currently blame it it's uh fighting for its existence after being occupied by hundreds of years but Poland ignored the league tried to stop it and occupied vilna anyway and despite lithuania's appeal the league of course as we said with no Army was not able to do anything and stop them so we know as it was known afterwards actually was occupied by Poland right after Poland's partition in 1939 and it was actually in an ironic turn of events returned I think Russia by Stalin to Lithuania but there you have it clearly a league failures now upper Silesia dispute number three this is a bit of a more I guess more Exemplar dispute because it leads to a compromise not not everybody's happy about this is usually what happens you don't really have outright successes of the league in general Germany Poland both wanted upper side Leisure and you know after the Treaty of Versailles I guess you could argue you know Germany wanted every single bit of its Old Land preserved he didn't want to have everything given away and in 1921 the league arranged a plebiscite so a vote to decide who should own it Germany won 60 percent of the vote but Poland argued that many who voted for Germany no longer lived in upper silasia the league then split the area into regions based on the vote giving Germany most of the rural areas and Poland most of the industry now yes both accepted the agreement but they weren't very satisfied Germany lost three quarters of its Regional coal mines and Poland only received one-third of the land so they both had things to complain about and it was a mixed success or a mixed failure depending whether you are glass half full glass half empty guy or woman we don't discriminate Islands the next dispute this is a bit more North we're moving away from just Eastern Europe This is the Baltic Sea both Sweden and Finland claimed that the island Islands were theirs so the league decided to investigate but despite 90 of the population identify in a Swedish the league actually decided they should go to Finland however Finland was not allowed to build forts on the island and schools had to teach children Swedish and I guess you know you could argue these are just kind of quite small Islands so they're not not as much as at stake as there's some of these you know cases like you know real no which is Big City but Sweden Finland actually both accepted these times and it was a League success because it was settled peacefully no war was fought Corfu is uh another failure of the leak actually in August 1923 while visiting the Greco Albanian border the Italian General talini and his team were killed now Benito Mussolini the fascist dictator of Italy at the time demanded that the Greek government pay compensation and execute the murderers when they fail to do so Mussolini retaliated by bombarding the Greek island Corfu killing 15 people the league morally condemned Italy but the conference of ambassadors actually overturned their decisions and forced Greece to pay compensation so this is a failure not because the league could not stop them you know the whole bombardment but it made the victims pay I mean this is certainly a not the best of the League's work you could argue although maybe they again this is all GCSE history maybe I'm missing something here although Mussolini wasn't usually known as a great guy let's just say that now last disputed the dispute between Greece and Bulgaria I'm going to call it petrich because this is where it happened the incident occurred when Greek soldiers were killed on the Bulgarian border near petrich and this whole Affair let Greece attacking them the bulgarians appeals to the league for help and the league condemned Greece ordering them them to withdraw troops and pay a fine of 45 000 pounds now this time the Greece was unwilling to displease powerful members of The League so it obeyed but many saw this as the league having double standard because Italy's actions during the Corfu crisis were met with a different response and you know you have quite a funny cartoon there you have these two little gremlins and then Bulgarian Greece and they're stopped stopped by this Dove attacking them but forcing them to stop fighting yeah there's quite a funny picture actually by punch the famous uh magazine so it was a mixed success it sent there on the wrong signals but the fighting stopped so air somewhere in the middle so there you have it these are all the disputes sort of memorize them um obviously not not all by heart but definitely have them in mind at least some of the details um and actually this is called The War of the Stray Dog by some just as a Fun Factory because allegedly you know something like pretty sure I think I think it was a dog that ran over the Greek Bulgarian border and a um Greece Greek Soldier chased it it was a straight dog and a Bulgarian Gods sort that this was an attack and shot or shot the soldier in the dock you know something like that anyway you don't need to know this for the exam it was along those lines and it's I'm more of a legend I'm not sure if it actually happened but there you have it now this interwar 1920s period is over how does it end well as we've said the Great Depression initiated by the Wall Street Crash 1921. and this as I've said before it started a dismal period of global decline around the world now it started in the USA so unsurprisingly it was um quite badly felt in the country there in the U.S a third of all American banks failed unemployment Rose to 25 their economy shrank by 50 during the first five years of the depression and they tried to use protectionism to support its workers so protectionism is you know things like tariffs so you put attacks on Imports so the domestic producers are protected from competition in reality this makes your domestic producers less competitive and is actually worse for the domestic economy You could argue especially during the Depression I mean you want people to trade you want a recovery you don't want to stay you know in your own little bubble of depression but well that's not what the U.S decided to do the President Hoover and Roosevelt didn't really do a good job in fact they prolonged the depression some would argue but anyway that's more economics than history in Britain it was actually a little bit better I mean I don't want to say that open depression is good because it certainly isn't but it wasn't as dramatic although there was still some pain felt by the end of 1930 2.5 million people were unemployed Britain's exports so you know you sell abroad things you sell abroad fell in a value by 50 percent and the government issued an emergency budget in 1931 cutting welfare and public sector spending kind of like austerity in a way and of course the Depression was felt around the globe it was a shock that sent waves you know it's kind of like a you know if you drop a stone in the water the ripples um spread to other places I'm not sure if that's a good analogy but you know hopefully you understand what a depression is um in France by 1935 industrial production was still at 80 percent of its 1928 levels and while the Depression was milder than it was in the US let's say it still caused the fall in wages living standards and increased political instability of course extremist parties became more popular you know with their big populist promises in May 1936 a Socialist Communist Coalition even came into power in France that's how desperate people were from change and progress in Italy many italian Banks like Banco di Milano crashed in May 1931. and mass nationalization that's when the state sort of seizes Enterprises was done to stabilize the economy by late 1930s Italy had the highest rate of State ownership of an economy in the world of course apart from the USSR which you know is the massive communist state so you would expect that wouldn't you basically you know that's um the intervention that people felt that needed to be done by the government to rescue them from a recession in Japan things were quite tough too government Behavior caused problems there because deflationary policy so inflation prices rise depletion prices for a deflationary policy member agriculture prices fell by 40 percent and textile prices fell by nearly 50 percent and you know this is important for example the prices of silk fell and this really hurt the Japanese silk industry by 1931 impoverishment in rural regions like to Hoku was so severe that farmers sold their daughters for prostitution that's how bad it was tough times there now this nicely leads us on to excuse me let me have my sip of water right oh sorry just my my throat gets so dry I've done nearly a Non-Stop of an hour of talking anyways we're nearly there guys don't worry uh this very nicely leads us onto our sort of two big case studies of how the league deals with International crises let's have a little overview the economic catastrophe of the late 1920s laid the foundations for an era of dictators as I've said before you know you have problems you know usually uh some strong man comes in and he promises you success and it promises you to make your country great again this isn't reference to Donald Trump by the way he's nothing like you know Mussolini this isn't a bit of different caliber You could argue but yeah usually there's a deflection of um from crisis at home they usually gone Adventures abroad to distract the population at home with um crises I mean this isn't for God's sake this isn't history this is what the politicians 101. they you know engage in aggressive Farm policy because their domestic agenda is failing just look at Russia and Ukraine right now well need I say no more but anyways the imperialism is a natural product is what I'm trying to say of the economic catastrophe in the 1930s now the question here is can the International Community with the League of Nations as its mediator stop these brutal dictators the answer is no yeah there's no chance 1939 World War one broke World War II excuse me broke breaks out with Hitler um leading the charge but Wars start much earlier than that as you'll see case study number one Japan Japan's economic downturns in the 1930s especially the early 1930s meant that more people turned to the military and the nationalists and the aim of right-wing movements in this country were to end liberal foreign policy known as shidahara diplomacy defend Japanese interests in Mongolia and Manchuria and Military expansion well look at that what I just said there was already tension in the region the 1929 sino-soviet conflict that's between China and the Soviets occurred in the region and the red Army's victory over China showed Chinese weakness the Japanese Army was getting stronger than the government at the same time and attempted coup d'etat happened in March 1931. China's Regional government in Manchuria was also growing weak well this is basically as perfect as you get for conditions of an invasion and you have the Manchurian Crisis you have a little diagram at the bottom over there to show you kind of roughly you know there's lots of names you have to remember I am sorry but you know I'm not AQA I didn't set all of this up but yeah just remember it's that little North East part of China in September 1931 an explosion occurred at the South Manchurian Railway in mukden it's referred to as the mukdan incident and Japan accused China of causing it now the quantum Army and the Imperial Japanese Army used this as an excuse to invade the area of Manchuria and this was actually slightly easier to do because as you can see by the diagram they had Korea under control so they didn't have to do it neighborly and actually neither PM regiro nor the Japanese commanders could stop them and by 1932 the region was renamed to manchukwa and a puppet leader was put in charge and the Japanese unsurprisingly did not stop with their success the Chinese territory of jehal or j-hull was taken back in 1933 although I'm saying taken back as if this is you know ethnic ethnic Japanese territory it is part of China and by Spring 1934 all of Chinese territory north of the Great Wall was annexed now due to China's initial policy of non-resistance and as you will see the League of Nations failure this actually led to a full-scale war in 1937 the second sino-japanese war a big failure for the league now let's see why the league failed let's see a little reaction and the reaction well extremely well put by their little doormat cartoon at the bottom of the slideshow Japan standing on the league they're trying to use face-saving outfits to present the league as somehow still credible but the Japan Japan just steps on the league now let's see what they tried to do at least a month after China appealed to the League of Nations in October the league passed a resolution ordering Japanese troops to leave the region this was ignored well unsurprisingly it's just a telling off Japan please leave the region yeah no one cares no one cares in January 1932 a commission headed by Lord Litton traveled to China to investigate the matter one year after the incident in October 1932 thank god listen comes back with a report uh called the litten report very creatively and it's published and it proves Japan's actions well on lawful and wrong and what well nothing happens it's a year later people first of all have kind of forgotten about it second of all no Army it can't prevent The Invasion February 1933 the assembly voted on the issue and it demanded Japan to leave the region Japan's reaction while the delegation simply walked out and the countries were too economically frail to sanction Japan remember this is 1932 1931 a few years after the Depression people still suffering they don't care about what's happening in Japan why would Western countries care about what's happening in Japan well that's the problem the league relies on them and the league is dependent on them and the leak can't do anything about it it's completely spineless The Invasion carries on Japan carries on now okay the league it's a flop it's a failure let's see if it can do a little comeback let's see if it can prove itself this time well spoiler it won't but let's see now let's look at now the situation in Italy as we've said Benito Mussolini fascist dictator Italy is in power and he actually wants to re-establish the Roman Empire he refers to the Mediterranean as mare nostrum our sea and Italy joined the stresser front for a little bit of context to joined the stressophone on April 1935. and this was the uniting of countries against Adolf Hitler and why is this important well Mussolini knew Britain and France will try and ensure he stays a member so he probably thinks that well Britain France will roll over if I do anything and they won't try to offend me because they need the alliance against Hitler which is quite smart action he also saw the weak reaction of the league to the Coffer attack as well as Japanese invasion of Manchuria and he thought well there's no chance they're going to stop him he's right like Manchuria abyssinia was rich in natural resources and Italy already controlled Eritrean Somaliland so abyssinia was all modern day Ethiopia was a clear Target that they were going to go for and as you can see it makes sense map wise as well abyssinia Egypt Liberia they're really the only countries in Africa that are independent by this point they're not under the European influence of any Empire and so because it prevented colonization uh Despite All Odds and this is at least chance to expand its Empire without having to confront people like you know the British Empire and countries like France according to the map also one thing to point out uh Mussolini wanted revenge for the 90 for the 1896 Italo Ethiopian war where actually as a result of a battle at adwa Ethiopia miraculously beat Italy in a war so that's one of the reasons it stayed independent as absina actually fought back against the Europeans which didn't happen in any of the other countries really well of course that's a generalization of course they fought back they just lost that's the only difference now what happened in the Abyssinian Crisis as well December 1934 there was a border clash between abyssinians and Italians at the wall wall Oasis absinian territory near Italian Somaliland January 1935 the Mussolini lavalla Court assigned and Italy is told that they can occupy Ethiopia so you know this is um all done kind of behind the league it's all done by France and Britain so this is already not looking good for the league even at this point before The full-scale Invasion now Ethiopia of course in January appeals to the league for arbitration but the response is inconclusive in June 1935 while Italy keeps mobilizing troops to its colonies the Abyssinian Emperor hel Selassie addresses the leagues in action you know this is um clearly a moment where he hasn't got much time he has to make his voice hurt and sadly it will be heard but not listened to and Hell selassie's speech as powerful as it was sadly doesn't make a difference and in October 1935 after the League's real sort of procrastination and its rule inaction Italian troops March into abyssinia after Mussolini declares The Invasion and at this point the Italians just completely sort of lose any track of morality and international law they use mustard gas despite um the fact that it's illegal according to the 1899 and the 1907 Hague conventions they bomb hospitals and ambulances and they execute prisoners without trial brutal Invasion as you could see the caricature mocking the Italian invasion by calling um what the Italians did civilization and what how the Ethiopians lived barbarism um and by May 1936 its League captures at the zababa the modern capital of Ethiopian annexes of the entire country and later it leaves the League of Nations and what was the League's reaction to all of that well as you can expect it was as ineffective as a lot of its previous actions were towards other aggressors Britain France could have closed the Swiss Canal to stop The Invasion but remember what I said about the stressor front yeah they didn't and they probably didn't because they didn't want to upset Mussolini and well just me telling you this you already know this is all going to go and fail Ethiopia requested the arbitration of dispute back in January but the league only organized one by June time the fact that they have to wait six months to be get a response you know when they're about to be invaded well this shows again how terribly organized this was you know as I said about you know the understaffing of the Secretariat problems with the assembly and the Council on the conference of ambassadors it all comes back to that and after a failed peace agreement after its talks failed in late June the UK placed an arms embargo right sounds good yes they're going to place a number except that they did it on both abyssinia and Italy and they withdrew the Royal Navy from the Mediterranean so this actually these cumulative actions actually weakened abusinger and enabled Italy to transport more military air to Africa so completely toothless response there from Britain and the league as a whole Now by October 1935 the League of Nations reluctantly condemned The Invasion well finally and placed economic sanctions on Italy finally yes they banned the export of metal Rubber and arms good isn't this great except they didn't include coal and oil in the sanctions which was Italy's main import so once again it kind of the league isn't not responding but the League's response is completely toothless that's what you need to remember and of course coming back who isn't part of the league well they still continued U.S and swiss and German trade that's the key thing so these sanctions they're limited but they're also limited because of the people not in the league if not everyone's in the league you can just trade with other people and trade and die that trade and the British and French foreign ministers actually proposed the Hall of Alpac to Mussolini behind the League's backed and we'll find out what that is but just to sum it up this is a pretty humiliating document now to sum up the impact of these crises on the leak the mansuring crisis meant that the core of League of Nations was shown to the world that it was breaking the rules the permanent Council members are able to break the Covenant and of course Japan was the permanent council member there the league was too slow tags and when it did the response was too slow and ineffective it did not prevent the 1937 War it showed Hitler Mussolini that they could do what they liked but here's the thing you need to remember some people still trusted the League of Nations after Manchurian but this was not really the case after abyssinia Abba singer highlighted that some crime trees not being members like the US weakened everything the whole of Alpac involved Britain and France appeasing Italy by giving two-thirds of East abbasing it away to them and this was eventually weak leaked to the press and when everyone found out about it the League's weakness was wide exposed it was completely open to everyone and it showed that the leaders of the league like Britain France were just self-interested they were okay with appeasement even if it breaks the core values the core principles of the organization itself the league of nation was also clearly unable to protect small countries against the big the principle of collective security which of the league was supposed to ensure was dead so to sum it up after the Manchurian Crisis people still had faith in the league and the European conflict could still be averted because Japan was in Asia but after Italian aggression the organization realized it could not stop the rise of militarism or extremism and so the league was done and with the league done it's time for World War II but the question is who will shatter the piece of course you know all of this none of your stupid you're going to get grade nines especially after this video you know the Austrian painter the National Socialist the World War One veteran that will finish the job Emperor hero Hirohito of Japan Benita Mussolini of Italy yeah they did help start conflicts in the 1930s but you needed one more man and the one more dedicated man one more evil man and this person and of course you know who I'm talking about and anyway I I don't want to mention him too much because otherwise I might get demonetized on YouTube at the same time though I you know I want this to be delivered to you so as long as you can watch it it's fine even if I have to mention the Austria painter the National Socialist and the World War One veteran um but let's take a look at these steps to World War II take a look at Adolf Hitler's aims now again let's use a little acronym here what were his World War One aims well his goal was to be colder now colder not don't misinterpret this isn't cold as in cool because obviously that's not what I'm saying the funeral was not cool um he was horrible but anyways for the acronym you can use this it doesn't matter he wanted to create a gross Deutschland with a volk Stitch so bulk storage meaning german-speaking people across Deutschland I mean hopefully you can use your basic German as big big Germany he wanted to overturn the Treaty of Versailles he wanted laban's realm to be annexed labor and Sam's living room for the Aryans to live in East um taken away from Bolsheviks AKA basically brascular tasks 2.0 Belarus Ukraine the baltics that sort of region he wanted to destroy communism of course a bit ironic considering he was a national socialist and really the differences between him and Communists weren't really that vast they were both horrible and they both had a big state but anyway this isn't this isn't going to be a debate about whether Hitler is uh what his relationship to Communism is although he used to be a communist when he was younger so you know but uh people change I guess but e is for eliminate or um I don't know why it says explicit I'm pretty sure I'm supposed to say exploit exploit the inferior undesirables they're called the untermench and of course the the Aryan white Germans were the Uber mench and his other goals was re-armament as well now let's take a look at step by step how he achieves all of these goals German rearmament now after leaving the League's disarmament conference as we talked about before I apologize for this banging in October 1933 Hitler began rapidly re-arming the German Army increased in size from 100 000 people in 1933 to 550 000 in 1935 and then to 3.7 Million by 1939. it was also renamed to an aggressive vermacht in 1935. shacked was his Finance Minister financed the military secretly through mepho bills me fo until 1935 when Hitler openly announced the breaking of Versailles Army growth conscription and 2500 luftwaffe planes now actually interesting enough the U.S helped in this and not the US government itself I mean U.S companies around 150 American companies helped Gemini rearm for example General Motors and Ford Britain and France do not want war and were too weak to challenge him so after 1934 they slowly started rearming too Britain accelerated the building of a Singapore Naval base for example although that wasn't um perhaps a very good investment considering that Japan overran it between 1941 and 1942. which was quite a humiliating for Britain but regardless and the anglo-german 1935 Naval agreement even actively broke their side too so you know by this time even the Allies had given up um about their sign now the Dolphus Affairs arguably a rare setback in Hitler's kind of grand plan so Peddler wanted to as we you know unite all the Volk stoich together in one state so his next step was obviously to ensure that Angelus with Austria takes place but Dolphus who was the leader of Austria at the time established his own Austria fascist dictatorship and this stood in his way and he didn't want to give up power to Hitler now Dolphus even banned the Austrian nsdap the Nazi party so in July 1934 angry Hitler ordered 10 Austrian Nazis to shoot um and kill Dolphus in an attempted coup d'etat now I say attempted because it actually didn't work a year before Mussolini issued a guarantee of Austrian Independence as he wanted Austria to be a buffer State between him and Germany so Mussolini moved his army to the Austrian border threatening in The Invasion at the time and the Austrian Army also still supported the government so the fuhrer actually had to step back and stop his plans for now now back to success for him following the Treaty of Versailles we know the sarland was put under French league of nation control and by this point our 15 years have passed and it was time for referendum to decide who should control it and 90 percent actually voted to join Germany you know this was a free and fair election uh which is surprisingly because considering Hitler doesn't really know for free and fair elections but alas and although he used compelling propaganda to sway voters you know this kind of shows that yeah a lot of the people who are jammers did want to join Germany after their territories were annexed or given to other countries this plebiscite confirmed his expansionist Ambitions but also showed German speaking as I said supported the people supported cross Deutschland and it also meant that Hitler could use the Tsar coal fields and Industry to produce weapons and a lot of this expansion will be in this sort of way it will have an economic element where Hitler becomes economically stronger but it will also have a national element where he joins the ethnic Germans into this I guess what you could call an Empire the Third Reich the remilitarization of the Rhineland kind of a very culturally and historically oh you could say iconic but that's the only way that comes to mind for me um it's kind of a big big moment you should know about it um in fact I should have that cartoon of a goose here is it in the next slide it's in the next slide okay yep sorry um you will see it it's quite a good cartoon now in this event Hitler knew that in order to capture and Conquer laban's realm in the East he had to prepare for a reaction in the west of course he didn't want to fight a war on two fronts like they did in World War one that didn't end too well for Germany they lost he doesn't want to do the same thing again March 1936 he felt was a perfect time to do something like this because the league was preoccupied with abyssenia and The anti-germany franco-soviet Pact of 1935 could be used as an excuse therefore he ordered the Nazis to send 22 000 troops into the region now this is the thing this was quite a big gamble I mean the military establishment thought that this was way too risky if one shot was fired Germans would have had to retreat you know quite a humiliating retreat with some of them riding into Rhineland on bicycles poorly equipped you know remember the Brie Armament just started you know the Army isn't ready for war yet in fact I mean technically Hitler's big plan was to start World War II in 1941. he wasn't going to do it in 1939 so imagine you know 36 he definitely wouldn't have been ready but luckily for him they were met with cheering crowds and rather than you know shots or anything from the French soldiers and this secured the rhineland's raw materials access for Hitler and as the April 1936 anglo-french talks about a response failed Germany pretty much got away with it now why is this significant well let's look at the aftermath you've got a wonderful cartoon the goose step Gander again I think it might be by punch again I'm not sure you can see the duck stepping on lakane uh you've got the Nazi Flags Goosey Goosey Ganda with her doused that Wonder only through the Runa Rhineland pray excuse my blunt you know it's quite a funny um kind of Nursery sounding um nursery rhyme sounding thing but that's basically what the treatment of the this massive really massive move that broke where site was it was a childish treatment it wasn't a proper treatment of an occupation although technically it was still German land but nevertheless as the Abyssinian Crisis was ongoing British forces were moved to the Mediterranean and the French were on in Tunisia so they were not prepared for a military pushback at the time in their defense the British were also reluctant to start a war again many agreed with the British Lord Lothian who said that they were simply going into their own back Garden this broke the lacano and Versailles treaties but much of the public through thought that the peace treaty was too harsh anyway so yeah as I've said by this point nobody really believes in Versailles and when no one really believes in peace then you're going to have War you know you can quote me on that and French politicians were actually in the middle of an election campaign as well and their generals needed British Aid so it was simply perfect timing to do something like this for Hitler terrible timing for the allies what's the consequences well the Hitler proved the military generals wrong and he proved that the Allies were ultimately weak it accelerated rear moon for everyone even more and in terms of this kind of strategic details the Maginot Line or the maganot line how you pronounce it was now more threatened than it was uh was now more threatened than ever as it was not extended to Belgium and it allowed Germany to build the Siegfried line which was later used in World War II so long-term impact short-term impact all bad for the Allies now before we move on to uh the last sort of steps to World War II let's take a little brief look of how Germany developed International tires of course that needed International tires I mean the Allies not to be rude but the Allies in World War One of uh of Germany were not very effective um Austria-Hungary the Army was multilingual controlled the multilingual Empire communication is always difficult the Ottoman Empire was already in a weak state by World War one it was in a period of absolute decline Bulgaria also didn't really manage to change the front too much so it's Central Power allies in World of one weren't very strong so clearly generally this time wanted to seek far better allies now its biggest Ally you'd think is Italy right but actually Helena Mussolini weren't always friends Hitler was inspired by Mussolini at first but he called he Mussolini I mean he called the Nazi leader a silly little monkey and who wrote a boring tome after a bad impression or in July 1934 meetings a boring Tome he means of course Mein Kampf of 1925. Germany Italy however sent volunteers to help General Franco in Spain in 1936 during the Civil War so this slowly they started to bond in terms of their relationship and after 1937 you know when Mussolini visited Germany Italy and Germany signed the anti-common turn pact and in 1939 they built on this by forming a full-fledged alliance called The Pact of Steel now Japan joined the anti-common turnpike earlier than Italy in 1936 which was a coalition against Soviet Union's bolsheism and in 1940 it also joined the tripartite ACT excuse me The tripartite Pact against the US strengthening the alliance so it formed a triangle Italy Germany and Japan now it had a few other alliances too in 1939 it allied with Finland which wanted to take back its eastern regions of course have to remember Finland and the Soviet Union fought the winter War at around this time and uh Finland needed every source of support it could get against the larger Foe and the Soviet Union you know who are hostile to to Hitler for a long time actually signed as we will talk about The Malt of repertoire pact of 1939. now it's a little bit stronger on the international stage let's look at what else it will do the road to Angelus so basically let's try again says Hitler in 1934 shushnik becomes leader of Austria after Dolphus who of course was killed by the Austrian Nazis Austria was in danger in 90 from 1936 sadly for shushnik because Mussolini and Hitler formed the Berlin the Rome Berlin axis excuse me due to the Spanish Civil War so clearly that protection from Mussolini simply wasn't going to be there anymore tried to sign an agreement with Hitler promising that his government will cooperate with Austrian Nazis to try and mollify it try to keep him from invading Austria but come January 1938 the Austrian police raid the Nazi headquarters and discover a plot to remove shushnik from power now of course he doesn't like that very much he's worried and as he should be he's dealing with you know one of the most murderous genocidal Maniacs of the 1930s or perhaps the most murders genocide a maniac in the 1930s and so he meets with Hitler in Burke's Garden where he is forced to appoint Nazi Saison quad as interior minister and give Nazis freedom in Austria so he thinks okay if I just give them a little bit of you know a little bit of compromise they will leave me alone well that's just not going to happen in March 1938 shishnik calls for a referendum in Austria so he tries to sort of undermine this idea that all of Austria wants to join Germany because Hitler doesn't like that is pressured to postpone it first and then pressure to resign which ends up happening at the same time season quat asks to restore order in Austria which is of course a complete falsehood this is just a way of a Hitler's puppet to ask Hitler to invade as just a weak justification but of course it all works and sure enough in March 1938 an invasion goes through and an April Hitler now hosts a referendum under occupation and austrians unsurprisingly vote to join Germany many of whom probably thanks to a barrel of a gun pointing at their head at that same moment so 99.7 a proof to join whoever those 0.3 percent Brave Austrian citizens are I salute you not in the Nazi way obviously the check crisis right early 1938 you're done with Austria they move on to their next Point their road to World War II the sudetan Nazi leader Heinlein complains that Germans are mistreated in Czechoslovakia in early 1938 in May angry Hitler announces his plans to destroy czechoslovakians and save the three million Germans there which yeah I mean obviously this was a bunch of exaggeration but of course you need some sort of excuse to invade a country that simply wasn't going to invade you and this is where the Dreadful policy of appeasement comes in Dallas here and Chamberlain chose to appease Germany even though France promised to protect the Czechs and their modern Army had strong Regional fortifications of course you have mountains in that region it had a lot of mountainous fortifications that really if France stood up um to Germany at this point Czechoslovakia could have beaten Germany with their really modernized military but they chose to give up czechoslovak in September 1938 the Chamberlain flew to bacter's Garden to negotiate with Hitler try and prevent this from unraveling into a war he agreed that areas with over 50 percent German ethnicity should be given to Germany and he forced France and checks the czechoslovakia's Venice to agree and one week later Hitler demanded that the sudet Inland to be handed over by the 1st of October under the czechoslovaks be divided between Poland and Hungary which is you know ironic that Poland is partitioning Czechoslovakia considering that it's about to be partitioned itself I'm not going to say of course I'm not going to say that it deserved it but this is just kind of how history goes um and in September Chamberlain then persuaded Mussolini to organize the Munich conference so you can see this is this sort of rash attempts by Chain Blaine to organize a piece to prevent a war but in reality Hitler just gets more and more aggressive the more you give to him the failure of appeasement of course same thing you know back to something a bit of a modern analogy you know the West allowed um modern-day Russia to invade Crimean Ukraine in 2014 and well then there you have it they appeased him Merkel you know people like Merkel clearly didn't learn the lessons of Chamberlain and well then you had the war in 2022. appeasement doesn't work and it's not going to work here and it's not going to work again but there you have it Chamberlain bird learned it firsthand and in late September Britain France Germany Italy without the USSR Czechoslovakia met in Munich at this mutant Munich conference and Hitler ordered the Czech military to leave the sudet England and for The Invasion to occur between the 1st and 10th of October and in exchange as Chamberlain proclaimed there will be peace in our time now you do have to feel sorry for the checks they're completely portrayed by their allies at this point and they simply could not do anything about it they were stabbed in the back at this Munich conference in exchange for a piece of paper that ultimately did not matter with War beginning just one year later but regardless things happened as they did and the west of Czechoslovakia the sudet England was annexed this was followed by chaos in Czechoslovakia panic and in March 1939 their new leader Hatcher was told by Hitler that Prague was to be bombed by the new modern luftwaffe Hatcher in a difficult position told his forces to stand down and by the next day the whole nation was invaded progression with zero justification well what's the result well as a consequence of appeasement Hitler gained even more confidence and resources to start World War II Chamberlain did not want Another War killing 37 million people in fairness now if we could defend the pieces here go on the devil advocate side yeah Chamberlain sign died in World War one he wanted there to be peace in Europe you know You could argue VPS had a point after all Britain and France themselves forget about Germany they weren't ready for war at this point they were only beginning to rearm so if they faced Hitler they could have been destroyed they were buying themselves time with this appeasement and while it was had catastrophic consequences the intentions were ultimately good although of course good intentions doesn't always equal to good outcomes regardless whatever you decide you're on you have to look at the objective history and this is the objective history the SAR coalfields strengthened the German industry at first then it was the Angelus where a hundred thousand soldiers were added to the Reich the Rhineland militarization made bronze more vulnerable and now the Czech crisis gave Germany access to the skoda Armament factories and other industry so the more Germany was appeased the more military power it gained and the more difficult it was to appease it and so we get to this point one part of the puzzle is left Germany has been strengthened and it's moving now to the east it's got Austria it's got the Rhineland it's got Czechoslovakia now it's time for Poland but of course he doesn't want to fight a war to France because if he invades Poland the Polish are going to resist and the Soviets are going to resist so what's the logical step that's right the Nazi Soviet pact which you know people always are so um surprised about the fact that Stalin who was a communist allied with Hitler but as I've said are they very different not really one had five-year plans the other had four-year plans of the economy one persecuted his political prisoners and killed ethnic minorities the other did the same they very are much quite similar in the fact that they aren't both treated with the same hatred and the same discussed in the modern day shows that history although you know I said that let's look at the objective facts but the facts can be interpreted differently everyone has different history in fact the former Soviet Union countries many of them like Russia still treated the war as beginning in 1941 the Great Patriotic was so clearly you know as a GCSE student you've got certain things to learn but this is applicable even to the modern day historiography is different and history is written by The Victors and manipulated by the vectors but anyway enough of this sentimental stuff let's take a look at the Nazi Soviet pact and what it was Hitler's were Hitler and Stalin were Arch enemies in the past but as you could see they both had something to gain from a potential Alliance in August 1939 Stalin ordered his foreign minister Molotov to negotiate a non-aggression pact with the Germans actually before the non-aggression pact they also negotiated a trade agreement to help them trade with each other and that same month in August they managed to agree on The Malt of rib and drop Pact where both sides agreed not to attack each other for 10 years a decade of course that wasn't actually met now what did the two sides have to gain well Hitler could now occupy half of Poland and not worry about fighting on two fronts as I've said also of course there were a lot of Polish Jews at this point so he had a lot of intermental undesirables to now be able to exterminate in fact Stalin was so friendly with him that he even fired his Jewish foreign minister litvinov and replaced him with Molotov so that's how much Stalin also wanted this friendship and why else did he want the Friendship well because according to secret protocols in the Nazi Soviet Pact Stalin divided up Eastern Europe with Hitler into his own spheres of influence and the subsequent events explain what this involved on the 1st of September of course Germany attacked West Poland but on the 17th of September the USSR invaded the east of Poland then a little bit later on the USSR attacked Finland on the 30th of November 1939 and later it moved on to the Baltic states in summer 1940 in May 1940 Hitler concentrated on the western offensive meanwhile so they signed this friendship Pact but then went on to do their own devil driven evil things in Europe and of course Beyond of course this those fighting in places like North Africa as well but there you have it the two bloody dictators of the 1930s Finnish this conflict attention caused by starting one of the worst wars in history a war that killed 75 million people World War II they defied politicians of the 1910s in the 1920s who wanted World War One to be the war to end all wars and yet the versaillespiece failed the lacano spirit faded the Wall Street Crash initiated the Great Depression and peace of the world was no more what a profound lesson for the past the present and the future Generations but anyways you guys are GCSE students you're not here to write a PhD so you don't need to be this sentimental when writing your 12 marker essays but it's just for you to understand there you have it I clicked there are simply no more slides hope you enjoyed it while my throat certainly didn't my throat hurts a lot but please leave a like Please Subscribe leave a comment if you want me to do a tutorial on how to go through the exam questions of course watch this at any time re-watch it if you need to re-watch it perhaps the day before the exam you can absolutely do that as well but if you need any help comment down below of course tutoring is available my flashcards are available use the link down below and I hope you do well in your exam and I hope you understand everything that I said it was a little bit of a long video certainly not five or eight minutes but I hope you it was useful to you grade nine is guaranteed if you absorb this beautiful information about such an ugly topic technically because lots of war and Terror and conflict but there you have it conflict intention 1918 to 1939 AQA GCC history course thank you for watching and I'll see you later goodbye