Hi welcome to the first part of our lecture 1 and for this lecture we're going to talk about the English Reformation. Or as we've mentioned in the previous lecture or in the in the introduction lecture that Methodism needs to be understood in light of the English Reformation so that's why we need to understand what the English Reformation is all about. And so, we need to understand that Christianity in England was first introduced in the 6th century through St. Augustine of Canterbury. England being a separate island on its own from the European continent, as you can see here it's separated by the English Channel separating England and continental Europe. So being an island of its own it has its own national identity centered around the monarchy. So their religious culture was more nationalistic compared to the different countries in continental Europe. Another thing aside from being nationalistic, they were also monarchy-centric, meaning, they're more centered on their submission to the monarchy or the king. And also another feature of the English people would be they are also, for the most part, against papal authority because being separate island of their own there's this understanding that, "how can Rome interfere with our own affairs? That doesn't seem to be fair!" And so, this can never be said more fully than what happened during the reign of King Henry the 8th who began his reign in 1509 and passed on in 1547. While the Magisterial Reformation in the European continent was ongoing, remember from your church history the Lutheran's and the Calvinists contrived with Kings princes and magistrates, meaning the political powers, to begin this Reformation in the European Continent, that's why it's known as the Magisterial Reformation. And so, but the Reformation that took place in England is known as the English Reformation. But we need to understand that Henry was no champion of the Protestant agenda, that the agenda that the Reformers had in the European continent, Henry did not champion that. Why? Because the main issue of this Reformation that took place in England was not really theological in nature. Okay? It was more what? It has more something to do with Authority. We need to understand that King Henry wanted a male heir to the throne, and I'm sure you know this history about how King Henry the VIII divorcing or having his marriage with Catherine of Aragon to be annuled given his desire to have a male heir to his throne and so he married Anne Boleyn. Some people would simplistically say that the English Reformation only began because of the personal desires of King Henry the eighth, that's part of the history, but it's much more bigger than that. Again, what lies here is a question about authority. How can the Pope in Rome interfere with the affairs of the country. Okay? so King Henry took the major step to separate the English church from the Roman Catholic Church. And so, with the help of the English Parliament, the Act of Supremacy was passed which established a separate Church of England. It's an established Church in England but it's now separate from the Church of Rome, from the Roman Catholic Church. And another thing that the Parliament acted on in this particular Act of Supremacy was that it made King Henry the eighth the supreme head of the church. Okay? Take note of the term "supreme head" therefore in effect making the Pope not the supreme head of the church but rather King Henry the eighth or the monarch. So when this Reformation took place, the separation took place, we need to understand that Church of England was for the most part still Roman Catholic. Yes in terms of organization the head was Henry the 8th but in terms of its color coloring, okay, it was still very much Roman Catholic. It only differed in polity and later on in liturgy because when this happened they took on the English language as the language for liturgy in the worship within the Church of England. There were also some mixed influences but they were just moderate influences from Lutheranism in Germany and the reformed tradition which was based in Geneva, Switzerland, but it still had this strong very strong Roman Catholic tendencies. But in 1546 the difference widened because of the publication of the Book of Homilies. The Book of Homilies was a collection of 21 sermons written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. Basically, these 21 sermons constituted what was supposed to be correct theology within the Church of England. Okay? So this were meant to be as guides for clergy in their preaching. So if we're going to look at how the Church of England understood Christianity, this was one of the early documents to look at—the Book of Homilies. So when King Henry the Eighth died in 1547, his son to another marriage after Anne Boleyn took to the throne, and this was the reign of King Edward the sixth and who reigned from 1547 to 1553. it was during his time that Church of England became very much more Protestant and one of the manifestations of this would be in 1549 through the publication of the Book of Common Prayer. The Book of Common Prayer basically is the prayer book for the Church of England it's of worship book or the book of worship for the Church of England to the act of Parliament and aside from that in 1553 Cranmer introduced the 42 articles of the Church of England again it's the 42 articles of the Church of England that's this ring a bell to you well in the United Methodist Church we have what we know as what how many articles of religion 25 articles of religion as found in the Book of Discipline okay but for the Church of England they have this 42 articles really Jen to redefine what constitutes Orthodoxy Christian orthodoxy for the Church of England so if you look at this document you will see the growing influence of the European reformers upon this miss new established Church in England most particularly it was more Calvinistic I'm not throwing out a new word here Calvinistic we're going to talk more about that later but the flavoring the colouring of this articles of religion is very much Calvinistic because of the influence of reformers from Switzerland from Geneva and so this articles of religion were accepted just a month before the death of King Edward and so with the death of King Edward there's this shift that took place within the Church of England because his half-sister married the first two cranes of the kingdom and she began to reign between 53 and it ended in 1558 through Queen Mary who married the first or known as Mary to door one of the things that she did was to restore the primacy of the Roman Catholic Church in England okay so during the time of Edward it became more Protestant but during the time of Queen Mary it became more Roman Catholic and one of the things she did was she had hundreds of performers Martin that's why she's known that's what Bloody Mary during her reign okay we're not talking about the drink we're talking about Queen Mary and she even had Archbishop Cranmer martyred by the way this was taken from foxes Book of Martyrs something talked about later she also had other martyrs martyred like Bishop Ridley and Bishop Latimer and also this resulted in the exile of the Reformers to Geneva okay so those who embrace reformed theology in the Church of England they were exiled to Switzerland to Geneva but you know what Mary died in 1558 so that means she only reigned for about five years thereby leaving the throne to her Protestant sister or half-sister Elizabeth so it is a bit the first began to reign in 1558 and when she took to the throne she quickly renewed the Church of England's autonomy from Rome I know it kind of feels like a tug of war it's a net there's this instability within this new church that was formed in England and so to Queen Elizabeth the autonomy of the church was renewed I want to be from Rome but with compromise through what is known as the Elizabethan settlement in 1559 you need to realize that the Roman Catholic Church was just instituted during the reign of Mary and when the reign of Mary ended you had this this axis from Geneva returning dr. England and so since they returned they brought with them two main documents that would affect the shape of this new Church of England and so they both with them foxes Book of Martyrs or known as the acts and monuments or foxes Book of Martyrs published in 1563 which all the more fanned the flame of anti Roman Catholic sentiment within England and as I mentioned a while ago there's a picture here of the martyrdom Archbishop Cranmer and aside from this document the Reformers brought with them was known as the Geneva Bible which was published in Geneva in 1560 so just a note about the returned axles there were among them that felt that the Church of England needs further reform because it was still too close to the Roman Catholic Church you know despite of the developments that took place this reformer still felt that the Church of England was not constant in so they wanted to purify the church further that's the key word purify what are they they're known as the Puritans so they wanted to read the Church of its liturgical practices which they still had best stages of Roman Catholicism they also wanted to read of the Church of its ecclesiastical offices which are too close to Roman Catholicism remember the Church of England they still had what Archbishop they still had bishops they still had priests and so this pure attends advocated for more of a congregational type of polity and so this where the Presbyterians the Congregationalists and the Baptist came from from the fury tongs so because of the presence of this returned exiles from Geneva the Church of England essentially became what known as a Via Media Church when we say via medium it means the middle way okay and and what made the Church of England of irony the church was the Elizabethan settlement as I mentioned a while ago in 1559 this Elizabethan settlement came in two forms first it came to the form of the act of Supremacy which established Queen Elizabeth as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England Supreme Governor it's quite different from what happened with King Andrew the 8th King every date was made what supreme head of the church but with this new act of Supremacy Queen Elizabeth was made Supreme Governor of the Church of England so see the chief in the language also aside from the act of Supremacy there was this act of uniformity which we established the Book of Common Prayer the thirty-nine articles of religion and the book of homilies as sources of theological identity for the Church of England so take note the act of uniformity or establish what the Book of Common Prayer we talked about a while ago which was formulated by Archbishop Cranmer second the Articles of Religion instead of 42 they became 39 this time okay this was in 1563 and the book of homilies published by a Cranmer these three documents became sources for theological identity for the Church of England and so because of these two acts this was known as death and it's a bet on settlement there was a stability during the reign of Queen Elizabeth that's why her reign is known as the golden age because of the stability in the kingdom but you know what the spite of the settlement spite of this Via Media though that the church took during the reign of Queen Queen Elizabeth both Roman Catholics and Puritans were still unhappy so in the face of this tensions the innocence that crossed by the Roman Catholics and the Puritans Richard Hooker defended the settlement there's a battle settlement through the publication of the laws of ecclesiastical polity which is basically a five volume defense of the Via Media Church model that the Church of England took so basically this collection of five volume work by hooker answers the question which authorities should guide the church in its practice and thought which criteria which authorities criteria we should use to guide our practice in this church and our theological thinking so basically Richard hooker prescribed three things number one Scripture second tradition and third reason doesn't this ring a bell to you it is a a good connecting point for us in understanding what is known as the quadrilateral in the United Methodist Church but that's another topic that we would discuss later but at least this gives you an idea where that came from Scripture tradition and reason so that first came from the loss of ecclesiastical polity