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Causes and Phases of the French Revolution

Apr 30, 2025

The French Revolution: Key Points and Causes

Introduction

  • The French Revolution was primarily about the average French citizens (97% of the population) seeking an equal seat at the table of power.
  • Symbolically represented by the beheading of key figures.

Economic Context

  • Louis XIV's wars left France in deep debt.
  • Nobles and clergy were exempt from taxes, burdening the common people.

Political Structure

  • Estates General: A representative body divided into three estates:
    • First Estate: Catholic clergy (1% of the population).
    • Second Estate: Nobility (2% of the population).
    • Third Estate: Everyone else (97% of the population).
  • Each estate had one vote, leading to the first and second estates dominating decisions.

Causes of Revolution

  1. Economic Crises: Heavy taxation on commoners due to wars.
  2. Imbalance in Estates General: The majority (Third Estate) had little to no power.
  3. Bread Shortages: Famines led to scarcity, increasing unrest among the populace.

The Rise of the National Assembly

  • In 1789, the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath to draft a new constitution.
  • Louis XVI's secret plans to crush the Assembly led to the storming of the Bastille, symbolizing the fight against monarchical tyranny.

Phases of the French Revolution

Liberal Phase

  • Drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
  • Establishment of a constitutional monarchy.
  • Abolition of hereditary privileges.
  • Nationalization of the Catholic Church and reform of its powers.
  • Women's significant involvement, such as the October March on Versailles.

Radical Phase

  • National Assembly factions, notably the Jacobins, gained influence.
  • Establishment of the National Convention.
  • Abolishment of the monarchy and declaration of a republic.
  • Execution of King Louis XVI.

Reign of Terror

  • Led by Maximilian Robespierre and the Jacobins.
  • Over 40,000 executions by guillotine.
  • Committee of Public Safety enforced policies.
  • Largest army in Europe formed through mass conscription.
  • Ultimately led to Robespierre’s execution and end of the Reign of Terror.

Conclusion

  • The French Revolution was a complex period marked by significant socio-political changes.
  • Further exploration of its effects is recommended to understand its long-term impact.

Note: For further insights, explore additional resources on the effects of the French Revolution.

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