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What is the role of canaliculi in bone tissue?
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Canaliculi are narrow passageways that facilitate nutrient and waste exchange between bone cells and blood vessels.
What is the role of the endosteum in bone growth?
The endosteum lines the marrow cavity and is actively involved in bone growth and repair processes.
How do sutural bones differ from other types of bones in the body?
Sutural bones are small, flat, irregular bones found in the skull sutures. They are not present in everyone and can vary in size.
Explain the process of endochondral ossification.
Endochondral ossification is where bone replaces a cartilage model, involving primary and secondary ossification centers, mainly in long bones.
Describe the steps involved in fracture healing.
Fracture healing involves fracture hematoma formation, callus formation, spongy bone formation, and compact bone formation.
How do osteoclasts contribute to bone remodeling?
Osteoclasts absorb and remove old bone matrix, playing a key role in bone resorption during the remodeling process.
Differentiate between compact bone and spongy bone.
Compact bone is dense and provides strong support, whereas spongy bone is porous and handles stress from multiple directions.
What role do osteoblasts play in bone tissue?
Osteoblasts are immature cells that produce new bone matrix; they are essential for bone formation and growth.
Describe the main structural features of a long bone.
A long bone has a diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), metaphysis (growth plate), and articular cartilage covering joint surfaces.
What is the difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis?
Osteopenia is reduced bone mass and is common after age 40; osteoporosis is severe bone mass loss affecting function, often post-menopause.
What are osteogenic cells and their function?
Osteogenic cells are stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts, crucial for the formation and repair of bone tissue.
What role does calcitriol play in bone health?
Calcitriol, derived from Vitamin D3, aids in calcium absorption, which is vital for maintaining healthy bones.
How does physical activity influence bone remodeling?
Physical activity strengthens bones by stimulating bone remodeling, while lack of activity can weaken them.
What is the significance of the periosteum in bone health?
The periosteum is the outer covering of bone, aiding in protection, growth, and repair of bone tissue.
How do hormones regulate bone growth and calcium levels?
Hormones such as growth hormone, sex hormones, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin regulate bone growth and calcium homeostasis.
What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?
Support, mineral storage (mainly calcium), lipid storage, blood cell production, protection, leverage.
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