so i discovered that indeed the video worked and the sound worked yes so that means that i can go ahead and keep recording so we are now talking about catastrophism versus uniformitarianism hold on i'll come back to that catastrophism says before we we wrote two things down right which is pre-formationism versus exogenesis now we're talking about catastrophism versus uniformitarianism the idea of catastrophism was spelled out by james usher by the way he's a terrible singer sir that's not funny kim okay anyway actually you don't even need ushers anymore to help you out of church do you you just turn off your computer or whatever that's not funny either okay he decided that the earth was created october 26 4004 at nine o'clock am and that means that the earth is 6 000 years old now you can write this down or you can just listen and that is what i'm trying to say is this imagine you have a bar soap the bar soap if you run your hand over it it's pretty hard right it makes it very good for getting little kids in case you're wondering what they could do to spend time to get a little bread and butter knife and they could carve out images yes but it's really hard to just carve out with your finger however if you leave the bar soap in the bathtub all night long the next morning you'll pull it out it's very soggy you could get that same finger and run it right through and half the bar of soap would be spread apart that means a great cataclysmic event has altered the the erosion process like the great flood that is catastrophism of course whether or not it's only six thousand years old or not that could be debated but that is catastrophism when i was teaching middle school for the very first time it was a middle and high school combined many years ago i put the book opened up on geology it was a religious very concerned religious based institution not the religion was conservative but the uh the school wasn't conservative i opened it up and it had me teach about catastrophism i'm like but i don't believe in this and they're like i don't care all right oh i should have said i don't believe but i do anyway what is the opposite now before we talk about that let's talk about the theories behind newton and buffon the double phone we talked about and they said there's a newton now the comet struck the sun i don't know when but it did comic strikes comet struck the sun and a big piece of the sun broke off and then it started to rotate kind of like if you're trying to make peanut butter cookies and you get a big old ball and then you rub it in your hands until it's nice and perfectly round then you put it on the cookie sheet i'd like some cookies now and smoosh it down that's what i'm talking about how long it takes to rotate until it becomes a nice round ball i don't know but then it starts to cool off how long does it take to cool off here's the way you find that out you get a small metal sphere and you determine the distance uh between the size of the earth and the small metal sphere then you put it in the fire until it's red hot then you take it out and you measure how long it takes to make it cool enough that you can touch it and then you multiply that by the difference between the size of that sphere and the sun and then you come up with the idea that it is 50 000 years old that's much longer than the idea of catastrophism count de buffon did the same uh um uh whatever you call it and he found that nope nope nope it is much much older 74 832 years old well scientists today say no you're both wrong it's 4.543 billion years old wow in other words it's much older well how can we account for that right well first of all here's some overview of what i just said number one the age of the earth is much older number two in this old earth animals migrated and adapted to their environment producing new varieties as opposed to all species created by god as linnaeus had argued how does this work there must be some sort of evolution well the person that creates the uh supporting for this is charles lyell the opposite of catastrophism therefore is uniformitarianism i will always remember my very first exam in my geology class in college was what is the principle of uniformitarianism the the question on it was that a b c or d right ah that was a long time ago he wrote a book on the principles of geology so he was a geologist and he discovered that uniformitarianism the processes at work today such as erosion has been at work since the beginning of time it's the opposite of catastrophism you could determine here's his example uh the bar soap would not change form bar soap would be different he said that doesn't count that's not a rock right if you get a little inch uh tall rock and you determine how long it would take to erode water through that inch tall rock and then you multiply it by the size of the grand canyon for example you could determine how old the grand canyon was i'm that was my term paper when i was a an undergrad in my job to class in case you're wondering anyway so he refused to discuss the origins of the earth but he argued there are uniform principles that will never never change today tomorrow or forever that's important he is going to be important for the uh i promise for charles darwin promise i'll come back to that so think about uniformitarianism and write charles lyell down and we'll come back to him in just two seconds charles darwin went to cambridge university his grandfather was a famous natural scientist because they don't come scientist natural historian very famous right they're about to start calling them scientists though by the way anyway and he went to college his dad wanted him to become a priest so he's going to have his dad married into a family that was very famous for making knockoff chinese porcelain he became a millionaire as a result of that anyway he did not want him to become a natural story some of your parents are like that right they're like i don't want you to whatever my parents didn't want me to take history well you never make money in history that's true but i like it anyway and he went to school and he studied under this famous guy stevens henslow and it's kind of like someday you'll say i studied under dr kim yeah sure you will anyway and he sat under him and the admiralty came to him said dr hensler we are going to have a voyage um around the globe but especially to map the southern part of south america i know you're busy but you have any recommendations of students that might want to take some time off to do this the long expedition it's like yes yes i do i have a student named charles charles is always on time he's always um paying attention he doesn't fall asleep in class or text the whole time and he actually you know does his work he would be great well he goes and asks his dad charles does if he can do it and his dad says absolutely not you cannot do this you're going to become a priest so he asked his grandfather his grandfather said let me handle this and he convinced his dad to say yes yeah more of the story if your dad says no ask your granddad maybe he can persuade him anyway so he goes on this voyage uh on the beagle five-year voyage sounds like a great trip to me and i don't know exactly how this happened but while he was on his voyage he writes to his teacher now you guys can always write to me especially if it's with paper and pen i love paper and ben or emails or whatever but beside the point and he says listen i heard that charles lyell remember him talked about him came uh up with the second and third volume of his book do you think you could get a hold of it and send it to me and i guess he said yes probably because his his uh he probably just had his dad's take him over some money since he's a millionaire here's the money for it anyway so if you guys want to give me money i'll take him anyway charles lyell had noted in the book that he received now from his teacher that over time new species of animals have been emerging and others have gone extinct hey in other words i'm trying to spell out that charles darwin's ideas came from the principle of uniformitarianism and is not solely his none of our ideas are 100 percent our own that i'm aware of they come from something else our influences or our history one of the other people that influenced especially lyell which influenced charles darwin was jean pachiste lamarck he came up in zoology with the principle here of uh inheriting species now that's not the official term a camera of the official terminus he ignored the idea of species right did i say inheriting species inheriting characteristics i meant to say it's right here and argue the offspring will inherit the characteristics of parents animals adapt to their environment there's a little semblance of truth but there's a lot of falsehood in this case a horse for example wants to get at for some reason wants to get out leaves so he stretches his next stick of the leaves their children offspring colts are going to therefore be born with long necks next and they will stretch their legs and their children will be born with long necks that's like in two generations that does not happen also with this idea is if you are abusive your children will inherit the characteristic to be abusive this will be influential in a theory called eugenics which will be especially important in the 1920s america and the 1930s and 40s germany although different extremes of eugenics for sure but in this case you're not going to inherit the characteristics of your parents if your parents are alcoholics you will not become an alcoholic because of your genes now you might they might give you alcohol and you say i'm going to drink this well that's something else right but if they're abusive you won't inherit the abuse either you could inherit something such as uh i need to go to a counselor and talk to that person to deal with your problems but you do not inherit those characteristics so jean-baptiste lamarck a zoologist influences charles leo who creates the theory of uniformitarianism which in turn was a key influence for charles darwin that's what i'm saying right here darwin will write from long continued observation from the habits of animals and plants that i once struck me that under these circumstances favorable variations would tend to be preserved and unfavorable ones destroyed the result of this would be the formation of new species evolution that's what i'm talking about now he comes back now if i went back to here i'll say he comes back from his voyage and right down here 1836 his book is going to not be until 1859. in fact another movie that you could watch is going to be called [Music] gettysburg it's very long and i fell asleep in the middle but in this a lot of the southern generals are talking about this new book that they got called um oh my gosh charles darwin the origin of species right what do you think about this new idea right they're talking about it it's very interesting anyway but back to this alfred russell wallace he is a kind of a nut job nonetheless right he wrote a book and he sent it to charles darwin in this book he actually quotes thomas robert malthus i wanted to talk about him for two seconds right malthus had written an essay on the principle of population and this idea was that on this earth i mean think about this with the current pandemic on this earth there's um only going to be allowed to live so many people if there are more people than the environment can hold then mother nature or somebody god i don't know something is going to come to get rid of some of the excess populations in other words you're going to have to cull the population because there's too much of it and that the earth cannot survive with all those people on it so it gets rid of some of them now that is not what's going on with the pandemic but it's an interesting thought and he read this and he said why do some die and some live the answer to this was clearly that on the whole the best fitted to live the whole the best fitted live it suddenly flashed upon me that the self-acting process would necessarily improve the race because in every generation the inferior would inevitably be killed off and the superior would remain that is the fittest would survive hey that's that term survival of the fittest so if you look right here the book by charles darwin on the origin of species by means of natural selection the fittest will survive survival of the fittest or he says the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life excellent that is what i'm talking about here charles darwin in 1859 once he realized that somebody else was going to beat him to the punch publishes his book you know sometimes you only publish one or two books in your life and you become world famous maybe i should publish another book and become world famous here's an image of him that somebody thought to me i think it's interesting personally because i like to study religion that at this time nobody thought it was wrong