arando huran biology and Medicine videos please make sure to subscribe join the foring group for the latest videos please visit Facebook arando huran and here you can like please ask questions answer some questions and post some interesting things such as artworks it'd be greatly appreciated and you can also change the quality settings to the highest one for better graphics and in this video we're going to talk about nephology about the kidneys the nephrons Etc and so we have this person with an open abdominal cavity and this is where the kidneys are situated as well as other functional organs now if we zoom into the abdominal here the open abdominal we can see two kidneys we have each two kidneys the left one being SL slightly higher than the right and above the kidneys we have adrenal glands and these adrenal glands secrete hormones now the kid the kidneys normal function is to produce urine which then travels through through the urer into the urethra where it can then be expelled by our body either through the penis or the vagina now also we have the archeries the big aorta which supplies our kidneys and others organs around it and then we have the inferior venina CA which blings the brings the blood back to the heart now let's zoom into one of these kidneys and look at its Anatomy briefly so we're looking at the left kidney here with a cross-sectional view so we know that the kidney produces urine but why does it produce urine well the it does this because the kidneys regulate the pH the volume and composition of the blood and so it also eliminates nitrogenous waste via urine and it also has another function in that it secretes a particular hormone ithr protin which I will not discuss in this video now the main structures of the kidneys we have the renal cortex the outer part section of the kidney and then we have the Rena medala the inner part of the kidney and then we have the renal pyramids of this this of the medala and pyramids are only situated in the Medela usually and then we have the renal pelvis which connects to the urer so again the kidneys has a superficial cortex and a deeper Medela consisting mainly of Medela pyramids and now the kidneys have a very rich blood supply because this is how the kidneys Reg ulate the blood pH volume and composition now the the artery which brings blood into the kidneys is called the renal artery most important thing about the kidney is that they contain what's called nephrons which are situated in the renal cortex and in the renom Medela and these nephrons are the functional unit of kidneys and we have many many many many nephrons about one and a one and a half million per kidney and the and the Nephron are the ones that actually filtrate reabsorb and secrete substances to to make urine um to be expelled by the body and so they are the ones that help regulate blood pH composition and volume so nephrons are the big deal now here you can see this is the head of the nefron and it continues down to form a loop and it forms a loop within the Medela the renal Medela and as you can see here's a realen cortex and we have blood supply coming into the head of the ne because blood begins getting filtered in the head of the nefron which then all the substances which have been filtered then travels through the nephron through here following this route and then out through this long vertical tube known as a collecting duck now let's just concentrate on the blood supply again to the kidneys remember that the aorta is the big artery which then will form the renal artery which supplies the kidneys the blood will then travel to uh essentially the afren arterials at the very end and the afren arterials is what goes into this head of the nefron known as the Ral cor pusle which consists of the glomular capsule the outer part of the head and most importantly the glomerulus that is a really difficult word to say and the glomerulus is formed from the afren arterials and this is where filtration occurs and then after this the glomerulus will form the errant arterials which leaves the nefron essentially this blue thing now the function of the nefron as I mentioned is for filtration tub tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion which occurs all along the nefron except filtration which occurs at the glome Ulus so let's just say when the afren arterials brings blood to the renal cor pusle the glomular the glomus will then do filtration and then all the substances and water will then travel down through the nefron the first part it travels down through is called the proximal convulated tub which then travels to the loop of Henley this Loop and the loop of Henley consists of two parts the descending Loop and the ascending Loop of Henley the ascending Loop of Henley will then form the distal convol tubules where the blood will still be traveling the Dison Tule actually has to loop back to where the glomus was the renal corpuscle and we'll see the reason for this later on and essentially then the dis con Tule will then connect to to this vertical long tube known as a collecting duck which will then essentially connect to the urer which will then expel the urine out of the out of the kidneys out of the body now back to this diagram where the eant arterials brings blood back out of the the head of the nefron it then can form the vasor recta or it can form the renal vein essentially and then will form the inferior venina CA now this vasar recta only occurs only is present in certain types of nephrons and we'll get back to this soon but another important thing to remember is that each part of the nephron contains different types of cells and so let's just draw another diagram of these nephrons now here I will draw two types of nephrons because there are two main types of nephrons one which had which consists of the vasor recta the vein the special vein now this long looking nefron which dips down into the medala is known as the juxa medary nefron and it has a long Loop of Henley and it consists and it contains the vasor Rector vessels which I mentioned previously and this other one the short looking one which just dips to the Medela but is more prominent in the cortex is known as a cortical nefron and it has a short Loop of Henley and doesn't go deep into the Medela remember the blood travels towards the renal cor pusle which will then um where will then get filtrated in the glomus and all these substances and water will then travel through the nefron and be and reabsorption and secretion will occur which will then form urine and this urine will then travel down through the to the collecting duck into the ureer which will then be expelled by the body okay now I mentioned this earlier but kidneys have very rich blood supply and this is important in order to regulate the blood composition pH volume and to eliminate waste as well as for reabsorption and secretion all along the nefron and so basically the kidneys has a rich blood supply and this is because once the eant arterial leaves the renal cor pusle from the glal it will then begin wrapping around and basically traveling all through the nephron all along the nefron and this is in order to enable the nephron to perform reabsorption and secretion all along the nefron and once the the nefron has been reabsorbing and secreting all its substances into this capillary the capillary will then form the vein which will then form this bigger vein and essentially will form the renal vein and then we'll yeah continue on now the ju medary nefron is different to the cortical nefron in that it has a vasor recta and the vasera is also the the capillar capillary like structure which is formed after the eant arterials after the eant arterial leaves the renal cor pusle and what's important about visara is that it's sort of like a straight vessel and this enables uh some serious secretion and reabsorption of water down this uh big loop of Henley and so actually the vasor recta and juxa medary nefron are important in establishing the medary osmotic gradient and so helps in um essentially in water balance and to either make the urine concentrated or not as concentrated you can say finally we can look at the different types of cells all along the nefron let's begin with the collecting duct here and they consist of two types of cells mainly the cuboidal cells the principal cells and the intercalating cells and then let's look at the Loop of Henley The Loop of Henley has these thin segmented cells which are which which sort of epithelial like cells so it's very good for reabsorption and secretion and then let's go to the distal convulated tubules which consists of just your regular cubal cells and this can also perform reabsorption and secretion and then we have the proximal convoluted tubal cells which are also CU cuboidal cells but what's unique about them is that they have microvi on the surface and microvi are uh like finger-like projections which help in reabsorption and that's what they're important for and then we have the renal corpuscle which consists of the two main um things the glome capsule and the glomus itself now the glome capsule contains epithelial like cells very thin parial cells and the glomus contains these special cells known as poyes and they are attached onto basically the basement membrane of the glomerulus okay now let's zoom into the renal cor pusle here to put some of these cells into context the poyes the parietal cells for example so here we have the blood vessel coming into the Ral core pusle the afren um the affrant arterials brings in Blood and other substances into uh to form the glomerulus and then surrounding it we have the glomer capsule made up of parietal cells here and then these substances uh in the glomus will then get help get filtered by these special cells called poyes which are on the basement membranes and this area Here is known as a renal cor pusle where all this occurs and then the glomus and the renal corpuscle will then filtrate all these substances and bring it towards the proximal conate tubules which are made up up up of these cuboidal like cells with microvi on the top and once filtration has occurred within the glomus and this sort of capsule like structure the Bowman's capsule but we'll talk about that later on uh the glomus will then form the errant arterials which will then bring blood out and so the GL the glomus or which forms a Bowman's capsule which I'll talk about in the next video is for filtration in the next video we're going to talk about the physiology of the nephrons and all other interesting stuff that occurs there hope you enjoyed it please like comment and please provide feedback if possible thank you very much