Observational Learning (Modeling) - Psychology 2e

Learning Objectives

• Define observational learning
• Discuss the steps in the modeling process
• Explain the prosocial and antisocial effects of observational learning

Overview

• Observational learning: learning by watching others and imitating their actions.
• Involves specific neurons known as mirror neurons.
• Can be observed in humans and animals.

Examples of Observational Learning

• Chimpanzee Study:
  • Two groups given juice boxes.
  • "Dippers" observed "suckers" and switched to the more efficient method of sucking directly through the straw.
• Claire's Experience:
  • Her daughter imitated her aggressive behavior (beating son with a belt), leading Claire to change her discipline methods.

Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)

• Differences from strict behaviorism: incorporates cognitive processes.
• Observational learning involves more than imitation.

Ways Observational Learning Occurs

1. Learning a new response by observing consequences (e.g., avoidance of behavior causing punishment).
2. Imitating successful behaviors observed in others.
3. Learning general rules applicable in various situations.

Types of Models (Bandura)

• Live model: Demonstrates behavior in person.
• Verbal instructional model: Explains or describes behavior.
• Symbolic model: Real or fictional characters in media demonstrating behaviors.

Steps in the Modeling Process

1. Attention: Focus on the model.
2. Retention: Remember the observed behavior.
3. Reproduction: Ability to replicate the behavior.
4. Motivation: Desire to imitate, influenced by observed consequences (vicarious reinforcement/punishment).

Implications and Effects of Modeling

• Prosocial Effects:
  • Positive behaviors can be encouraged (e.g., reading, healthy living).
  • Children mimic observed behaviors, including morals and values.
  • Influential figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Gandhi as prosocial models.
• Antisocial Effects:
  • Negative behaviors such as violence can be learned.
  • Connection between abuse as a child and becoming an abusive adult.
  • Media violence may correlate with increased aggression.

Research on Media and Aggression

• Studies show a potential causal link between media violence and aggressive behavior.
• Other studies suggest additional factors (mental health, family life) also play a role.
• Concerns about desensitization to violence due to media exposure.

Discussion

• Ongoing debate on the impact of violent media and video games on behavior.
• Some studies suggest a strong link while others point out the need to consider additional risk factors.