Okay, we are already done with your three first properties of the soap. Now let's proceed to the rest of the properties of a soap. So we have here solubility. Now when it comes to the solubility, all we have to do is to somehow focus more on the formation of whether that is a solid or hard soap or even liquid soap. Just remember.
that if we utilize sodium hydroxide, we are going to form sodium salts. These are soaps made from sodium. And accordingly, they are going to form hard soaps or the ones with solid phase.
On the other hand, if we utilize potassium hydroxide, so we are going to form potassium soaps. Many of them are usually more soluble in water hence they are going to to form the liquid soaps. Maybe some of you might be confused how come you're able to generate a solid one and yet you utilize potassium hydroxide.
It's because there are also other factors that can affect saponification process wherein we will discuss that one later. On the other hand, we have your hard water so um i want to include this because this has something to do on the capability of soap when it will be utilized in water because we know that for cleaning procedures aside from soap, we need water. Now, sometimes if you are going to utilize soap and dissolve that in water, there are other instances that your soap product can be easily dissolved in water wherein it can easily form bubbles and so forth.
In other instances, um it is quite harder to somehow dissolve that soap in water. And that type of water is known to be hard water. Now, what makes water hard water? Okay, in certain instances, there are certain water sources that have high amounts of calcium ions or magnesium ions.
So you have your calcium ion or even the magnesium ion. Okay These are Yeah taken from different sources. So if there are too much concentration of these two or any of these two, that will be regarded as a hard water. And then if we have a hard water, it is very hard for the soap to lather and as a result, the cleaning efficiency will be affected. Now to identify if that water is hard usually there will be white deposits around the faucets or even the barrels at the bottom of the barrels.
There will be white deposits there indicating that these are the high ions that are hardened after a certain period of time. So we are done here with your properties of soap. Let's proceed to your other factors for the saponification.
So in this case, there are three factors. that might influence the process. Number one is the type of fat or oil.
Now we'll categorize this into two whether that is saturated and unsaturated. Remember that in your lecture when we talk about saturated all carbon to carbon bonds are single so that is also applicable here. On the other hand for unsaturated oils some carbon to carbon bonds could be double-banded.
Okay, so remember that we have your glycerol or yes, your glycerol and triacylglycerol or triglyceride. So for example, we have your glycerol backbone here and they are connected with your fatty acids. Okay, they are connected with the fatty acids.
So sometimes there are cases that all carbon to carbon bonds here are single that is saturated. On the other cases, one of the carbon to carbon bonds could be double. So if you utilize the saturated fats, they produce harder soaps.
So when we talk about harder soaps, they could be solid. On the other hand, if we utilize unsaturated oils, they will yield softer soaps. It could be more on the liquid phase.
So that explains why. Even though you utilize KOH expecting that it is a liquid soap, but if you utilize a saturated fat like lard, for example, most likely that will affect also the texture of your soap. It will be yielding a solid one instead of a liquid face.
On the other hand, we have also temperature. Temperature is also very important during the saponification process. why during this saponification process aside from adding the glycerol as well as your let's say aside from adding your triacyl glycerol or triglyceride to your potassium hydroxide for example you are going you are required to heat the mixture so temperature is very vital there because at higher temperature or during the heating process it will accelerate or it will speed up the process of hydrolysis.
The hydrolysis here will become faster as a result the saponification becomes faster as well. However, it should be controlled at a proper temperature. Why?
Because at very very high temperatures it will destroy or decompose the certain compounds instead. So instead of forming the desirable products we are going to yield other undesirable products Now we have the last part, concentration of the alkali or that is the concentration of the potassium hydroxide or the concentration of the sodium hydroxide. Make sure to always control the amount of these bases to be added. Why?
Remember that we have your residual alkalis wherein these are the bases that remain and will not undergo a reaction and they will remain in the soap. And there is a problem if there is too much residual alkali in your soap. Remember that if they are highly basic, they can also cause irritation or burning sensation to the skin.
So it should be proper amount of alkali to be added in order to ensure the complete hydrolysis of your triglyceride. But if there is excess, there will be too much residual alkali. and as a result, you're so can cause burning sensation to the skin or irritating sensations to the skin. So as much as possible you should avoid that. And we are done with saponification or experiment number nine.