Overview
This lecture covers the four major biomolecules essential for life, their building blocks (monomers), functions, and core structural elements.
The Concept of Monomers
- A monomer is a building block that makes up larger biomolecules.
- Understanding monomers helps explain the composition of biomolecules.
The Four Major Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates provide a quick source of energy for the body.
- Common food sources include pasta and bread.
- The monomer of carbohydrates is called a monosaccharide.
Lipids
- Lipids (fats) serve as long-term energy storage and insulation.
- Examples include butter, oil, and cholesterol.
- Lipids have two types of monomers: fatty acids and glycerol.
- Lipids are important for cell membrane structure.
Proteins
- Proteins are essential for muscle building, immune function, and as enzymes.
- Foods rich in protein include meats and beans.
- The monomer of proteins is the amino acid.
- Proteins are coded by DNA and are vital for body structure and function.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transmit genetic information.
- Their monomer is a nucleotide.
- All living things, including foods from plants and animals, contain nucleic acids.
Structure and Elements in Biomolecules
- The structure of biomolecules affects their properties and functions.
- Use the mnemonic: CHO (carbs), CHO (lipids), CHON (proteins), CHONP (nucleic acids).
- C: carbon, H: hydrogen, O: oxygen, N: nitrogen, P: phosphorus.
- Arrangement of these elements (rings, chains) determines biomolecule behavior.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Monomer — a single building block of a biomolecule.
- Monosaccharide — monomer of carbohydrates.
- Fatty Acid/Glycerol — building blocks of lipids.
- Amino Acid — monomer of proteins.
- Nucleotide — monomer of nucleic acids.
- Enzyme — a type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions.
- CHONP — mnemonic for elements found in biomolecules: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Research and review illustrations of biomolecule structures to understand their arrangements.
- Memorize the CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP mnemonic for quick recall.