there welcome to 9th and 10 channels I'm your teacher Ankita and I welcome you in today's very very special session in today's session we will be discussing about the whole chapter in just under 15 minutes so please make sure to stay with us till the end and the chapter that we'll be discussing of course is the name of very very important chapter from the class 9 biology and it's the fundamental unit of life it's very important so let's quickly get started we're starting with the self history when we talk about the self history we go back into the time when the first cell was discovered it was discovered by Robert Hooke in the year 1665 it's a very important here so please make sure to remember it but the cell that he discovered right or he saw was a dead cell later of course we have liebenhawk who's the first living cell is super important then we have the cell theory now the cell theory has three important postulates given by the three very important scientists we have the names we have Sean skelden and we have rodolf Wilco so remember the postulates so uh Swan and Sheldon gave the cell theory and they have a two important postulates which were that all the living organisms are made up of cells and that cells are the structure and the fundamental unit of life later Rudolph are a very important Point stating that that all the cells it comes right from the pre-existing cells so these are the three important points that we have in the cell theory so please make sure to remember all of these points and the name of the scientist now we have talked about the cell history right let's understand that why we call cell as a structural and the fundamental unit of line or why they are really very important let's understand what are their function when we talk about the cells they perform various important function to to keep all the living organisms living first it caused the help in obtaining of the food utilization of the nutrition production of the energy removal of the waste and so much more so inside a cell what we have is a series of a chemical reaction that is happening continuously so that we can call us as living we obtain nutrition we have the digestion process there's a production of the energy removal of the waste and various other important processes that is a very important functions all of these are very important functions of the cells and this is a reason why we call cell as a structural and the fundamental unit of life it's because of the cell that we are living organisms are actually living so do remember the important functions of the cell moving further when we talk about right we have different types of organisms now we have two different types we have unicellular and multicellular now the word uni over here means single cell so if there's only one cell that can that it can easily perform all of these functions we call it as a unicellular organism and we have the easiest example for it for all of us to remember and the example is amoeba so in unicellular organism we just have one single cell organism and multicellular organism we have the cells which are more than two when these cells would be combined together of course they'll be forming the multicellular organisms all together and of course we are the example of it so we will be learning ahead in the next chapter that how the cells comes together and form the tissues tissues comes together from the organs organs comes together from the organ systems and ultimately the organism so we have two different types of organisms we have unicellular organisms like amoeba multicellular organisms like humans so do remember this now that we are clear uh we have different types of organism based upon the number of the cells they have we will be discussing more further about the different types of cells right and in this particular chapter we'll be taking a look at the cell components and we will discussing about the tides of the cell so we are clear about the types of organisms Now quickly let's take a understanding uh and let's understand more about the types of cells so we have two different types of living cells right when we talk about it we have prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells now prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells prokaryotic cells are the cells which does not have the genetic material inside a membrane we have the example of the bacteria and we call those cells as the prokaryotic cell it's a very very important thing for all of us to remember the very important difference that we have between the prokaryotic and the eukaryotic so in prokaryotic of course the genetic material is fully suspended in the cytoplasm of the cell and we have the example for that is the bacteria and then of course we have the eukaryotic cells over here we have and eukaryotic cells are the cells that have the genetic material intact inside a membrane that is of course we have in Us in plants which type of cells we have we have the eukaryotic cells so there are two different types of cells we have prokaryotic cells and the eukaryotic cells so remember that now we'll be going further and discussing the cell components so here let's talk about the cell component the first important cell component that we have is the cell membrane so cell membrane of course right is the outer barrier that if we have right it is the outer membrane that actually separates the internal environment from the outside environment and inside this only we have all the important cell organelles all the components of the cell are present inside the cell membrane this is very very important when we talk about the cell membrane right it actually helped in the transportation in that also we have two different types of transportation we have active Transportation which requires the energy and then we have the passive Transportation which does not require the energy under that we have diffusion and osmosis so let's quickly understand what is diffusion and what is osmosis diffusion is nothing when we will see the molecules of water and in the gas right what we saw the liquid and the gas where we will see the molecules moving from the higher concentration to the lower concentration we call it as a diffusion whereas osmosis is a movement of of the water specifically of the water from the higher concentration to the lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane now let's understand about this word semi-permeable semi-permeable over here means that only few molecules will be able to move through it right it's semi-permeable right so in a case of the osmosis of course or water molecules will be able to move through it right based upon the solute and solvent concentration so solvent of cos is the water and solute could be like salt or the sugar so when we add these into the water definitely the concentration is changing and it will be uh if we have a membrane or that the movement that we are seeing we'll see the movement Happening Now based upon that we have different types of solutions right and that actually moves based upon the concentration that we have we have hypertonic solution where of course the water from the cell will move out so the water will move out in this and the cell will shrink so in the hypertonic solution we will see that the cell will shrink hypertonic mean the cell will shrink and they will lose out the water that means that inside there inside the cell they have more water and outside they have more of solute so in the water we have more of salt or the sugar right and inside the cell we have more of water that's why the cell are losing the water up and the cell will shrink in the hypotonic solution we will see that the cell will swell up they will take up the water inside so in a case of a raisin right what happens if we have a reason which is kind of shrinked right if we add into the water after some time what we will see they will swell up so that's the hypotonic solution and then we have the isotonic solution where we'll see the equal movement of the molecules so this is really very important for all of us to understand it's a very important concept which is usually as in the examination also please do remember this so that's about the cell membrane one of the important thing about the cell membrane is that the cell membrane um is made up of the phospholipids it has a bilayer of it now moving ahead let's talk about the cytoplasm so cytoplasm is the fluid is J like Constitution and of course it has um all these cell organelles are floating into it and of course uh various biochemical reactions takes place in the cytoplasm moving further we have the cell organelles so we're starting with the nucleus now nucleus is also called as the center of the cell of the brain of the cell because it contains the genetic material all the important functions right all the important activities are controlled by the nucleus nucleus has a nuclear membrane over here it has the nuclear envelope or the nuclear membrane inside it we have the nucleoplasm then of course at the center we have the nucleolus which uh plays a very important role in the synthesis of RNA right or ribosomes right and we know that these ribosomes are present on the ER that actually help in the synthesis of protein inside the nucleoplasm we have the thread-like structure which are called as the chromatin the chromatin are made up of the DNA and the protein when they condense together they form a very interesting and super important structure that we only see during the cell division and that we call them as the chromosome and when we untangle them or when we unwind them we'll be able to see the structure which is DNA that is the genetic material in majority of the living organism very very important now the full form of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid and that is a genetic material that we humans have that's all about the nucleus moving the head to the next one of course we have the mitochondria mitochondria is called as a Powerhouse of the cell it is where we'll see the synthesis of ATP this is very important to remember that ATP is in size in the mitochondria and ATP is called as the energy currency of the cell mitochondria has two layers right over here they have inner membrane and outer membrane they have their own DNA and of course their ribosome that doesn't mean that they can produce their own proteins further let's talk about a very important organelle which is very close to the nucleus that is the ER we have two different types of er when we talk about we have smooth ER and Rafia rer that is a rough endoplasmic reticulum have ribosomes and they actually help in the senses of protein then we have uh uh then we have of course the smooth ER right ser they don't have the uh they don't have these ribosomes right and ribosomes are over here and of course we have the smooth ER and uh which does not have the ribosomes and they actually help in the synthesis of lipids now both the uh lipids and the proteins comes together and help in the very important process called as a membrane biogenesis that actually help in the manufacturing of the plasma membrane talking about the manufacturing right the molecules the protein the protein and the lipids that are coming from the ER has to come to a unit where it gets packed and moved to different parts of the cells and that is a very important role performed by the important organum which is the Golgi apparatus the Golgi apparatus plays a very important role and also called as a postman of the cell it receives the packages from the ER it packed them modify them store them and then help with the transportation to different parts of the cell after that we have a very important organelle which has actually been made by the Golgi apparatus and we call it digestive sag bags right because they have the digestive enzymes and they actually keep a check on the Ronald cells or if any of the organisms or something is not working correctly with the cells these enzymes will take care of it lysosomes are also called as a side bags of the cells because of a very special reason just in case the cell is not working you know working fine and if the cell is there's something wrong with the cell these lysosomes will release their digestive juices which will end up taking the life of the cell that is a reason we call lysosomes as a society bags of the cell very important question moving further let's quickly talk about the plastid now plastids are only present in the plant cells and we have different types of plastids altogether we have chloroplasts which have the green color pigment we have chromoplas which have the various reddish yellowish color pigment and then we have the leukoplast which does not have a pigment actually help in the storage of the oil starch plus it is also called as a kitchen of the cell chloroplast remember that chloroplast is called as a kitchen of the cell moving further let's talk about the vacuole now vacuole is a very very important storage Sac structure that is present both in the plant cells and in the animal cell in plant cells definitely it occupies much larger space and an animal cells it occupies a very small space in plant cells will have one very huge vacuole whereas in the animal cells will have small small mini vacuoles but that's a very important role of this when moving further let's talk about one of the important part that we have that is a cell wall now cell wall is freely permeable that means that it allows all the molecules to pass through it cell wall is very much rigid provides the rigidity to the plant cells and cell borders only present in the plant cells and not in the animal cells so that's all about the important organelles moving further we have very very important thing which is the end or the last part of this chapter that is the cell division now we have two types of cell division that we have mentioned in our book which is mitosis and meiosis in mitosis we we see that the cells will be producing the exact copy of themselves so if we have one cell that will produce in the two daughter cells and of course they will be the identical copies we have that in our body in our skin cells and different other parts where we see the continuous repair then we have meiosis which happens in The Germ cells right such as ovum or the sperm in the meiosis the daughter cells that are usually from have half the number of the chromosome as of the parent cell now we have these two important cell division that we have in our syllabus we'll be learning more about them in detail in the upcoming classes right and in the in in your higher studies so with this when we talk about we have started the whole chapter in just under 15 minutes so I hope that you've enjoyed this session please make sure to hit the like button for the video please make sure to subscribe to the channel and share this video with your friends please do write in the comment section and do let us know I uh if you have enjoyed this video we'll be waiting really very soon on that note do take care of yourself and keep on learning with by juice bye bye