Overview
This lecture introduces the viola, comparing it to the violin, explaining its role in the orchestra, playing techniques, and its evolving part in orchestral music.
The Viola: Instrument Overview
- The viola is similar to the violin but is about 1–1.5 inches longer.
- Its longer string length produces a lower sound than the violin.
- It shares the A, D, and G strings with the violin but adds a low C string, one octave below middle C.
- The viola sits in the orchestral range between violins (high) and cellos/basses (low).
Playing Techniques
- Standard playing uses a bow for legato (smooth) and separate (detached) notes.
- Techniques include playing off the string (spiccato), ricochet (bouncing bow), and using the bow’s wood for percussive effects.
- Ponticello (playing near the bridge) creates an icy sound; sul tasto (over the fingerboard) creates a softer sound.
- Plucking the strings is called pizzicato; Bartók pizzicato is a snap pizzicato.
- Contemporary music may require knocking on the wood or playing behind the bridge.
Bowing and Articulation
- The bow is heavier at the frog (base) than the tip, affecting sound dynamics.
- Down bows produce heavier notes, up bows lighter notes.
- Multiple consecutive down bows may be used for passages with repeated heavy notes.
Role in the Orchestra & Repertoire
- Traditionally, the viola doubled bass lines, filled harmonies, and coupled with second violins, rarely carrying the melody.
- Composers began creating more significant viola parts, including solos and melodies (e.g., Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique).
- Modern composers write freely for the viola, introducing solos and removing restrictions on its role.
- The viola is central in the orchestra’s string section.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Legato — smoothly connected notes.
- Spiccato — fast, bouncing bow strokes.
- Ponticello — playing near the bridge for a cold sound.
- Sul tasto — playing over the fingerboard for a soft sound.
- Pizzicato — plucking the string with fingers.
- Bartók pizzicato — snapping the string against the fingerboard.
- Frog — the weighted end of the bow held by the player.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Explore the Orchestra iPad app for interactive learning about orchestral instruments.
- Review how different bowing and playing techniques affect tone and articulation.