A papal conclave is a gathering of the College of Cardinals to elect the bishop of Rome (the pope).
The pope is considered the apostolic successor of Saint Peter and the earthly head of the Catholic Church.
It is the oldest method of electing a head of state still in use today.
Historical Development
Early Developments
Initially, bishops, including the bishop of Rome, were elected by clergy and laity consensus.
In 1059, the College of Cardinals was designated the sole body of electors.
By 1274, conclaves were mandated to be held in seclusion until a new pope was elected.
Reforms and Changes
1621: Gregory XV requires a two-thirds majority for election.
1970: Pope Paul VI limits electors to cardinals under 80 years of age.
2007 & 2013: Amendments by Pope Benedict XVI to the election procedures.
Modern Practice
Election Process
The conclave is held in the Sistine Chapel, and the electors are housed in Domus Sanctae Marthae.
Voting is secret and involves multiple rounds if necessary, with a two-thirds majority required for election.
Fumata (smoke signals) indicate election results: black for no decision, white for a successful election.
Procedures
Upon the pope's death, the camerlengo verifies the death and takes possession of the Ring of the Fisherman.
Cardinals gather for the conclave, and voting occurs under strict confidentiality.
Electors include all cardinals under 80; a maximum of 120 cardinals can participate.
Voting Phases
Pre-scrutiny: Preparation of ballots.
Scrutiny: Casting and counting of votes.
Post-scrutiny: Verification and burning of ballots.
Fumata: Smoke signal to announce election results.
Acceptance and Proclamation
The newly elected pope is asked if he accepts the role and chooses a papal name.
The election is announced publicly with the phrase "Habemus Papam" (We have a pope).
Relevant Papal Documents
Universi Dominici gregis: Governs modern conclave procedures.
In nomine Domini (1059): Established early voting rules.
Aeterni Patris Filius (1621): Reiterated two-thirds voting requirement.
Cultural Influence
Papal conclaves have been portrayed in films like "Angels & Demons" and "Conclave".
Conclusion
The conclave is a highly structured process that blends ancient traditions with modern rules, maintaining the secrecy and solemnity needed for electing the leader of the Catholic Church.