okay so um any questions or anything we've been talking about uh all right the the last uh comment I should have said uh in terms of uh the saturated and unsaturated fats and then we're going to move on to other types of lipids is we might ask the following question do we even need fats in our diet at all the answer is yes emphatically yes but the only essential fats that we require are unsaturated fats and what foods are the best source of the unsaturated fats plants all right so in other words you don't have to be a meat eater at all there's nothing we don't need saturated fats at all okay but we do need unsaturated fats and the only way the major sources of unsaturated fats come from plants uh whether it's grains ve vegetables fruits and so on uh all right uh another category of lipids are prostaglandins prostaglandins belong to a larger category of molecules collectively called ioso uh now what are prostag glands before I explain what they are uh let's look at what a a picture of what a prostag looks like if you look on the previous page A8 on the bottom of A8 this is a prostag glanded now really there's a whole family of prostag glanded molecules uh this particular one is labeled pg1 prostag glandon E1 there's a whole bunch of others what is it basically it's these are just two long fatty acids a fatty acid we know is just a long chain of carbon atoms with a bunch of hydrogens attached so here they are these are two fatty acids that are linked together looped together at this end now how they got the name prostag glanded is because they were first discovered I think this is around the60s 1960s they were first discovered in the prostate gland of gu so they were called prostag glanded from prostate gland that has nothing to do with what their function is that's just the first place they located them uh we know that prostag glin are all over the place and here's what they are all about what they're for so on page A9 uh prostate glands are released from cells that are injured when cells are injured they release these chemicals called prostag glin so any injured cell releases Pros glanded chemicals how does this work when cells are injured it shakes up their cell membrane now what's the cell membrane mostly made ofid phospholipids a type of fat a phospholipid and when these cell membranes are disrupted injured uh it there's an activation of an enzyme called phospholipase now does phospholipase from its name sound like it might act on phospholipids and how would you know it's the name of an enzyme it en in a ASC so this enzyme is activated and it converts some of the phospholipids in the cell membrane into prostaglandins all right so fine prostag gland phospholipids are turned into prostag glands and released from the cell so what what do prostate glands do they cause inflammation we're going to learn a lot more about inflammation some of you may have learned a little bit about inflammation or the non-specific immune response in microbiology did I recommend taking that before this class yes I did all right so uh we will have a lot more to say about it but for right now we'll simply say the prostate lanin along with a bunch of other chemicals contribute to this inflammatory response which is characterized by redness warmth swelling and pain those are four classical signs of inflammation redness disarmed swelling of pain now we'll learn more about how prostag glamin cause this and what the purpose of the red disarmed and swelling and pain are they do have a purpose uh but we'll get to that later uh let me give you two quick examples though of this what I've just described let's imagine that you're hammering a nail right you got a hammer pounding a nail the hammer misses the head of the nail and slams right into your thumb have you injured your thumb you've injured your thumb you've injured your cells what do injured cells do and start releasing these prostag glants what do the prostag glants cause inflammation within a matter of moments your thumb's turning all red it's feeling all warm it's swelling up in it's certain like hell we say it's inflamed all right that's prostate glands along with some other chemicals are causing that to happen now again there's a reason for it but I'll get to the reason it another time let let me give you a second example let's imagine this time it's not that you're hammering your finger but you have strep throat all right and what's strep throat what is stre throat you have a bacterial infection strepto cacus pyogenes right beta hemolytic streptococus infection so so uh you have a strepto caco infection a bacterial infection now what's wrong with bacteria so why why why what's the problem of having these strepto caco bacteria in your throat to the body because bacteria are living things you'd say yeah so all living things need food you'd say okay so bacteria in your throat they need food what are they going to eat you they're a parasite you are their meal they're looking around I'll be a potum a bacteria and I'm hungry what am I going to eat I'm going to eat you I'm surrounded by you so they start eating your throat cells so as they start to feed on your cells their parasites are they injuring your cells yes what do injured cells do they release prostag glants what do prostaglandins cause your throat starts to get all red warm swollen and hurts like hell that's a sore throat yeah that's the swelling is a so so uh we're going to learn what the purpose of all that is but that's an example of again your we'd say your throat is inflamed not not because you injured it of trauma injury but physical injury but because of an infection so anything that injures your body can lead to inflammation whether it's physical injury physical trauma or whether it's an infection we have a lot more to say about that now uh these two first two examples I've given you uh the area gets inflamed like you hit your thumb and then it's going to heal the inflammation will go down as the cells heal they stop releasing prostate Landin and when there's less prostate Lins the inflammation subsides when you have that strep throat so you take a moxacin takes a penicillin that kills the bacteria your cells start to heal they stop releasing prostate glands the inflammation the redness swelling pain subsides sometimes though there's chronic inflammation an example of chronic inflammation would be arthritis itis means inflammation that's what itis means arthritis is inflammation of the joints there are different types of arthritis if you had me for anatomy in my anatomy class I present three different categories of arthritis osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis gouty arthritis everything in medicine is multifactorial there's nothing that's simple everything is multi very multiple uh multiple factors and complex but uh let's just keep it simple one of the common types of arthritis one of the more common types technically called osteoarthritis is where you get chronic inflammation of a joint that's been repeatedly injured so athletes who repeatedly have injured their knee it reaches a point where instead of in getting inflamed and healing where it stops being inflamed it just stays chronically inflamed so now this person has chronic arthritis their joint their knee joint for example is just chronically in pain and swollen and in pain so if somebody does have chronic inflammation it's not helping whatever benefit inflammation might have been it's certainly not helping now because it's chronic it's not going away it's not getting better so what they commonly will give them are NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs well from its name anti-inflammatory drug that should reduce inflammation now what's an example of an NS a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug aspirin and AD aspirin is the Original Classic nsid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Advil was a brand name for ibuprofen I there's a lot of brand names those of you going into Pharmacy you going to learn 3,000 drug names I know 500 you'll know 3,000 all right so uh the uh IBU Pro there's many brands of ibuprofen Motrin is another brand of ibuprofen just like Advil there's a whole bunch of these uh the uh so these are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs how do they work they actually prevent the formation of prostaglandins by preventing the formation of prostaglandins therefore this injured cell which is injured it's chronically injured and it keeps releasing prostate gland and causing chronic inflammation they want to turn that in uh inflammation off it's not getting better it's not helping so they want to reduce the release of prostate Lins and reduce that chronic pain and swelling so that's uh how these drugs would commonly be used for chronic inflammatory problems uh skeletomuscular chronic skeletomuscular injuries especially things like arthritis and so on there are a whole bunch of nsds a Naproxin is another one uh there's again there's tons of these uh nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs all right we we have promised that this course you will learn more about medicines or drugs than any other prerequisite course in fact more than all of them combined in this one class we're going to really get into a lot of drugs and how they work we're going to tell you a lot more about NSA IDs before we're done uh any questions about prostate glands uh all right the next group of fats we're still talking about fats uh are monoglycerides diglycerides and tribos rides now we're going to call them by those names that's the names that the doctors usually use the biochemists and some of you have had biochemistry or major bio uh they the proper names today is not mono and triglyceride but monoglycerol diog glycerol and tri asog glycerol but we'll go by the TR traditional older names uh what are they in essence here's what it is glycerol is a three carbon sugar it's a three carbon molecule it's a sugar uh if you have one fatty acid a fatty acid attached to this top carbon we call it a monoglyceride right it's got one fatty acid mono means one if you have two fatty acids this one and this one then it's called a diglyceride if you have three fatty acids one attached to each of the three carbons got a triglyceride why do we care why we care is because that's how fats fatty acids are stored in your fat cells so we you learned an anatomy right you need to know Anatomy for this class anatomy in anatomy you learn about adose tissue or fat cells or atopos sites so sites or fat cells are characterized by having a large vacu that stores fat but how is the fat stored in that vacuum the fatty acids are attached to glycerol and stored within the fat cell as triglycerides now this is reversible because when you need those fats for energy then you break apart the triglyceride you break it back apart into Three fatty acids and they're re-released back into the bloodstream so then they're available for the cells of your body to use for energy all right so the important thing is this is how fats fatty acids are stored in our fat cells let's let's reflect on this have we learned today how sugars are stored in our body how is sugars stored in our body as glycogen and where is that glycogen stored good in our liver cells and muscle cells all right now we're learning how fats are stored in our body they're stored as triglycerides in our fat cells this is what physiology is it's all this physiological chemistry of our body of how it all works on the next page on the next page uh it just shows at the top in a little bit more detail in a little bit more detail it shows how the fatty acids are attached to glycerol so this is the glycerol molecule it's three carbon atoms big right and this is a fatty acid here's another one here's the third fatty acid now just looking at this uh the fatty acid has been abbreviated it's been written in a kind of shorthand way because you're thinking well wait a second didn't you tell us a fatty acid a saturated fatty acid is just a long chain of carbon atoms with a bunch of hydrogen's attached I did we know at one end at one end there's a carboxilic a acid group a carboxy group here it is the double bonded oxygen o and then the rest of it just a long chain of carbons with hydrogens this was represented by writing in this case ch24 so what does that mean ch24 look what's ch2 is that ch2 right there everybody see that carbon with two hydrogen let's just write that 14 times Well if you end up writing that 14 times that's just a long fatty acid a saturated fatty acid so this is just a shorthand way instead of drawing out this entire long Mo molecule they just wrote it Shand like this now how is the fatty acid actually attached to the glycerol answer by a dehydration synthesis reaction this is the way organic compounds are commonly join together we covered this earlier today when we showed you how two sugars are joined together right glucose and fructose forming sucus so uh an H is removed from one of these uh molecules an O from the other forming H2O and right where the H and the O Used to Be is where they snap together all right so if you do that three times right you end up with a triglyceride here it is and three water molecules how do you go make it go in reverse if you wanted to break that triglyceride back apart into fatty acids because you need the fatty acids for energy then you're just going to add water and when you add water to make something break apart that's called a hydrolysis reaction so this this we're going to see this over and over and over again it's a very common type of chemical reaction by which organic molecules are either snapped together or split apart um okay on the next page on the next page phospholipids phospholipids now we already know why phospholipids are important because phospholipids make up membranes of cells incidentally on all this junk that I'm going over uh again I'm not asking you to draw Mo pictures of molecules on a blank sheet of paper I'm not they do make you do that in Biochemistry courses and in major bio but that's not what I'm doing that's not what we're here for I'm showing you the pictures of the molecules because they do differ in their shape and that way we learn a little bit more about that molecule than just a name but our main interest is understanding what they're for their functions that's what phys knowes about us why why why these chemicals are important in our body what they're used for anyhow so phospholipids now what does a phospholipid look like it's actually kind of similar to a triglyceride just like a triglyceride here's the three carbon glycerol molecule and just like a triglyceride there's a fatty acid attached to the top carbon and a fatty acid attached to the second carbon the difference is in the bottom third carbon attached to the third carbon rather than being another fatty acid is a phosphate group phosphate is phosphorus and for oxygens and phosphate actually has an electrical polarity it's got an electrical polarity anything with an electrical polarity will generally dissolve in water for all you chemists out there you know that water is a polar solvent uh what we mean by that is that if this is a water molecule right H2O uh in reality the hydrogens of the water molecule have a slight positive polarity and the oxygen has a slight negative polarity so that's water anything any chemical that has an electrical polarity like phosphate is going to easily dissolve in water it will be hydril it will like water it will like water so this phosphate part of this phospholipid likes water it's hydrophilic that's in contrast to the fatty acids which hate water didn't we learn earlier today that fats don't mix with water vegetable oil won't mix with water fats won't mix with water butter won't mix with water so the rest of this is typically hydrophobic the fatty acids are hydrophobic they hate water so what we actually have is a schizophrenic molecule this part here likes water containing the phosphate uh and the rest of it is a typical fat that hates water now uh I use the word schizophrenic which means split personality that's really a term that's used in Psychiatry for a mental disorder it's a serious mental disorder the chemists actually use the term and I'm not asking you to know it but they would use the term amphipathic what does amphipathic mean same as schizophrenics for personality but uh now just to understand the phospholipid a little bit better look on the the previous page A10 and on A10 so this shows in a little bit more detail a fosol liid this is the glycerol the one two three carbons here's the phosphate group notice the negative polarity the negative polarity and so that makes it hydrophilic and uh these are the two long fatty acids the saturated fatty acids which are hydrophobic okay because there's no electrical polarity on that so because looking at this shape the way they commonly represent a phospholipid molecule is they commonly represented like this all right the uh to me I always tell students that's reminds me of a balloon with two strings right kind of like a balloon with two strings the balloon part is the phosphate the two strings are these two long fatty acid chains so the balloon part is the hydrophilic portion of the phospholipid the two fatty acids are the hydrophobic part now a cell membrane as you all learned in biology and Anatomy basically looks like this a cell membrane is made up of a double layer of phospho lipids basically you have an outer and an inner layer of these Balloons with two strings and uh the balloon part is the hydrophilic portion and the strings and in this casee it's this whole middle section of the cell membrane is hydrophobic we'll have more to say about a cell membrane later but that's their importance but we'll learn much more about that later um okay uh the last group of lipids that we're going to speak about are steroids steroids are a type of lipid now uh when Mo when I say the word steroid or anybody hears the word steroid most people immediately think steroid hormones and that's absolutely correct it's absolutely correct but most people do not when I say the word steroids say cholesterol but in fact the parent steroid of them all is cholesterol all