Lecture Notes: The Northern Irish Conflict

Introduction

• Presenter discusses the complexity and history of the Northern Irish conflict.
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Historical Background

• Ireland's division: Two parts - Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
• Religious tensions: Protestant vs. Catholic division has historical roots.
  • Norman invasion (1170) marked the beginning of English influence.
  • Protestant Reformation under Henry VIII led to persecution of Catholics.
  • Migration waves (1600-1700) of Scottish and English Protestants to Northern Ireland created a Protestant majority.

Key Events in Irish History

• 1641 Revolt: Initial hostilities, suppressed by Cromwell.
• 1823: Daniel O'Connell founded the Catholic Association advocating for independence.
• Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852): Caused mass starvation and emigration, exacerbating nationalistic sentiments.
• Irish Republican Brotherhood: Formed as a response to British oppression and aimed for independence.
• Home Rule (1870): Partial autonomy given, but met resistance, especially from Unionists.

The Road to Independence

• Easter Rising (1916): Uprising by Irish nationalists; harsh British suppression.
• Rise of Sinn Féin: Gained significant political power after the 1918 elections, rejecting British Parliament.
• Civil War (1922-1923): Conflict within the nationalist community over the Anglo-Irish Treaty leading to the establishment of the Irish Free State.
• Partition: Northern Ireland remained under British control; majority Protestant governance led to discrimination against Catholics.

The Troubles (1960s-1998)

• Emergence of Violence: O'Neill Era (1963-69) witnessed the formation of paramilitary groups.
• Bloody Sunday (1972): British troops shot Catholic demonstrators, intensifying the conflict.
• IRA's Role: The Provisional IRA emerged, becoming a central figure in the conflict with violent campaigns.
• Civil rights movements: Increased tensions and violence between communities.

Attempts at Peace

• Good Friday Agreement (1998): Established frameworks for peace and political cooperation.
• Disarmament of the IRA: Official cessation of violence and handing over weapons.

Contemporary Issues

• Brexit Implications: Northern Ireland's status raised concerns about future unity with the Republic of Ireland.
• Ongoing Tensions: The presence of the IRA persists in discussions; societal divides remain.

Conclusion

• Future Prospects: Potential for a reunified Ireland discussed amidst ongoing tensions.
• Gratitude to Viewers: Presenter thanks patrons and encourages support for future content.