Transcript for:
Understanding Conservatism in A-Level Politics

hi my name's olle and in this politics explain video I'm going to go through everything you need to know about conservatism in AEV politics I'm going to first look at the development of conservatism over time from traditional conservatism to One Nation conservatism to the new right I'm then going to look at the key principles and agreements within conservatism as well as the key tensions and disagreements in particular between the strs and then finally I'm going to look at the key thinkers you need to know for your politics a level in relation to conservatism the PDF you can see on your screen you can find by going in the first link in the description to the politics explain website where you can also find lots of resources to help you in your Pol politics a level including um updated textbooks and uh essay plans which can really help you achieve those top grades so yeah um let me know if you got any questions or comments in the comment section below and without further Ado let's get into it so starting off um this particular video um or this first part of the video is going to look at the strands of conservatism so and affected it development over the time so starting with the emergence of conservatism as I said traditional one nation and the new right what I've got first is some of the key essay questions you need to know when answering um the conservatism questions and this is for the whole of the conservatism topic so you've got these broad ones um in terms of T extent to conservatives agree which is OB a very broad question and you could also potentially get um questions that highlight two particular strands and ask you to kind of consider the agreements and dis agreements within them you'll notice that all of these questions focus on the extent to which there is agreement within the strands so you're really comparing agreements versus disagreements and you're being asked to come up with a judgment on which is more important so yes you've got those first ones on kind of generally in relation to conservatism as well as comparing different strands so the new right versus traditional or One Nation versus uh traditional conservatives or One Nation versus in your right then you've got four really key ones that can come up um that come up a lot there extent to which they agree in relation to the state the economy society and human nature and then finally um you can definitely get questions on the extent to which they agree on key principles of conservatism such as paternalism and hierarchy tradition and pragmatism these aren't the only questions that can get asked but if you know all of these really well and you have detailed essay plans for them and you're really well prepared for them you should easily be able to adapt um to any question that comes up on the exam so yeah um let's start by looking at the emergence of conservatism and what I thought we'd have a look at before looking at traditional conservatism is hobs because Hobs in a lot of text books is described as a traditional conservative in reality he came way before conservatism was even an ideology the reason he's in the spec is because a couple of his key ideas are very consistent um with the key ideas of conservatism that come about later especially with Burke um so he's definitely worth looking at um and I think if you you have to describe him as one strand in your essays you can describe him as a traditional conservative so as I said he proceeded the development of conservatism as an ideology but his most important work Leviathan which if any of you go to university and study politics you'll definitely be reading um s some of the key ideas that will be consistent with conservatism in particular in relation to human nature and the role of the state so in relation to to human nature in the state he argued that in the absence of a state in uh the state of nature human life would be Sol poor nasty brutish and Shaw that was him supporting a view of human nature as inherently self-interested and prone to conflict as he believed um that effectively if humans were just left to be on their own they'd all pursue their own goals and that would inevitably lead to conflict um and as as kind of we'll look at later that very much agreed upon um among conservatives and becomes one of their key principles and this led to him supporting a very strong state which could provide order and security um he believed the state was necessary to curve these kind of natural tendencies of human nature this this natural human imperfection um and he believed that this state should have the power to enforce laws maintain peace and therefore prevent this chaos of the state of nature and again this very much influences later conservative thought in relation to the kind of importance of strong stable State um in providing order and Security in society so therefore kind of as I kind of mentioned at the start he's not necessarily conservative because preceded conservatism but his ideas are very consistent with conservatism and then if you have to describe him as one of the strands um your best bet is probably traditional conservatism now we'll look at the real emergence of conservatism and this was especially with Edmund Burke in relation to the French Revolution so what you see is in 1789 the French Revolution upends uh French society um including its kind of traditional aristocratic religious order and it does so in kind of the name of the Enlightenment and the name of these liberal values of Liberty equality and fraternity and that saw a dramatic restructuring of society and of government um including the overthrow of monarchy the violent reign of terror and this alarmed many mainly or or kind of chief of those who alarmed was Edmund Burke who at the time was an an English MP a wig MP and he became known as the father of conservatism for articulating a new political stance affected in response and in opposition to the French reevolu his key text um which kind of shows this is Reflections on the revolution in France and he argued for the real importance of maintaining established institutions social hierarchy and the gradual evolution of Institutions so he saw social hierarchy and establish traditions and institutions being really threatened by the French Revolution and he was really scared effectively that that would happen um in England and he kind of effectively advocated the importance of maintaining the structure society as it was with his Traditions his institutions and social hierarchy and he he crucially didn't just think that uh Traditions were useful for tradition's sake he saw tradition as reflecting kind of the accumulated wisdom of the past um so there's a reason that tradition that things are still there um and there's a reason that Traditions maintain and that's because they reflect kind of an internal knowledge of what works well in society therefore you shouldn't kind of Simply go and upend them in the name of the kind of abstract principles often Enlightenment liberal principles some of them also fraternity comes to be very um key in socialism um of the French Revolution so conservative therefore arose not just as a counter to Liberal liberalism emphasis on individual rights and reason also as a practical response to the kind of perceived excesses and and unpredictably challenges of revolutionary change which is where Burke really and traditional conservatism really Advocates more gradual change um as a key principle and Burke's articulation of um these ideas laid the groundwork for what would become conservatives so he's very much the father of conservatism in the same way that Lo is uh could maybe be considered the kind of key father of liberalism especially cical liberalism so this is the first round we're going to look at this very much leads us on to traditional conservatism and it's grounded in several key principles that emerge as a reaction to the French Revolution first one of those is pragmatism which really emphasizes the importance of practical experience over abstract theor theorizing so you saw the French Revolution as being driven by these abstract principles the abstract political principles the idealistic principles of of equality um of fraternity and he believed that decisions shouldn't be based on the kind of abstract principles and kind of utopian ideas instead they should be based on the accumulated wisdom of history and tradition and you should be pragmatic and focus on what works you shouldn't try and kind of sail off and this brings into oak shop we'll look at in a minute you shouldn't you shouldn't kind of s off in an uncertain Direction um to try and pursue something perfect you should try and keep the ship afloat in uncertain Waters and he also set out the importance of changing to uh to conserve in this regard so this is crucial to understand conservatives aren't reactionaries they don't think you shouldn't change at all they believe in Tradition but they also recognize that you need in society careful and gradual reform um to preserve the essence of traditions and institutions because if you simply don't change at all then there's going to be a revolution similar to the French Revolution so this kind of change and conserve recognizes that in order to conserve tradition um within society which is a key key um belief in um within conservatism a key principle of conservatism you sometimes need to change a bit in order to conserve that and that that reflects their real pragmatism this links on to the next principle which is very much tradition as I've talked about um just then kind of the accumulated wisdom um of the past um and effectively tradition shouldn't be gotten rid of um in revolutions um in favor of new ideas it should be listened to because it reflects um the teachings of the past and and fundamentally what works in society linked in a little bit um into property as well um which is really key for um conservatives also key for conservatives idea of stability in society they see property ownership as really important as owning property encourages responsibility discourages support for radical ideologies that threaten to upturn the social order such as Revolution such as the French Revolution finally um or a couple more um hey of key principles that Burke really articulated and and you'll see in the rest of this video come to be really key principles of conservatism are hierarchy and Authority so we saw hierarchy in society as natural and necessary for a stable Society um and he thought he should be protected rather than upended um and usually this also linked into the idea of an organic society that Society can't be pln Society develops organically it's more like a plant than a machine and therefore change needs to be gradual you needs to be um understanding and and respectful of these Traditions um and understand that you can't just plan a society you need to kind of uh nurture it and and allow it to continue to evolve um in the correct way and then finally um B's conservatism really acknowledge human imperfection which is another key principle um of conservatism he argued that humans are fallible when limited their capacity to understand and engineer complex systems another key principle of conservatism and therefore humility and restraint should guide political actions applicating for incremental change rather than radical overall so these kind of key principles pragmatism tradition hierarchy Authority organic Society human imperfection form the real Bedrock of bur's conservative thought form the Bedrock of conservative ISM um but in particular traditional conservatism with a kind of real focus on cautious evolutionary approach to society and political life and change rather than kind of radical idealistic approach so and I thought it would be useful to quickly have a look at okay how are these ideas implemented in practice when interpreting the 19th century um and interpreting Britain and I think this is something you can use kind of this to expand um in your Ray on kind of what traditional conserv and men so it led them to strongly supporting the monarchy and the church of England so these were key Traditions key institutions of British society and they see saw them as key kind of pillars of this tradition and also pillars of order within society that led to them um to support the monarchy irrespective of who the Monarch was um an initial opposition to the Catholic emancipation Act of 1929 which allowed Catholics to hold public office which shows that real support for the Church of England conservatives in this period also strongly supported maintaining a hierarchical societal structure and recognized that a key role of the state was to provide order and Security in society this can crucially be uh seen under prime minister Robert Peele um he established the Metropolitan Police Service in 1829 this kind of move towards this professional organized um police force emphasize the traditional conservative belief in Law and Order in society um and preventing disorder effectively and but it's belief in a kind of cohesive Society organic society which we'll look at in a little bit more detail much later in the we look at the core principles you can be seeing as his kind of support for neighborhood policing um which argued that policing shouldn't just be done by force but through a shared understanding with the public and police being closely connected the communities they serve so kind of community was was relatively important and it's kind of linked into tradition um as well in society and kind of learning um from tradition and learning from hierarchy as well um and then um conservative support for hierarchy be seen in the fact that many of them initially opposed the 1832 Reform Act so they eventually kind of have to accept it and actually later one nation conservatism Disraeli implemented the second Reform Act that's kind of an an articulation youve seen a really good example of changing to conserve um but initially the traditional conservatives um in the kind of early 19th century were really opposed to it um because they thought it was really threatening and changing society and and altering it which could poent potentially disrupt the the social order undermine the influence of the aristocracy and therefore undermine hierarchy in society final thing we're going to have a quick look at for traditional conservatism is Michael Oak he's one of your key thinkers and his restatement of traditional conservatism in the mid 20th century so obviously conserva emerges in the very late 18th century under Burke and his kind of traditional conserva really supported um continues to support in the 19th century we'll look at in a minute after that you see one nation conservatism emerging but it's kind of a a return and a restatement of key conservative principles by Oak shot in the mid 20th century I know that some teachers um Teach oakshaw as a one nation conservatives and I know to be honest I think there's there's worse things you can do you can use him as an example of one nation conservatives but in reality he very much described himself as a traditional conservative um and set out key kind of traditional conservative views I mean I think this potentially shows there's not a major difference between the two of them um which we'll kind of address kind of later the video as well so but as as I was talking about in the mid 20th century oot was really important in restating the importance of traditional conservatism um especially in his essay on being conservative and his conservatism again resetting the key principle was anchored in pragmatism he argued that political action should be guided by practical knowledge and experience rather than ideological dogmatism or theoretical abstractions that's quite a lot of big words but kind of we should decide political decisions based on what works based on what's worked in the past based on tradition not based on these idealistic ideas of designing an ideal society and this was in particular in his context a counter to kind of utopian visions of perfect societies promoted by both communism and fasc fascism in the 20th century they were much very much driven by these kind of abstract ideals abstract kind of Concepts rather than by practicalities and by pragmatism and he saw that as not only kind of Impractical but deeply dangerous um to their uh tendency to justify radical and destructive changes therefore linking back to the kind of traditional conservative view that actually these radical destructive changes aren't good it should be gradual reform within Society there a quot that you can have a quick read of um where he kind of explained this view importantly he kind of also reemphasized the importance of learning from tradition viewing it kind of not as a static entity but as a dynamic evolving process kind of within it has this accumulated wisdom and experience of the past and should be listen to and this was also coupled with an acknowledgement of human imperfection another key traditional conservative principle um and a key conservative Principle as a whole um so he recognizes that human beings are inherently limited their knowledge and their capacity to design perfect systems he supported the view that human imperfection was a constant and that politicians therefore needed to accommodate it rather than try and alter it um and he ultimately wrote you on being conservative the off of office of government is not to impose other beliefs and activities upon it subjects but secure them in the enjoyment of what they have chosen so shouldn't try and change people we shouldn't try and kind of uh design something perfect ultimately it's also about kind of accommodating human nature as it is um and we'll look a little bit later in the video about his his further views on human nature he also moved a little bit away from Hobbs still emphasizing human imperfection um but a little bit less negative view he kind of thought humans were more fallible and make mistakes um rather than being kind of inherently self-interested um and therefore leading to a really destructive Society though very much shared um the idea that there was human imperfection and that needs to be managed rather than seeking to be changed what we're going to have a quick look at now um is the next strand of conservatism that's one nation conservatism um and this crucially um developed in the mid to late 19th century in response to societal change and these so key societal changes were brought up by industrialization as well as the growing influence and appeal of socialism among the working classes and Israel was key in the development of one nation conservatism they represented or one nation conservatism as a whole represented a strategic and philosophical adaptation of traditional conservative values to the realities of a changing Society this is what I want you to consider it's both of those so on the one hand um it's this philosophical idea this idea of noblessa B this idea of paternalism um the idea that the upper classes should look after Society a little bit more and they had the moral responsibility to look after them uh or look after the well-being of the less fortunate and this resulted in in certain policies we'll look at in a minute um that looked after or kind of aim to improve the living and working conditions for the lower classes that's this philosophical idea that sometimes you can explain it with that they really Justified this move towards um a little bit more State intervention and helping um those lower down in society a little bit more but crucially it's Al strategic what you have in this time um is a growing working class within the context of industrialization you have growing support for socialism and as a result One Nation conservatives recognize that they need to change something um in order to stay in power if and this is the idea of changing to conserve going back to kind of this this key conservative principle of changing to conserve if you simply change nothing you risk Society being completely upended you risk this Society upheaval however if you're willing to change some things it allows you to conserve tradition and the main the key kind of hierarchy key tradition and key principles of society and that's what they did they understood that in this changing Society in industrial capitalism it's necessary to address the Grievances of the working and lower classes otherwise socialism um would grow support for socialism would grow which would threaten Revolution and the complete removal um of these key Traditions uh these key kind of uh hierarchy key institutions that they sought to PR preserve so that kind of explanation that it can be seen as both strategic and philosophical I think is a really good way to explain the shift um to uh one nation conservatism crucially a final key part of it and why it's kind of called One Nation conservatism is that they really emphasized patriotism and the idea of a cohesive society and this was through the idea of of promoting the idea that everyone was together in one nation and patriotism was clear to that and he believed like disra in particular that emphasizing National unity and shared values was essential to countering the class divisions and the language of social class that civion that socialists um were using so by promoting this national identity they a to kind of bridge The Divide between the classes uniting society around common goals and values and crucially U maintaining hierarchy and preventing the threat um to hierarchy and to tradition in society so let's have a look at this in practice in in the 19th century um so in practice in the 19th century D's government enacted a number of social reforms um which improved living conditions for the working classes in the context of Social and economic disparities that industrialization created Public Health Act of 1875 and The Artisans and laborers dwellings Improvement Act of 1875 improved public health and sanitary conditions in towns and cities was the factory um act reduced the Working Day for women and children um and sought to kind of improve safety practices within factories Israeli also introduced income tax as a permanent um tax for the first time in order to give the government a steady source of venue of Revenue this tax taxation wasn't Progressive though um and it's important not to over exaggerate the extent of one nation's conservative support for government intervention in this period they certainly believed in Greater State intervention than traditional conservatives and most definitely more than neoliberals however they weren't modern liberals they're far from Modern liberals um they're far from let alone they're way far away away from socialist so I think that shouldn't be exaggerated as well we're going to look at that in a lot more detail later in the video um when we look at kind of the differences in their views over capitalism the Israel's government as I kind of mentioned earlier also introduced a second Reform Act um and that can be seen as this kind of recognition of the importance of of changing to conserve um as was kind of strategic um isra believe that by extending the franchise um it would kind of un like reduce the likelihood of social unrest and kind of increase support for the conservative party um and therefore um prevent kind of or kind of make less important support for socialism um and the likelihood of kind of Revolution these big this big change therefore seeking to as a it a kind of key point of seeking to maintain um tradition and hierarchy within Society importantly and I think this is worth considering is one nation conservative in practice in the 20th century so what you might look at is be very very confused because in the 19th century you see is relatively very modest reforms being described as one nation conservatism they very much are one nation conservatism then you might look at the 20th century especially in the post World War II period and see other people being described as one nation conservatives um in this period in particular Prime Ministers like Harold McMillan um Etc that was a vasely different type of policy right by um the the kind of mid to late 20th century these One Nation conservatives would were kind of justifying not reversing National ization of key Industries far far away from the extent of State intervention um earlier on but it's important to recognize that this is still one nation conservatism and important to recognize why that's because the one nation conservatism isn't a particular policies they're supporting it's the approach it's the pragmatic approach to the changing political and economic context um and ultimately the recognition that you need to change to conserve um sometimes so in the 19th century there hadn't been much that they needed to adapt to right they recognized that in the context of industrialization they needed to and the context of the growing support for socialism they needed to adapt a little bit um provide some kind of help to those who are lower down in society create a new kind of vision of U National Unity um that's kind of the idea of a one nation and cohesive Society in order to tackle this um but it's not kind of major State intervention anything in the 20th century what you see is them accepting these This Much Greater State intervention and that's because of the social and political context after 1945 um after the second world war you see labor governments in particular labor government of Clement Atley introducing massive massive reforms which massively increased the size of the state in particular nationalization uh and a growing welfare state One Nation conservatives came in in this period um in conservative governments and they were also kind of those who weren't in government kind of analyzing it as well they accepted um these changes they certainly didn't kind of uh massively support them or seek to introduce them themselves they but they recognized that once they'd been uh introduced it was very very difficult to remove them without uh the threat kind of threatening hierarchy and threatening greater support for socialism and therefore greater reforms and then they there therefore they kind of accepted um some of these reforms so the mixed economy um comprehensive welfare state nationalization of key Industries um because it was ultimately the pragmatic thing to do focusing on what works and focusing on what was they going to kind of keep them in power the conservative party in power and what was going to kind of and by being in power they're able to protect tradition right they're able to protect um these key these key principles and and if they kind of took a lot more radical approach they One Nation conservative thought that that would provide more of a threat um because ultimately you wouldn't then um be changing to conserve see yeah as I'm i' I've written at the bottom here it's important to recognize that these didn't mean that one nation conservatives wholeheartedly supported all of these measures um in fact many were originally opposed to them um neither church or McMillan extended kind of nationalization when they were in when they were prime minister they certainly didn't extend it but the fact they didn't reverse them reflects not only a changing societal context but their pragmatic approach and the importance of changing to conserve um as ultimately they didn't want to um threaten hierarchy and tradition what we're now going to have a look at um two key figures here Reagan and Thatcher is um the emergence of a strand which had a very very different approach to one na should consider conservatives so the new WR emerged in the 1970s in reaction to what his proponents perceived as one nation conservatism excessive concessions to socialist policies and ideas so kind of partly what it what it grew in relation to um it was also kind of real growth in America kind of neoliberal and neoconservatives neoconservatism um as a kind of as ideas that kind of got imported into the UK as well but this was important as well they believe that kind of one nation conserv had kind of moved away from conservative principles um and yeah as I said it was really associated with thater in Britain and Ronald Reagan um in the United States and the new right positioned itself as the Revival of true conservatism arguing the one nation had strayed far too far away from fundamental conservative principles um however it's also important to recognize and there there's a real debate here to have about whether the new rights should be considered conservatives at all because they were also really influenced by classical the idea of Classical liberalism particularly in relation to their views on the economy and the state U and its emphasis on individual Freedom um and a free market economy so I think important to keep that in mind as well we'll look at that in a lot more detail when we look at the kind of different principles and differen in the strands in relation to how they see the different principles the new right is a combination of neoliberalism and neoconservatism so neoliberalism is really rooted in classical liberal thought advocates for Minal State intervention in the economy emphasizing free markets and individual Enterprise neoconservatism while Shing sharing some principles with traditional conservatism particularly in its focus on Traditional Values strong National Defense and Law and Order diverged in its approach to social policy and Welfare so that can be seen as NE conserv more kind of from that conservative thought but the new right is the combination of these two these two elements so if fure was at once a neoliberal and a neoconservative they they're kind of they weren't really in opposition to each other um so how did the new right reject uh many conservative principles so this is kind of on the one hand they kind of maintain these traditional conservative principles some of them right as I was talking about in terms of Traditional Values within Society hierarchy uh well not not so much hierarchy actually kind of more the state providing order um and defense but they also kind of departed from a lot of key conservative traditions and conservative principles which as I kind of previously mentioned begs a question of whether they can should be considered conservatives at all um and a key kind of departure um was in at atomism instead of uh support for an organic Society so rather than traditional conservatism which viewed society as interconnected evolving organism organism and you see this in um in one nation conservatism where they talk about the idea of a cohesive Society the new right effectively perceived society as a collection of individuals everyone's each one is pursuing their own interests um leading to the best outcome when allowed maximum freedom without excessive State intervention they're not talking about this idea of a cohesive Society the idea of UN in society each bit um we look at again much more detail we look at organic Society but each bit has its particular role it's more just a collection of individuals and then that even spoke of the idea that there's there's no Society at all um she kind of kind of effectively said that um and that crucially rejects these kind of key Notions of hierarchy and paternalism as well which are key principles of conservative thought the new right also supports the view that humans are rational beings in a meritocratic system where individuals succeed based on their own efforts and talents and shouldn't be interfered with this again um represents a key rejection of conservative uh the conservative principle human imperfection and support for hierarchy and paternalism um again key principles of conservative thought and again unlike traditional and one nation conservatism which value pragmatism and tradition the new right is much more ideologically driv focused on and driven by the principles of freedom and individualism um and that marks a significant transformation in the conservative landscape away from the kind of cautious gradual stability kind of gradual change stability focused approach of earli conservatism to a more kind of dynamic Market driven individualistic ideology so it's more it's it's more ideological like conservatism we're talking about as a political idea and as an ideology but its emphasis on pragmatism seeks to kind of move away from ideology um in driving its politics um but the new right kind of really shifts away this away from this and and in my opinion they're quite ideologically driven um so therefore as a right in the end while the new right maintains some conservative amendments it's cor beliefs and priorities represent or kind of a lot of its core beliefs and priorities represent a break from traditional conservative thought and conservative thought as a whole with many questioning whether they should be considered conservatives at all at all as I mentioned at the start these are the kind of key questions you're answering um in these essays really thinking about to what extent is there agreement to what extent is their disagreement um and this idea that actually one strand might not be considered conservative at all can really be brought into your evaluations you obviously don't have to have to agree with it but or bring in but I think it can be a useful thing to do um even if it's a little bit of a high level kind of AAR level thing to do and it needs to be done right um just going to have now have a quick look at um the new r as a combination of neoliberalism neoconservatism so neoliberalism um an economic and political ideology that supports Laz Fair capitalism free markets low public spending low Taxation and minimal government intervention um in the economy so an ran for example strongly opposed to the welfare state seeing as it seeing as cailing individual freedom and a step towards authoritarianism she said in the virtue of selfishness um kind of her one of her key texts the difference between a welfare state and the totalitarian state is a matter of time you see that as a difference a real key difference with one nation conservatism One Nation conservatism of course by no means are kind of ideologically supportive of a welfare state but they do support kind of helping the glow classes a little bit more and in the right context um where it's necessary to kind of change in order to conserve and to maintain traditional tradition and high in the structur of society they're willing to accept it in the 20th century rooted in classical liberal thought um they believe that private Enterprise and open open competition of the market are the most efficient ways to produce economic growth whil also uh not infringing upon individual Freedom as I said very driven by individual Freedom as well as key classical liberal view um they ultimately believe that Laz Fair capitalism is the most moral economic system because of this because they believe that respecting individual Freedom um and kind of La capalm is kind of a moral Pursuit not just kind of economic um or kind of pragmatic they think is the best system um approach um as well um so yeah real empasis on individual autonomy and freedom and this was influenced by a kind of more positive view um of human nature as rational beings um and that contribut to their support for atomism and opposition to hierarchy and paternalism so and Rand kind of has a real opposition to paternalism and a real opposition to personal altruism so charity um she kind of said in the virtue of selflessness the man who attempts to live for others is a dependent he's a parasite in motive and makes parasites of those he serves so therefore kind of she sees argued against personalism against charity because she believes it creates an unhealthy dependence in those who are supported and she also believes that the real moral Pursuit is an individual freedom and self-interest not self-sacrifice for others neoconservatism then emphasized the key role of the state in maintaining order and security so this is a key kind of part of the new right is a bit more consistent with conservatism with kind of earlier conservative ideas which you see in kind of Hobs and continued into traditional mod nature conservatism as kind of later in the video we expand upon a lot a lot more and this Dan was particular point during the Cold War kind of when the new world was really emerging um kind of to tackle the threat of the Soviet Union to real uh support for strong kind of strong defense um yes advocated for strong military and active International role um for the country but also a strong state in domestic affairs to kind of provide Law and Order which reflects a belief in the necessity of a powerful government to uphold um societal stability neoconservatism was also characterized by a cultural and moral Dimension and this is kind of this idea of anti- permissiveness in the 60s and 70s so return to what they call kind of judeo-christian values um and yes so they kind of saw that in the 60s and70s they what they described as moral and social Decay so increasing liberalization in Social policies and attitudes especially those related to personal and sexual freedoms and they push back against this liberalization um promoting kind of the traditional nuclear family structure and religious values they see as key to underpinning kind of hierarchy stability in society um and the social fabric ultimately a lot of these these these views were were very homophobic um very racist as well um and that should be kind that should be recognized final thing to quickly look at um final couple things are should they be seen as compatible or incompatible neoliberalism neoconservatism right so as I said they're in the same people so this is why we call it the new right because that is simultaneously a neoliberal and a neoconservative um and the new right as a whole is kind of seen as a conservative ideology rather than just neoconservatism and on the one hand they could be argued they're kind of incompatible right the neoliberalism um kind of comes from a liberal tradition while neoconservatism from more of conservative tradition neoliberalism supports decreasing the size of the State and level of State intervention while near conserva supports a different uh or kind of more significant State role in defense in Law and Order on the other hand it can be argue they are compatible and they did work together um so one was focused on the economy and advocate of a decreased role in the economy whereas the kind of increase State role is with the other is in Law and Order um in defense and crucially if you save spend less money in the economic sphere on less money on the welfare state which that ultimately did you can spend more money on Law and Order um and defense and yeah crucially um finally we're going to have a look at F's government as a case study of the new right um firstly the neoliberalism of of um Thatcher's um Economic Policy um and crucially that was in privatization so a key kind of lazir principle she privatized State own industries that have been uh nationalized by the labor governments in the post World War II period including British Telecom British gas British Airways also deregulation um reduce a lot of Regulation um in the economy which kind of culminated in the Big Bang reforms in London's Financial District in the 1980s also massively reduced tax um so UK's top rate of income tax was 83% when she came into Power um key kind of Heyday of social democracy um and was used to 40% um by the time she left power and she also introduced the right to buy scheme so this is kind of this bit more actually a reflection of a consistency um in terms of support for property ownership however it's kind of you can see it's a little bit driven by different principles in the new in the new rot is driven by by Freedom they s that kind of people owning property was key to individual responsibility um rather than it being driven by an emphasis on social stability but again we'll look at that in a lot more detail um later in the video when we look at capitalism and again we finally we can kind of see U neoconservatism um in F's government so she prioritized defense and Law and Order so every Department got cut back in terms of funding apart from um these departments um her support for anti- permissiveness can be seen in a kind of very homeric policy of section 28 which prohibited the promotion of homosexuality by local authorities and in schools which is um actually very similar language um to what you see in Russia today um and she also took a very Firm Stance against the Soviet Union during the Cold War with a very close pits lineman um with US president um Ronald Reagan okay so what we're going to really look at now um is probably the most important um part of the video which is also going to be very much the longest part of the video what we're going to look at is the core kind of principles um and ideas of conservatism the core agreements and then within that we're going to go into the kind of key tensions and disagreements um between the strands where there are them so we're going to look at these kind of core principles and ideas that are mentioned in the specification so practic and tradition human imperfection organic Society so slate paternalism and libertarianism which is more very much specific to the new right um obviously mentioned a lot of them already earlier on in the video but we're going to look at them in real depth in terms of agreement which you can really bring into your agreement paragraphs and then we're also going to look in a lot of depth into the kind of tensions within them and disagreements um between the strands in relation to them as well as bring in some kind of additional principles which I think are really important to know for the essay so kind of look at capitalism um and kind of the idea the state to provide order and security um I think there might be one or two more as well um but yeah kind of so starting off though um we're going to have a look at pragmatism so how is pragmatism a key principle of conservatism and what is it so it's key to shaping conservative approaches to the state Society economy and human nature and it's crucially the idea that decision should be made in a flexible way on the basis of what works rather than being driven by ideolog ideology or dogmatic thinking these kind of abstract principles as well which will be kind of looked at at the start that's where conservatives emerge from it emerged from this opposition um to the French Revolution um so yeah as I kind of talk about here um Burke saw the French Revolution as a kind of dangerous departure from um focusing on the teaching to tradition and as a kind of focus on uh ideology and utopian thinking rather than the real pragmatic approach so conservatism Advocates instead of these kind of abstract principles Advocates advocates for viewing society and state action in a cautious manner that listens to evidence this strongly links to their belief in tradition which they see as the accumulated accumulated wisdom of the past they see it as the evidence you should listen um to this tradition this is what kind of pragmatism Advocates and that it shouldn't be discarded in favor of idealistic visions of societal change this leads to uh conservatives um to be very wary of major reforms um and Advocate and lead them to advocate for gradual change so in on being conservative Michael oakar for example set out the conservative case for pragmatism he said to be conservative then is to prefer the familiar to the unknown to prefer to prefer the tried to the untried fact to mystery the actual to the possible the limited to the unbounded the near to the distant the sufficient to the super abundant the convenient to the perfect present laughter to utopian Bliss um this is a key idea um that you shouldn't kind of have these idealistic Visions um you shouldn't kind of really pursue utopianism you should actually focus on what works on being a bit more cautious because that utopian utopianism has real risks um for society as real risk for hierarchy upending tradition hierarchy um in society um which kind of which kind of demonstrated in kind of burk's view in the French Revolution he crucially also set the idea that the stat shouldn't tried to change the lives or wants of in citizens through utopian ideology um and um crucially kind of the opposition to radical idealistic changes was also linked to their belief in human imperfection they believe that humans are fallible and limited they therefore can't kind of pursue and design these ideal systems um they should listen to what's worked in the past in Tradition rather than trying to do so um importantly though and I touched on this um earlier in the video um when looking at traditional conservatism One Nation conservatism they don't believe in not changing at all and this is part of their pragmatic approach they're not reactionaries who just don't want to change at all they believe in the principle of changing to conserve um which recognizing that recognizes that while tradition should be listened to some adaptation is necessary um at times to maintain stability and prevent upheaval in the context of changing circumstances so if you don't change at all there's likely to be uphe in a revolution um and therefore that's going to completely remove hierarchy um and completely remove the kind of key traditions and principles of conservatism therefore sometimes you need to adapt and accommodate um parts of society and change to different context um otherwise you're not going to conserve at all um and as the below notes further detail prac is not only Central to conservative views on the state and Society but also their support for a capitalist economy and their belief um in the unchangeable nature um of human nature as we'll look at later in the video so now we're going to have a quick look at is pragmatism in the strands um of conservatism and the key point is it can be seen as important to the thought of traditional One Nation conservatives um but the new right in many ways can be seen as a rejection of a pragmatic approach so um in traditional conservatism pragmatism can be seen in a deep rooted preference for existing to institutions proven practices and Theory over Theory and ideology um and they're Guided by this belief in Tradition and the accumulated wisd of the past they see society as a complex and organic entity um where each part has evolved to play a specific role over time is linked to that idea of organic society and their approach to change is therefore one of careful adjustment rather than radical overal and they consider the disruption of long-standing systems and traditions as potentially harmful and destabilizing and think you should be much more pragmatic and listen to kind of tradition as the accumulated wisdom of the past so therefore pragmatism is linked to maintaining social order and stability um with changes only made when necessary to preserve the fundamental structure of society One Nation conservatism um is where you can really see um pragmatism in practice within conservative thought um so pragmatism and centrality um are kind of central to One Nation conservatism and it's a at all they recognized One Nation conserv especially drel was quite important to the family of for nation conservatism recognize in the face of societal changes brought about by industrialization and capitalism some degree of State intervention and reform was necessary to prevent social unrest and maintain National cohesion and as a result they advocated for pragmatic solutions that struck a balance between maintaining Traditional Values um and bringing reforms that improve the welfare of the less privileged you saw that in kind of some these reforms that were introduced the public health act 1975 Artisan Artisans and labor dwelling act and also kind of the factory act which addressed the needs of the left privilege whilst maintaining kind of social hierarchy integral to conservative values so it was seen as necessary with growing support for socialism um in society and growing industrialization they needed to adapt they needed to change to conserve because with growing industrialization you had a growing working class and you had also growing inequality and therefore with this changing conceptt you needed to help the lower classes a little bit more to kind of maintain cohesion society and this was crucially with the growth of socialism as well um with this growth of a working class you needed to kind of um have a vision and have a way to kind of um gain support and and kind of from um the lower classes and make sure they didn't come kind of completely Revolt um against the aristocracy and revolt against hierarchy because otherwise that would completely upend Society um so therefore it's kind of simultaneously their change to conserve um they're CH to conserve I suppose it has a philosophical approach we'll look at when we look at paternalism but it also has a very kind of strategic pragmatic approach and this is also key to their kind of emphasis on Nation nationalism and nationhood um it's kind of where one nation conservatism comes from because they really emphasize the idea that everyone was together in one nation one piece of society and that was kind of them kind of trying to articulate a vision um that would combat socialism and socialism's idea of class Division and the idea of Revolution and promotion Revolution um within Society crucially the new right um could be seen as rejecting prism so um their emergence marked a significant departure from pragmatism um and they instead favored a more ideological stance driven by a strong belief in negative Freedom um which you'll look at when you look at liberalism um and this is really key so pragmatism as a central kind of tenant of conservatism emphasized you shouldn't be driven by ideology the new right are driven by ideology they're driven crucially by the promotion of Freedom um as an ideology and that's particularly evident in their critique of one nation conservative um thinkers in the in the 20th century um or um I suppose oak oak shot takes a bit more of a traditional conservatism so of traditional conservatives so it's kind of critique of one nation conservatism and thing is like m in the 20th century um and they viewed their approaches which Embrace some State intervention and social welfare as a cap capitulation um so that was looked at in more detail um earlier in the video we looked One Nation conservatism they see this as a kind of capitulation to socialist ideals and a dilution of conservative principles and that was really as a member of the new was really openly critical of this one nation conservative epis which the one nation kind of conserves in this period accepted it as part of kind of changing to conserve as I kind of explained um much earlier in the video and neoliberalism driven by Freedom driven by a ke believe from promoting Freedom this underlined all of their views um so it's why they supported lazir capitalism because they believe it was the best way to promote individual Freedom um and they kind of really promoted kind of individual autonomy over government regulation and social welfare problems which welfare programs they seen saw as infringing upon this individual freedom in social policy the new rights return to Traditional Values um crucially kind of in neoconservatism and this idea of anti permissiveness could be seen as pragmatic um and could be seen as consistent with conservatism but in some ways it can be seen as inconsistent with traditional um and one nation conservatism and can be seen as moving away um from these um cons conservative values because it was a move away it wasn't kind of rooted in pragmatism it was rooted more in ideology um because they saw Traditional Values as kind of correct and desirable rather than as kind of a pragmatic response to societal issues obviously in other ways you can describe that as more of an agreement as we'll kind of look at later in the video as well um so therefore kind of it can be argued that in in both economics and social policy particular in economics um the new rights position weren't driven by pragmatism they were driven by ideology which in a way is what pragmatism like directly rejects therefore overall prism a key kind of key principle within conservatism and one that you can really see in traditional conservatives One Nation conservatives um there's a lot of agreement there but ultimately is crucially rejected by the new right okay next uh principle we're going to have a look at um is tradition um I've talked about this a lot kind of earlier in the video it's kind of a real um Central if not the most Central um principle of conservatism and crucially um tradition is not just merely a set of Customs it's a reflection of collective experiences and Lessons Learned over time so they see tradition as experience it's the accumulated wisdom of the past and it guides in how you should act in the present so there's a reason that certain institutions have maintained there's a reason that the monarchy the Church of England um Within that certain key institutions have maintained and even if you might not completely understand them you have to respect them and recognize that they respect they kind of reflect um what works and this kind of um accumulated wisdom of the past um as they refer to it so yeah as said this kind of can be seen in their support for monarchy and the church of England and crucially why they um supported these key institutions of society and they also see respecting tradition as uh crucial for maintaining um stability and security within Society it's through the lens of tradition that they understand um and approach change they favor cautious gradual organic change instead of abrupt radical shifts it's about maintaining um tradition and maintaining the fundamental structure um of society and they believe you shouldn't kind of completely upend um societal Norms you should kind of slowly evolve them if you need to change at all Burke in particular is key um as it was key to a lot of kind of kind of the the articulation of a lot of conservative principles but key to the kind of articulation of tradition and why it was fundamental conservatism and he crucially saw it as a critical thread linking past present and future Generations um which created a sense of belonging and continuity um and his opposition to the French Revolution which was kind of really key in the E emergence of conservatism was in large part due to its disregard for these teachings um of tradition so tradition isn't just for Burke about preserving old ways for that own sake it's not for conserv just about kind of maintaining tradition for tradition sake it's about recognizing and upholding what's tried and what's tested so this links into that idea of empiricism um as well the tradition is ultimately what works in society so traditional conservatives kind of effec to kind of support kind of brought Burke already kind of support all of the above they see it it's kind of fundamental principle of traditional conservatism um and influences all of their beliefs on society the state human nature and the economy um it's also really important the ideas of one nation conservatives who kind of effectively completely agree with the view that tradition should be listened to in the accumulative wism of the past they very consistent with traditional conserva in this view um in the face of societal change under industrialization and they recognize the need to change in order to conserve these traditions and this traditional structure of society and its key institutions so they greater use of St state power and state intervention um even though massive um in the 19th century especially to address social inequalities was therefore consistent with tradition and in order to protect it it was kind of changing to conserve as we discussed discussed within um pragmatism um in the UN right um I think it can be seen in in two ways on the one hand um they the fact that they're driven by ideological beliefs by the kind of promotion of Freedom can be seen as opposed to tradition um so they're not uh the kind of views on society in the state aren't driven by seeking to learn from the traditional the accumulated wisdom of the past um instead they're kind of in a way ideologically driven by this promotion of Freedom that's why they supported that's why they support capitalism it's not because it's what's traditionally um tried and tested um but on the other hand um we can see their support for tradition um in neoconservative support for anti- permissiveness which advocated for return to Traditional Values within Society um so they saw the kind of increasing liberalization of social attitudes in the 1970s um and advocated um kind of for a return to kind of traditional what they call judeo-christian values um of the kind of nuclear family um often a lot of these kind of views were quite homophobic um as well so they kind of really emphasize this kind of preservation of the traditional family unit as they saw it which they saw as the Bedrock of kind of societal stability so in this regard we can see them as um supporting um tradition um within society and you see that in the kind of um some examples here in the policies of Reagan um and thater um cool um so that's tradition um next kind of key prin organ have a look at is paternalism um and hierarchy which I've put a little bit together um so paternalism is a key principle shape of conservative thought on the state and Society it's the belief that the state should exert a benign influence um from the above so kind of helping Society um governing in the interests of the people so this reflects the conservative view um that Authority when exercised responsibly um by the upper classes normally those who are in power can be a force for good which can guide Society towards stability and Welfare so they see paternalism not as um just a kind of about Authority and authoritarianism but about responsible governance um that considers the welfare of all citizens it's not going to power for power's sake um and they believe that this enhances the social Fabric and maintain stability in society by ensuring that those in positions of power use their Authority for the greater good the principle of paternalism is also rooting their belief in human imperfection um Unlike liberals they believe that not all individuals are equally capable of self-governance and therefore they they see them as benefiting from the guidance and support of those in power and this is closely linked to their support for hierarchy so they regard hierarchal structures as natural in society and necessary for maintaining order and stability um so they view it as kind of a natural inevitable aspect of any well-ordered society um and argue that people are inherently different in terms of their abilities talents capabilities and this leads to different roles statuses and this kind of hierarchy within Society um and this kind of hierarchal structure holds it kind of that this hierarchal structure doesn't only reflect these natural differences but also ensures that those best suited to leadership and decision-making roles are in positions where they can be most effective um but as as we'll look at there I think there's a decent amount significant amount of disagreement in relation to paternalism um and um hierarchy within the strands of conservatism so traditional conservatives can be seen as having an authoritarian approach actually um which is quite different to this kind of idea or a bit different to this idea of paternalism so they um argue that the the state embodying tradition and pragmatism um knows what is best for the people and the ruling class knows what is best for the people and that all citizens should follow what they say because they have this knowledge they respect tradition they respect privatism um they are the aristocracy and the ruling class and this can be seen as kind of somewhat authoritarian in nature it's kind of top- down method of decision- making um and governance by the ruling Elite who are in power with no input from the general populace um they believe that this is necessary to ensure stability and Order and the overall wellbeing of society Ian in their view the state's responsibility is to protect and provide for its citizens kind of akin to a parents duty to care for their children so that's where you see that kind of paternalism um coming in so it's kind of an authoritarian version um of paternalism um and linked to this is their real strong support for hierarchy same viewed it as an essential component of a well ordered functioning Society um so Burke for example um demonstrates belief that hierarch was natural by stating we're fear God we look up with awe to Kings with affection to parliaments with duty to magistrates with reverence to priests and with respect and ability so this kind of real articulation that the kind of hierarchy is natural um and we should look um to those who are in power and kind of respect their decisions as kind of almost kind of they have the right to rule um effectively um and this kind of support for hierarchy can be seen kind of in the early from tral conservatives in the early 19th century in their original opposition by by people like Robert Peele be considered a traditional conservative to the 1832 Reform Act which seek to kind of sort to kind of restructure the British electoral system so they saw kind of AR this potential reform would destru the social order and undermined the influence of aristocracy which kind of shows their support for hierarchy One Nation conservatives um kind of paternally is Central to One Nation conservatism so there aren't supporters of personalism they perceive believe it's the responsibility the state and upper classes to safeguard and look after the W welfare of the less privileged in society who are unable to look after themselves so it's kind of a bit of a depart from this traditional conservative kind of authoritarian Vision that the state knows what best what's best and should be listened to to a more kind of philosophically driven idea of paternalism that the state should really look after its citizens um as they unable to look after themselves um and that's kind of framed in their broader kind of vision kind of one where one nation comes comes from um that society's one keive unit that was United by patriotism in particular um this paternalistic approach is rooted a sense of moral duty um with the concept so this is kind of philosophical aspect of it um the concept of nobless obl um which means literally nobility obliges so those in privileged power are obligated they have a duty to act with generosity and responsibility to those who are less fortunate and this kind of seeson kind of a benevolent Guardian um to kind of help the welfare of those who are left privileged and kind I've talked about these examples a number of times earlier in the video but you see this in kind of the public health act um and a couple of other Acts including the factory act and arti and laborers dwellings Improvement act under dr's government importantly though this kind of support for paternalism and shift within one nation conservatism to helping the lower classes a little bit more shouldn't simply just be seen in in a kind of philosophical um way of this kind of belief in uh in the Blessed B it should also be seen in terms of a strategic um move move in terms of pragmatism they recognized that um support for socialism would grow whereas inequality was growing and kind of class Consciousness um was growing um in society kind of a growing working class um and they therefore um recognized that they needed to help the lower classes a bit more in order to prevent Revolution because there otherwise there would be unrest in that with threat and tradition um and the key kind of structure and stability and hierarchy within society and that's crucially seen in kind of disra a key1 Nation conservatives in his quote that the palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy so you need to keep the cottage you need to keep the people lower down in society happy um in order to protect hierarchy in society as well so this paternalism isn't just about kind of this ideal like shift to kind of really helping out the lower classes it's also kind of pragmatic element to maintain hierarchy in society the new right by contrast we see kind of and Rand here um can be seen as fundamentally rejecting the principles of paternalism and hierarchy um so they rejected the notion of the state as protector and provider instead arguing that excessive set intervention not only ciled individual Freedom also stifled economic growth and Innovation kind of really opposed almost any state intervention at all it's not like traditional One agent conservatives supported the load of State intervention so instead of emphasizing hierarchy and social stability they were driven by promoting the principles of individualism autonomy meritocracy in society and the economy so this kind of again as we spoke about a little bit earlier we looked at pragmatism and the rejection of pragmatism it's kind of this ideological driven ideology I suppose driven by the ideology um of Freedom they championed minimizing government intervention in both economic Affairs and social welfare um and an economic system where Market the market capitalism this Lazare capitalism um would dictate economic outcomes and this would lead to Greater economic efficiency and prosperity and in this context kind of this hierarchy and this paternalism what kind of relative an outdated social order that that kind of hindered free market capitalism and hindered this promotion of individual freedom and you see this in well as well in their kind of support for atomism in society they don't support kind of hierarchy anymore it's really about kind of Margaret that even said at one point there is no Society um it's this idea that just lots of individuals they don't see kind of society as one this key of unit and they really don't support this kind of paternalism um or hierarchy and crucially the new right's opposition to p ISM could be seen in an Ran's opposition to the concept of personal altruism this concept of helping others which she viewed as the moral obligation to place the needs of others above one's own interests and she believed that this created a dependency in those who were helped um and therefore undermined kind of uh individual Freedom um therefore the kind of moral Pursuit um wasn't kind of helping the ruling class helping um those who are lower down in society in a paternalistic way it's rational self-interest and it's individualism and it's leaving people alone which kind of see shows the kind of key classical liberal influence in their ideology as well um on the other hand uh kind of a slight maybe agreement or acceptance of hierarchy is that in their acceptance of lazir capitalism and rejection of a welfare state and redistribution um it was kind of inevitable that this would lead to some level of inequality within society and the maintaining of of some level of hierarchy um because ultimately if you introduce Le a fair capitalism at a point my summer richer and more and some po it's not going to massively change that system obviously potentially they advocated that they did would do within a meritocracy but ultimately in their promotion of lir cism there was some acceptance of continued inequality so that's kind of one limited area where you can potentially see that agreement um in terms of hierarchy okay moving on now um to the next kind of key principle and this is this isn't one that is named but it's kind of really shared an important really to bring in especially um in relation to the economy and that's capitalism um and property um so capitalism and property rights are strongly supported by conservatives rooted in these kind of other key principles of prism respect for tradition and the concept of an organic Society this is really a really good thing to do when you're kind of bring looking at these agreement points and agreement paragraphs within your conservative essays link them back to these other um kind of key principles of conserv to explain them so if you can explain cism through the other principles which they really are Central to like tral tradition and pragmatism that will really impress The Examiner and allow you to kind of explain it um in quite a detailed way so they support capitalism primarily due to practis they see it as the the system that works the most practical and efficient economic system it aligned with this pragmatic approach and has proven to generate wealth um and improve living standards um so they're very wary of idealistic visions of changing the economy through State intervention um which they saw is really dangerous um and the support for hierarchy means that conservatives are very comfortable with the inequality that capitalism prod users um further um conservative like capitalism is seen um as kind of a part of tradition um it's the system that's kind of often been there um in many societies therefore it should be respected and listened to as this kind of accumulated wisdom of the past um rather the than discarded um and they also see it um as important to the organic Society kind of this idea of the market and individuals naturally trading with each other is kind of a key part of this like LinkedIn into we'll look at this in more detail um in a bit the idea of an organic Society um and of kind of uh just letting Society evolve as it does rather than seeking to design it um crucially property is really important to conservatism as well um so it's seen as a Cornerstone of a stable Society kind of this stable this order stability Society is really important and they argue that ownership encourages responsibility and discourages support for socialist ideology that uh up upturns the social order so um the right to property is also intertwined with a conservative emphasis on an organic Society um where individual ownership kind of forms part of the social fabric as well cont contributing to the kind of overall health of society um as a whole as a look at now though there are kind of significant differences between the different strands of conservatism um especially in relation to the extent of St intervention in the economy they support and you'll bring this in um in particular in your kind of essays on conservatism and the economy okay so first um looking at traditional conservatism's view on capitalism so they're strong supports of capitalism and property which they see is kind of due to pragmatism um and tradition um so they're kind of both also seen as maintaining important to maintain a hierarchy in society which kind of key principes traditional conservatism um they didn't support paternalistic economic policies to the same extent as one na conserva did also weren't Libertarians ideologically opposed to State intervention in the economy like the new right which we're kind of look at both of those um in a second so Burke was kind of actually wary of the potential of un completely unregulated economic liberalism and unfettered pursuit of individual wealth um though he did kind of generally support kind of uh relatively free market capitalism he also wasn't strongly really supportive in the same way that kind of classical liberals were um because they they were kind of worried about these kind of uh free markets undermining order and stability within society and this led to some early conservatives really supporting protectionism of national industries from foreign competition but it's also important to recognize that traditional conservatism was articulated prior to the kind of full development of industrialization and and capitalism that that later conservatives were writing in um and it seems reasonable to suggest I think that their beliefs in changing to conserve and pragmatism may have led them to supporting similar policies to One Nation conservatives given this change context and you can obviously you can debate this you can argue that's not the case but I think this is that could be a decent argument you can bring in and I think this idea that one nation conservatives are our development of traditional conservatism with the idea of changing to conserve is a kind of really uh good kind of point of evaluation you can bring in um when kind of comparing the strands and thinking about agreement versus disagreement so one nation conservativism strongly supports capitalism due to the pragmatic approach and respect for tradition that it shares with traditional conservatism uh but due to their greater emphasis on paternalism and the need to change to conserve and the changing context of industrialization and they support a bit more set intervention to ensure the welfare of all members of society so they recognize that in the face of societal changes and increasing inequality brought about by industrialization some degree that intervention and reform was necessary to prevent social unrest and maintain National cohesion so support for socialism growing this change was necessary to conserve the hierarchical stable nature of society and prevent a socialist Revolution um if they kind of didn't help those down lower down in society which would threaten it and they were also influenced by their paternalism which led to the belief that the state should take proactive steps to improve the welfare of the less privileged members of society through policies designed to alleviate poverty and provide social welfare and we looked at this a little bit um earlier in the video um so I'm just going to kind of skip through this relative quickly have a read but you see this in the 19th century Israel's governments um um kind of introducing key things to kind of improve kind of the conditions for those lower down um in society um whilst also introducing income tax um so it's kind of not they're introducing this massive progressive taxation um but did recognize you needed a bit of kind of interm Taxation to spend a little bit more in society and help those low down in society with kind of growing demands on the state and you also see it in the 20th century so in the 20th century you see kind of prime ministers like McMillan Churchill taking a similarly pragmatic approach they didn't introduce nationalization they didn't introd U this kind of mix econ they didn't introduce a big welfare state but they recognized actually removing it um would really threaten society would threaten the kind of structure the stability hierarchy tradition with the So within society and they therefore supported um maintaining it um and that's can be really seen in their pragmatic approach where they would accept um stum stay intervention can also be seen um in their their real support for kind of property property building um in the period of McMillan built around 300,000 homes per year when he was prime minister um and yeah as I kind of say in the end is this doesn't mean that one nation conserv in this period supported nationalizations supported This Much Greater State intervention but it's a recognition of their support for capitalism and their understanding of economics and also their understanding of society and all their views as a whole is based on this kind of pragmatic approach and the need to change in order to conserve the new rights VI on capitalism is quite different um so they kind of partly came to prominence in response to this kind of um especially in the UK in response to One Nation conservatism acceptance of um postwar reforms in particular this kind of acceptance of extensive welfare state and nationalization and they saw themselves the true conservatives through their return to a neoliberal economic approach their return to free market capitalism and advocated for rolling back the state in the economy um and Welfare so they were driven by libertarianism which is the key kind of principle mentioned in the specification which is kind of very much specific to neoliberalism in the new right and this cented on the promotion of Liberty autonomy and free choice particularly in economic Affairs um and resulted in them advocating for very minimal State intervention in the economy and for Laz Fair capitalism they believed in limited taxation low public spending little regulation so that individuals and businesses were left free to act how they wish they can be seen where they're really driven by Freedom Again by the ideology of Freedom so they believe that the state's role should be very much limited um to the narrow function of protecting individuals from Force theft and fraud and enforcing contracts rather than redistributing weal for managing the economy um nosik for example kind of saw State intervention um as a real threat um arguing and argue that the Min minimal state is the most extensive state that can be justified any state more extensive violates people's rights so they didn't just see L capitalism as the most uh kind of pragmatic efficient system um they ultimately saw it um as the most moral economic system because it didn't interfere um free choice and largely left people alone to to a much greater extent um than greatest State intervention in the economy did um and nox's justification um for libertarianism um really built upon Emanuel K's principle individual should never be um treated um as means to an end but always as an end in themselves so he argue that respecting individual rights is the core obligation of the state and Society um and the ultim timately um taxation um and kind of this greatest State intervention threatened those rights and then kind of went against those rights um and he argued that taxation um on kind of on labor on work is on par with forced labor because you're kind of making people you're ultimately taxation is implemented through the threat of force new also strongly supported property rights um believing property ownership to be a kind of fundamental right and important promoting self-reliance and economic initiative um and they argue that individuals when they have property rights they're more inclined to take care of their property and make productive use of it leading to overall economic growth and stability so they kind of that's kind of really consistent so they they do support capitalism which can be seen as consistent as their type of capitalism real free market capitalism that can be seen as different but they do kind of really support property but again it's kind of for different reasons it's driven by individual Freedom um in particular um rather than kind of by stability intoy which is kind of a bit more key for traditional and one nation conservative support for it um you see this have a great read here in some of the the writing of an Rand and Robert nozik um you you can see kind of opposition to a welfare state um and support the idea um that free capitalism supports um individual rights and I've already gone through this much earlier in the video um but you can also see here how um NE neoliberalism was really promoted um and implemented um under Thatcher with with kind of privatization there these nationalized industries deregulation um lowering tax massively um and also the right to buy scheme in terms of implementing um property you can bring these These are never these kind of practical examples never be the center of your essays by no means but I don't think there's any harm in kind of bringing them in here and there maybe once a paragraph as an example just to illustrate um your point okay so the next conservative principle we're going to have a look at or key agreement and principle is organic uh the idea of an organic Society or state and this is key to fund uh to conservative thought and it emphasizes that society and state and the state develop naturally and cannot be artificially designed or engineered they disagree with the liberal view um that a state in society can be designed through rational thought and thinking um like a machine instead they view it as more of a plant as more of a living organism that needs to be kept alive and that we don't necessarily completely understand every part of it is crucial to the whole and chases occur gradually and naturally through an evolutionary process rather than through intentional planning as kind of liberals or socialists um kind of advocate um this intentional pring they believe um kind of creates creates big risks um so it kind of inherently values stability and cohesion of the whole over the needs of desires of individual Parts which is also really important to this idea and Oak's idea kind of boat analogy is really important to this um or key in illustrating this so he argued that um political activity is like navigating a boat um in a sea um and that this boat you shouldn't try and kind of go off in some uncertain utopian Direction instead you should seek to uh kind of make constant careful adjustments and keep it afloat in uncertain Waters so they believe that Society in the state have developed um the way they have for a reason and rather than seeking to change them suddenly and we should listen to tradition and seek to maintain the structure of society and this reflects the the conservative principle of empiricism and focusing on what the past and present can teach us rather than seeking to design a kind of hypothetical ideal future as socialists do so Authority and hierarchy um therefore seeing as natural and necessary components of a keys society which is key to why they support them um and this structure is not arbitrarily imposed but has emerged naturally over time and should therefore be listened to um rather than trying to design um something different in the UK this leads to conservatives opposing codification of the Constitution so they view the British constitution Unwritten um shaped by centuries of tradition and practice as a prime example of an organic political system which is flexible adaptable and deeply embedded in um the the kind of UK's history um and culture um and for conservatives the gradual development of this system is preferable to any kind of attempt to impose or design um a kind of a rational design structure um as this kind of system as its developed reflects tradition reflects this accumulated wisdom of the past so let's look at organic soety in the strand of conservatism and also kind of kind of some more more also more specific views on on society as well which we can bring in so traditional conservatives really support an organic Society um and support localism crucially in Burke's idea of little platoon so they strongly endorse the concept of an organic Society with a deep respect for traditionally established institutions this leads them to support kind of key institutions like the Church of England and monarchy I'm seeing them as not kind of only relics of the past but as key organ Society that provide continuity stability and a sense of identity to society and they really don't um agree with dismantling these institutions um in the pursuit of ideological goals um which is kind of key idea of the emergence of socialism um as in opposition to the French Revolution I this kind of support for organic Society can be seen in Burke's advocacy for localism and little platoon of society so by little platoon he meant smaller communities and associations such as families local communities social groups Scout groups for example I think it was a key example he often used um that provide individuals with security status and a sense of belonging um so traditional conservative s Society is this collection of localized communities and that's naturally developed with lots of these different parts um which are all important to the whole whole of the society is more important and it's these kind of smaller localized um communities little platoons where people learn their primarily kind of have their primary loyalties and learn values they learn these kind of values and are Guided by these these values um and ideas um of tradition and they're therefore essential to teaching tradition um and nurturing a cohesive society and promoting the idea that Society is more important than any individual part one nation conservatives um chally always also support a kind of organic keys of society um so they agree with traditional conservatism's view that the society should develop organically respecting all uh established traditions and institutions um and it can also be seen in there uh kind of in why they're called One Nation conservatism um their real promotion um of a cohesive patriotic National unit um so they emphasized patriotism in the idea of a Kea Society where despite kind of differences in class Regional background citizens have more in common than what divides them and this kind of Champions a sense of national unity and shared purpose and kind of social harmony with the focus on what unites from divides as we spoke about previously this is partly in order to ref socialism and their idea of of class Division and the threat that posed to hierarchy in the context of industrialization um the new WR are very different they they very much reject an organic society and instead can be seen as promoting this idea of atomism within Society um so their views on society differ a lot from tradition One Nation conservatives for them Society is less of organically involving entity shaped by traditions and kind of communal relationships and it's actually just a collection of individuals pursuing their own interests um there not much to say of society at all and this is kind of brought together in this principle of atomism so rather than emphasizing the organic development of society and communial bonds they focus on promoting individualism and ensuring and promoting freedom and ensuring that the states Ro is minimized to prevent it from infringing upon individual freedom and that can be seen in in in in Ran's thought in the virtue of selfishness where she argued the smallest minority Earth is the individual those who deny individual n rights cannot claim to be Defenders of minorities that really shows this kind of promotion of the individual key to the new right um and they don't support the belief in organic of organic society that the society or state is as a whole is more important than its different parts for the new right individuals are the most important part and that drives all of their political beliefs so atomis is crucially his belief that Society is made up of distinct independent individuals um and his very different things emphasis on localism or kind of emphasis on a cohesive Society or society as a whole and as a result they advocate for a minimal state that just leaves um individuals Alone um and as I mentioned thater once said in 1987 there is no such thing as Society there are individual men and women and there are families um okay one of the final uh principles then we're going to look at is human imperfection um so human imperfection is a key principle of conservatism and it argues that humans are flawed which makes them incapable of making good decisions for themselves it's linked in a bit into eternalism as we looked at um previously and this kind of pessimistic interpret interpretation is very different on for Liberal liberals far more optimistic interpretation that focuses on kind of humans as rational beings this idea um as we looked right at the start of the video can first be seen in Hobs Leviathan um which sets out the belief that in the state of nature in the absence of a strong State um human life would inevitably fall into a state of constant conflict and competition for resources and power um and he described it as it would be solitary poor nasty bre and short and this was due to his belief that humans are ruthless calculating and inherently driven by their basic interests by their self-interest which would lead them to conflicting with each other and this kind of Bleak Outlook led to him um supporting a strong central Authority the Leviathan a strong state to impose order in society um this was key kind of for influencing conservative beliefs um and they believe that human nature and human imperfection is a constant and that politicians need to accommodate it rather than try and alter it so and and and it's kind of can be really useful to break this kind of human imperfection down um into um three aspects you got psychological imperfection um so they believe that humans are kind of influenced by their emotions fears and desires rather than rational thought um and they really as a result so kind of traditions and guidance is important to guiding um guiding human nature which kind of links into Burke support for for localism for little platoon they saw them as morally imperfect so naturally inclined towards self-interest and potentially acting immorally and also intellectually imperfect um they humans have limitations in their understanding um and capacity to rationalize and this links their kind of respect for tradition as well they don't think um that you should kind of try and design something perfect based on these ideological abstractions and these kind of ideas that kind of liberalism has they think you should listen to tradition because tradition has a lot more WI than you do right because because humans intellectually imp perfect they can't properly understand things and therefore we should listen to the teachings um of the past rather than trying to design and up kind of propose upheaval in society I'm and design something new and this is key to kind of shaping their other views in society so it undermines the support for a strong but responsible state to provide kind of guidance order and security um translates into kind of preference of The Proven and traditional capitalist system over radical and untested theories in economic views and in society explains their real caution towards Rapid social change and their PR preference for gradual organic development that respects tradition in terms of strands of conservatism um human imperfection is really key to traditional conservatism so it's influenced by Hobs who as I said kind of at the start of the video kind of actually preceded conservatism but as he's including the course probably better to describe as traditional conservative U rather than anything else obviously you can explain you can just potentially explain that he came before conservatism but you also I think it's fine to describe as a traditional conservative as well but in terms of Burke um kind of traditional conservatism interpretation um of human imperfection was deeply influenced by conservatism so this idea of original sin and the the kind of fallibility of man um resulted in Buck advocating for the idea that humans need guidance and structure in society through these institutions and through these little platoon um and they also believe that this inherit human imperfection um requires a stable hierarchal social order um because people um aren't necessarily equipped to make decisions um by themselves based on Reon death they need this kind of authoritarian state which we talked about when we look to paternalism and hierarchy um but importantly these contal conservatives particularly Burke aren't as P pessimistic about human nature as Hobs they believe that they can be mitigated through the influence of tradition and proper guidance um and this is crucial um with uh kind of Burke's idea of little Tunes also Oak shot kind of described um human behavior as no noisy foolish and flaw which just kind of directly going against hops right of nasty brutes and short um so it's the idea that while humans are fallible and often intellectually and psychologically imperfect they make mistakes when they're kind of framed by the right institutions they can be kind of benign and benevolent or human nature can be benign and benevolent um and human nature isn't inor inherently morally evil or kind of malevolent or um destructive um and that's why they kind of um yeah place this real emphasis on tradition institutions little platoon to kind of give individuals guidance in terms of one nation conservatives interpretation of human nature largely consistent with our traditional conservatives um they recognize the inherent um imperfections and Rize that individuals are driven by this mix of self-interest emotions and limited rationality and this lead some this is kind of key to their justification for paternalism in governance um they believe that the state should act in a protective manner um as ultimately it knew better and should therefore look after everyone in society um but ultimately kind of one development is that they kind of also recognize that people need practical support in the economy um as could be seen with some of disr reforms the new right really differs um and they they really effectively reject human imperfection um so it's very different traditional One Nation views on human nature um they don't see humans as imperfect instead they see them as rational and self-interested and they see that as a posit thing that creates the potential for self-governance and self-improvement so very much influenced by these kind of classical liberal tradition and classical liberal beliefs rather than conservatism so they believe that individuals are inherently driven to pursue their own goals and interests and rather than seeing this in a negative light they believe it's beneficial for society as a whole and the state shouldn't get in the way of it they therefore disagree with these kind of one nation and traditional conservative beliefs in paternalism the idea that people need moral and intellectual guidance and that fundamentally shapes their views on how the state and economy should operate um as well as their belief that Society or kind of as well as kind of being fundamental to the the understanding of society is atomistic um so it leads them to support a limited role for the state in both the economy and social Affairs they argue that excessive State intervention not only undermines individual Freedom um but also the efficient functioning of the market and in their view the state should exist only to protect individual rights enforce contracts and ensure National Security rather than redistributing wealth um or providing a range of Social Services they believe is kind of really infringing on on um freedom and this can be seen in two kind of um elements of thought from Rand and nozik so Rand argued that self-interest not only benefit to society but was a moral imperative in her philosophy of objectivism um she posited that pursuing one's happiness and interests is the highest moral Pursuit um a Viewpoint that fundamentally opposes this idea of self-sacrifice for Collective goals or paternalism it's all about self-interest um so she opposed personal altruism as kind of spoke about earlier in the video which you see s is kind of creating an unhealthy dependence in those who are the recipients which shows her kind of lack of support for paternalism as well and also important um is nosik theory of self- ownership um so this asserts that individuals have sovereignty over their bodies and their rights um and as a result they should be free to choose how they use their abilities and resources with uh without coercive interference from the state and he argue this is a key principle of justice and this was key to kind of his real opposition to taxation for example does he believe this government intervention where kind of this forceable taking of of your money um or is oppose this self- ownership um and that individual should be free to kind of choose how they use their abilities and resources without this coercive interference from the state okay and the final um key prin we're going to look at is the idea that the state should provide order and security um so this is a central kind of uh principle and ten of conservative thought they believe that the primary function of the state is to provide uh and maintain social order and ensure the security of its citizens rather than kind of seeking Progressive utopian ends that's links into this kind of pragmatism um view of pragmatism as well and this stems from their recognition um of human imperfection and the need for structured authority to maintain um relations and protect social relation to protect individuals from harm crucially this links back to Hobs we looked at in human imperfection um this is actually a picture of hobbs' Leviathan here which is the state so he believed that without a strong State um human the kind of inherently self-interested nature of humans uh leads to chaos and disorder and ultimately Civil War effectively um in the context he was writing and therefore you need a strong State um in order to um kind of provide order and security and once that state set up they shouldn't be questioned which way you can kind of potentially link that into traditional conserva and their view of authority as well they see the state as a guarantor of order providing a framework within which individuals can live work and interact um safely and let's have a look at that now in the um in the kind of strand of conservatism so first with traditional One Nation conservatism they crucially support this idea of kind of um the state providing order and security and require influence by Hobs so they see that as its key kind of role um as providing Law and Order to prevent a descent into chaos and example of that they kind of see is kind of EMP on law enforcement strong Judicial System um important focus on defense and that can really be seen um in kind of traditional conservative reforms under Ro appeal in the um 19th century um with the kind of establishment of a metropolitan um Police Service um which is key to provide it maintains social stability but also kind of reflects this idea of a cohesive Society an organic Society um with kind of neighborhood policing it shouldn't just be done by force but through kind of a shared understanding and you kind of um shared principles and kind of um shared reflection traditions and guidance um effectively um so kind of one of peele's famous principles is the police are the public and the public are the police um and the new right crucially also really do support this idea that the state provides order and security so even though they kind of advocate for rolling back the state in economic affairs um they believe that kind of this needs to be done like ultimately the market needs to secure an environment and the state needs to provide um order and Security even if it should be kind of much smaller in other Affairs um they don't think the state should be big they think there should be kind of one of the states very limited roles they do think um it's very necessary um to ran for example wrote the only proper purpose for a state was to protect man's rights which means protect him from physical violence and neoconservative in particular um advocates for a strong state in defense and policing um arguing for kind of robust kind of National Defense capabilities effective law enforcement um as kind of key components of national sovereignty and Public Safety um and new really emphasized um the state's kind of protective um role in society so while they kind of advocated reduce role in in economic Affairs they didn't um in terms of Law and Order okay so I very very long going through kind of the principles and some of the disagreements there what I've done now is quickly um this all the detail of these we've kind of already gone through right um and is is earlier in the video if you'll just come to this bit of the video now but kind of summarize these for the state economy society and human nature just some of these kind of key agreements and principles and some of the disagreements so for the state kind of key principles this one we kind of just looked at key kind of agreement between all the strands that the state should provide order and Security in society whereas key tensions and disagreements um is the kind of economic role in the state a new right support for libertarianism especially contrasting with um One Nation conservatives view who recognize um the importance of State intervention um at points in kind of a pragmatic way this also links into um this final one here the idea that traditional One Nation um believe their beliefs about how the state should act driven by Prism and tradition whereas the new right is very driven by IDE ideology and support for Freedom um and Cally another one is this kind of traditional one nation support for paternalism and hierarchy versus the new rights rejection of pism and hierarchy in terms of the economy you've got kind of agreements that kind of support for capitalism and property rights and acceptance of a significant degree of inequality in the economy um again key tension disagreements kind of level of State intervention in the economy the libertarianism versus One Nation conservatism's um belief in the paternalistic state in economic Affairs J on one nation conserves believe in hierarchy U which is strongly rejected by the new right um and crucially the new right supports capitalism for very different reasons of one nation traditional conservatives they're not driven by pragmatism and tradition they're driven by ideology an ideological support for Freedom which is kind of crucial to the idea that they're kind of actually um especially the neoliberal element of it is is kind of belongs a little bit more to a liberal tradition in terms of society again that agreement is the acceptance of a significant degree of inequality um and all CHS believeing the order and security and property rights are crucial to a stable and successful Society disagreements are kind of over on organic Society versus the new rights belief in kind of atomism and individualism um whilst kind of um yeah traditional Mod Nation believe in this organic he of society and traditional with Burks blit platoons in particular in localism um traditional modation conserves believe in paternalism and hierarchy whilst the the new right really rejects this um and the new rights of VI societ is driven by individual Freedom um while tradition on one nation are driven by pragmatism and tradition in terms of human agreement is that the state is needed to provide order and security without it human nature would lead to conflict the principle of uh human imperfection um here obviously the new right does reject it but it's such a central principle of conservatism I thought it's worth including in the key agreements of principles because you might often include this in the kind of agreement paragraphs and obviously explain the disagreements um later on um in the Esser as well but it's such a key principle I think it's worth including up here then obviously in human nature um it's his real belief in human ction traditional One Nation conservatives but a rejection of this um pessimistic interpretation by the new right um and traditional one Naes to believe that paternalism tradition and little platoon are important kind of guide human nature in the right direction whereas the new right really rejects this believes in individualism um and believes that intervention creates dependency and the individual should be left alone so the final um section I've got for this video just a couple of overall um examples of evaluation um in relation to these conservatism as a whole because I recognize this is one of the most difficult parts of um AEV politics so I've got two interpretations here um and you can argue very much for either of them you can be somewhere in the middle even potentially but could shows you some of the different ways and this is obviously for conservis as a whole rather than if we're just looking at the state economy Society or human nature but gives you an idea of some of the ways of very high level AAR analysis um of how you can argue for more disagreement than agreement um or vice versa so in terms of the argument there's more disagreement than agreement um it's the idea um that um the new right in particular um are very different from the rest of uh rest of conservatives they fundamentally reject the key beliefs and principles of conservatism that shape traditional One Nation views they're not driven by pragmatism human imperfection tradition they're fundamentally ideologically driven by the promotion of individualism and freedom um and that leads them to rejecting the kind of key principles of paternalism or Society um and refer to themselves as um true conservatives um the agreements they have with the other strands are limited and they don't support them for the same reasons they therefore have greatly different interpretation of conservatism um that is in part founded to reject One Nation views and it can also be noted there are important differen between traditional and one nation conservatives particularly the one nation conserves in the 20th century um so one nation conserves belief in paternalism is different to traditional conservatives support for authority and the extent of State interventions kind of accepted in the 20th century by one nation conservatives goes much further than what traditional conservatives um arguably advocate for on the other hand um it can be argued there is significant agreement between conservatives um so this can be seen in particular um um traditional in traditional and one nation conservatives so though One Nation conserv have some different views in relation to the economy and stronger support for paternalism it can be argue that this is kind of really changing to conserve and reflects these kind of key principles of prism um and and gradual change in the recognition that you can't just not change at all to conserve tradition and the principles of society you need to change a bit and adapt to a new Society um this this adaptation to um industrialization um further they fundamentally agree in relation to kind of other key principles of pragmatism tradition organic Society hierarchy capitalism property rights human imperfection and the view that the state to provide order and security and there are also important ways that the new rights views are consistent with those of earlier trends of conservatism they support capitalism um and property neoc conservatism Place great emphasis on the state's role in providing order and security as well you can also potentially bring in anti- permissiveness into that as well with support for Traditional Values um it is though it's pretty undeniable that there are kind of clear differences between the new rights views and the principles of conservatism but it could be argued this doesn't mean there's more um disagreement than agreement within conservatism because it can be argued that the new right actually um shouldn't be seen as conservatives at all they should actually be seen as more of a reflection of a liberal tradition um therefore there are obviously naturally going to be key differences between those and conservatives and that's because you can actually make the argument that they're not conservative at all and shouldn't be um cons considered um conservatives and you can see that in the kind of the key kind of classical liberal tradition in their beliefs on freedom minimal State intervention Laz Fair capitalism and atomism see they are quite complicated kind of arguments but hopefully they should give you an idea of some of these kind of evaluations you could make and could potentially bring these into some of your essays um to kind of really try and hit um those High marks okay so in the final part of the video we're going to have a look at the conservative thinkers so there are the key ones named in the specification Hobs Burke Oak shot Rand and nozik but also disra as I think dis is really really important um and you really need him effectively your essays to support One Nation conservatism as none of these um are one nation conservatives we've gone through a lot of these ideas already earlier in the video um so some of these I'll go through relatively quickly um but yeah feel free to pause and kind of read through them um in a long more detail if needed so um in terms of the conservative thinkers um first one is Thomas Hobs as I kind of explain in terms of a strand he came before conservatism um as kind of conservatism really started with Burke in response to to um the French Revolution which in relation to Hops came um God can't be math but 200 years later um since his birth at least because kind of um 100 150 years later um since he was writing um but if you kind of have to describe as of anything so if you can't explain that or don't feel confident explaining that I think it's better when it's for combination between um kind of comparing strands you can describe them as a traditional conservative um in terms of importance he's not be Rel for every essay but should definitely be brought in when talking about conservative views on human nature and the role of the state in providing order particularly in those agreement paragraphs so as I said he preceded the development of conservatism as an ideology his most important work Leviathan is key to kind of um become very consistent with and inform the principles of conservatism particularly in relation to human nature and the role of the state so key ideas um first we looked at this a lot throughout this video this is the idea that in absent of the strong States in the state of nature um life would be solitary poor Nazi brtish and short due to human nature um so hops beli that humans are kind of Ruthless calculating um and naturally self-interested which would lead them to kind of um conflict um in the state of nature um and there it to be chaos and Civil War um and as a result of that he believed um the strong state was needed to provide order um so he thought that a strong state was necessary to to prevent the chaos and conflict in the state of nature um and it's therefore necessary for indiv to give up some of their rights to the state so it can provide order and security so the Leviathan so this state called the Leviathan is got Sovereign Authority um should possess the power to enforce laws and maintain peace um therefore preventing the chaos of the state of nature um and this idea that strong governance is crucial to ensure societal stability and security um kind of profoundly influence later conservative thinkers as disc real emphasis um on order security um in kind of in in the role of the state um next key thinker and he kind of the the father of conservatism um and very much the key traditional conservative thinker um is Edmund Burg very important should definitely be brought in and mentioned into in every essay in some way again with these thinkers it's worth noting that um your essays on the ideology should be stranded driven rather than thinker driven that's why a lot all of the previous notes were kind of really focus on the Strand when looking kind of the agreements and the disagreements um but you should want to think of these these thinkers as examples to bring in um so one strand thinks this way really explain that and then bringing a thinker as an example it shouldn't be starting with a thinker it shouldn't be thinker driven it should very much be um strand driven first so yeah um wimp Edmond Burke referred to as the father of conservatism so founded conservative thought specifically in relation to the Revolution as kind of spoke about at the start of the video um which upended the kind of traditional arist aristic aristocratic sorry religious order in favor of these kind of liberal Enlightenment ideals and he strongly opposed this in his key text reflection of the revolution of uh the revolution in France and kind of set out these key principles of conservatism kind of traditions social hierarchy and gradual Evolution key kind of first idea for him is tradition and empirism um so really supported learning from um and listening to tradition as a kind of accumulated wisdom of past societies and he saw kind of traditions this kind of key thread linking the past present um and future and it's kind of key opposition to the French was partly due to this real disregard of the teaching of of tradition he much had a cautious approach to change um he kind of because this kind of respect for tradition he believed that it should be respected and change should be very organic and gradual respecting and maintaining this tradition rather than through radical upheaval and this kind of real um idea of kind of organic change um but he did also support this idea of change into concert saying that a state without the means of some change is without the means of conservation um emphasizing that you sometimes need to change um and change to be gradually and careful but sometimes you need to do it in order to maintain tradition um and prevent Revolution effectively prevent upheaval in society and then what kind of a final one I've kind of added we this in a lot more detail earlier is this kind of idea of human imp Perfection localism and little platoon so Burke saw humans as very much imperfect and and was very influenced by Christianity in this view this idea original sin um but he really believed in in the kind of importance of guidance and traditions in society um and little platoon he talked about these kind of smaller little communities and groups in society in guiding human nature um in the right way okay next thinker as a mention this one not named on the specification but one I think is really important is Benjamin Disraeli um so he's a one nation conern conservative despite not being a named thinker he's kind of in a way the key thinker for one nation conservatism which should be used in most essays as a key example of their views so he was conservative prime minister um in the mid to late and leader in the mid to late 19th century um and kind of really was quite important to the kind of um articulation implementation of one nation conservatism as a kind of adaptation and gradual reform of traditional conservatism to um a changing Society key idea is first one is kind of paternalism and the bless of bleed which again we've looked at all of these kind of earlier in the video um but this is kind of the idea that the state um is the kind of responsibility of the state and the upper classes to safeguard and look after the welfare those less privileged in society and this came into this idea from the bless obl it's effectively like noble the obligation of nobles to look after those in lower position society and act with generosity and responsibility um towards them and that led him to kind of support the kind of idea of State as like a benevolent Guardian who's to kind of taking care of the welfare of the less privileged in society and see that in some of the kind of uh social reforms that his government enacted um crucially um this was not just philosophical it was also strategic um it was kind to um kind one of his key phrases the palace is not safe when the cottage is not happy um so it's also kind of by supporting those lower down in society you kind of kind of warded them off or um this idea of society where they didn't need to support um socialism and really support Revolution support uphe which obviously key to tradition and stability and maintaining Society um as well and crucially this idea of kind of why it's called One Nation conservatism was was kind of quite important as an idea of d as well um he really supported the idea of a cohesive society and promoting the idea that everyone's together in one cohesive unit in one nation um and that kind of we help have more in common than divid so kind of really countering these class divisions that were being stoked by socialist ideologies um so it's a real promotion of a sense of um shared national identity to kind of bridge the growing divide between the classes um and he support to kind of promote and ranze the empire in the public imagination as part of this for example with um with the SE Canam so um next think is Michael oaw as I kind of mentioned earlier in the video he sometimes described as a one nation conserv ative but he kind described himself as traditional and I think he's a lot more consistent with traditional conservative views even if he came later it was almost a restatement of traditional conservative views in the early 20th century um and you see this kind of the key views pragmatism um so he saw in the 20th century um a lot of kind of extreme Politics on the left and right being driven by utopianism and these ideas of a perfect society and driven by this kind of the theory and utopianism and theoretical abstraction and he advocated for a real return um to pragmatism um in politics and that's how you should listen to tradition um advocating for gradual change rather than this idealism and you kind of as we discussed earlier got this kind of idea analogy of the boat some really good quotes that you can use to kind of illustrate this and again a real belief in human imperfection that you kind of resented in the 20th century um that humans aren't this linked into this kind of prism humans can't aren't perfect can't design these kind of they're intellectually imperfect they can't Divine Design these perfect systems um and he supported the view that human imperfection was a Conant that politicians um should seek to accommodate it but crucially there's a bit of a move away from kind of hops and it was kind of traditional conservative but a bit less imperfect than hops so you didn't think it kind of nasty BR and short he thought life would be noisy foolish and flawed it's kind of very much a direct move kind of reference to Hops there in in how he's writing um and kind of real suggesting that humans are fallible and often intellectually and psychologically imperfect so belief in human imperfection um but they're not inherently morally evil malevolent or destructive and kind of kind of I suppose consistent with a traditional conservative view of um Burke in terms of the idea of guidance in um shaping humans in the right direction the First new right thinker then very much kind of a neoliberal um as is noic actually um is an Rand um so I forgot to mention for in terms of the importance um for Oak shot kind of I think he's definitely important as well and you can bring him into a lot a lot of essays he's got kind of a lot to say and you can apply it to lots of different things and Rand also very important she definitely try and bring her her and nozik into um to definitely one of her and nozik to support the new W in each essay and potentially both if you can as well she's a russian-american novelist um who is a key figure in advocating for neoliberalism and the new right so she was born in Russia saw um the kind of consequences of the Soviet Union the bsh Revolution and then came to the United States really strongly advocated for individualism free market capitalism um and freedom and a lot of these principles were are articulated in novels actually um such as Atlas Shrugged um and the Fountain Head key key ideas so first one we kind of looked at a little bit already is objectivism um we looked at this earlier in the video um this is kind of the idea that the pursuit of one's own happiness and of one rational of of one's kind of rational self-interest is the highest moral Pursuit it's not just kind of pragmatic or um or the most kind of effective for the economy she saw as kind of there's a real moral justification for this and she kind of as we talked about I've talked about a couple of times in in the video um really opposeed personal altruism as a as a result of this because she thought it created um dependency in those who were supported and actually the more moral thing was to follow your own self-interest um support yourself and she used to kind of support this in this quote here in the virtue of selfishness where she said the man who attempts to live for others is a dependent he is a parasite in motive and makes parasites of those he serves and she also crucially supported freedom and La Fair capitalism um so she was really driven by promoting freedom and individualism to society really showing the kind of neoliberalism and her inheritance of kind of more of actually a liberal tradition I a classical liberal thought which kind of spoke about kind of um in the middle of the video in terms of whether Neal should be considered conservatives at all um yeah she beli that freedom in personal and economic was necessary for individuals to act on their rational judgment and achieve their potential and as a result he believed in lazir capitalism as the most efficient economic system to promote this um and argu that the state's role should be limited to just kind of promoting individual rights so the individual could flourish u in the economy especially under free market capitalism Robert nozik again neoliberal the new right um kind of held very similar views um and and kind of I suppose we can bring in a couple of different kind of specific ideas of hism this first one was kind of really the idea of libertarianism um it's kind of really kind of free market effectively justification for real free market economics this is Justified in the idea that individual rights should really be receptive respected by the states uh by the state um and that human spe should be treated as an end not a means to an end at any point um and therefore he thought the state's role should be minimal it's limited to perfecting individuals to enforce threat uh and fraud enforcing contracts rather than kind of any redistribution or significant State role and he ultimately said the minimal state is the most extensive state that can be justified as any uh State more extensive violates people's individual rights um and crucially anything more extensive especially what he was talking about um was kind of redistributive Taxation um excessive kind of social welfare which he saw effectively as forc lab or taxation on earnings as forc labor um because effectively is taken with the threat of force and and finally kind of uh his key view was the idea of self- ownership the idea that individuals have sovereignty over their bodies and the fruits of their labor um and therefore they should be free to choose how they use them without being interfered with um especially by the state um and that kind of really under like kind of underlined his key his and the new rights key opposition to redistributive policies um as they were seen as infringing um upon personal Liberty um and property rights um therefore any kind of respecting self ownership means that any exchange or transfer of property must be voluntary based on free consent um rather than kind of based on Force um and ultim wrote in anity state in Utopia which is kind of his key text individuals have rights and there are no things that no person or group may do to them without violating their rights so yeah really really long video um I hope that you kind of can skip between lots of different parts of it at different points um your rision it it will really help you out um in the A Levels this year and for people in in in years to come as well um if you got any questions or comments let them uh put them in the comment section below um and I'll get back to you um and as I said this PDF um the PDFs in this video as well as ones for liberalism and socialism you can find in the first link in the description to the politics explained website um where you can also find loads and loads of resour to help you in the a level um with detailed essay plans for UK politics UK government um also these ideologies also us um politics I've kind of written a textbook and and soon we'll be bringing out um essay plans as well um and 12 marker plans um as well as a place to sign up for tutoring if that's something um you'd be interested in to get a bit more kind of detailed um tailor support um with a will from um tutors who have done it recently who have got an A star um and who can really help you kind of on an individual level with both essay writing and the content So yeah thank you very much