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Which benzodiazepines are known for having a high abuse potential due to lipid solubility?
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Xanax (Alprazolam) and Ativan (Lorazepam)
What kinds of general anesthetics are used in clinical practice?
Nitrous oxide, ultra-short acting barbiturates (thiopental), ketamine.
What are the primary uses of benzodiazepines?
Treat anxiety (anxiolytics), insomnia, epilepsy, alcohol detox, muscle relaxants, potentiation of CNS depressants in anesthesia.
What are some potential fetal risks associated with benzodiazepine use?
Possible fetal abnormalities from benzodiazepine use by either parent.
Why should the use of benzodiazepines be carefully weighed against their risks?
Due to significant side effects such as cognitive impairment, physical side effects, dependency, and interactions, especially with alcohol and opioids.
What are the typical administration routes for general anesthetics?
Inhalation or injection.
What is the half-life of Diazepam in elderly patients?
~7-10 days
What are some of the risks associated with benzodiazepine use in elderly patients?
Prolonged effects due to metabolization issues, increased risk of falls and hip fractures, cognitive impairment
Why might benzodiazepines not be effective for treating depression?
While effective for anxiety, benzodiazepines are not effective for depression.
What is the primary purpose of general anesthetics?
To induce unconsciousness for surgery.
Name alternative treatments to benzodiazepines for anxiety.
Non-Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists (BZRAs) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
List some cognitive side effects of benzodiazepines.
Amnesia, confusion, potential dementia in elderly
What are reversal agents for benzodiazepines and opioids, respectively?
Flumazenil for benzodiazepines and Naloxone for opioids.
What are some common risks and side effects associated with Non-Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists (BZRAs) like Zolpidem (Ambien)?
Hallucinations, sleep-driving, next-day sedation, potential for amnesia, and acting while unconscious.
Which benzodiazepine is water-soluble and suitable for injectable administration?
Midazolam
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