hi everyone its dr. Stephanie in 2020 a lot of things have happened and one thing that happened was that APA released the seventh edition publication manual I wanted to talk today a little bit about one aspect of that APA 7th edition manual which is citing and referencing so why do we use APA there's a lot of formats out there there's MLAs which stands for Modern Language Association you may have used that before there's AP which Associated Press uses Chicago style which is what books are written in the Blue Book which lawyers use there's just a zillion styles out there well I don't know why we can't all come together and come up with one writing style and you know sit by the campfire together and sing Kumbaya but we can't so we've chosen one and that's APA and I kind of like APA it's pretty practical pretty straightforward it's what most journal articles are written in and I even had a couple of students say that they used it as a source for their organization and as a standard in their organizations so today I wanted to talk about an important aspect in that citing and referencing so I like to see that you are using outside research whenever possible I think it's important to take outside ideas and draw them into your own experiences your own perceptions the theories that we're talking about and really make things connect if you will so with citing and referencing you will cite and reference whenever you use any outside ideas whether that be a paraphrase or putting someone else's words into your own ideas or words or if you are using a quote so as and these two things tie together so citing and referencing all always tie together I want you to think about this as breadcrumbs so you know that the reader of your work first reads the citation and that's that brings them to the references and the references bring them to the actual source so if if the reader of your work really wanted to find out exactly what you are reading they could so citing goes in the text and it's it uses in-text parenthetical citations this is a fancy word for saying it goes in your writing there's parentheses around whatever source you used and that's how you're indicating that okay so no footnotes we're using in-text parenthetical citations and those go right after your your sentence that you're taking outside research from so this first example some some teachers recommend citing all statistics obviously we've paraphrased because there's no quotation marks around it so what we used is the last name of the author separated by a comma and the year of publication the period always goes at the end of the in-text parenthetical citation the author's name always goes next to the year of publication if there's no year of publication you put in period D period the next example is a direct quote so again very similar to the in-text pen that achill citation that I previously talked about that was a paraphrase now we're doing a direct quote so you have to include one extra thing here I've included the page number if you're looking at a PDF file and you know the original page number you can use the page number if not you're going to actually have to count the number of paragraphs so you put P AR a period instead of the page number and you count which paragraph it's in finally there's a narrative example here thinks that cited citing statistics is important this is that rule where the the year always goes next to the author's name so this isn't used quite as frequently as just the the ones at the end but sometimes it helps with transitions so you can feel free to use it so every time you have a citation you have to have a reference that links to that citation the references list goes at the end of your work it's labeled references Center in bold it's labeled references unlike MLA format which is labeled works cited unlike bibliography which is Chicago style a bibliography in apa style means that you looked at the source but you didn't cite it and it's a separate list so you will you will be using references so references are bold the title is bold centered and then you will have your various citations alphabetized in a list I've given you four common ones a journal article a magazine article a blog post and an author book this should get you started at least with seeing how the references are put together one last word I wanted to talk about fonts this edition of the APA manual opened it up to a lot more fonts which is nice so there's many that you can choose from what I recommend is that you choose 11-point Arial or 12 point Times New Roman they wised up here many people used to use it used to be only 12-point that was accepted for any kind of font well I think they figured out if you use 12-point Arial you don't have to write as many words as Times New Roman because it's a larger font so gone are the days of using 12-point Arial font we now have to use either 11-point Arial or 12 point Times New Roman so but there's other ones here of course that you can use they're just not as common hopefully this helps give a little primer on citing and referencing of course if you ever have any questions you can feel free to reach out to me but hopefully this will give you a little bit of ground when you're starting to use those outside references you