Overview
The lecture discusses the major economic, social, cultural, and political changes in the 19th-century Philippines and the world that shaped Jose Rizal’s personality and outlook.
Factors Influencing Personality
- Personality is shaped by both genetic and a variety of uncontrollable external factors.
- Life experiences, family background, social environment, and historical events contribute to personal development.
19th Century: Age of Modernity and Revolution
- The 19th century marked a shift from traditional to modern systems: monarchy to democracy, feudalism to capitalism.
- The Industrial Revolution introduced machines, new production methods, and urbanization.
- American and French Revolutions inspired demands for individual rights and new governance.
Economic Changes in the Philippines
- Spanish colonization monopolized trade, primarily via the Galleon Trade with Acapulco, Mexico.
- The end of the Galleon Trade and the Industrial Revolution opened the Philippines to world commerce.
- The rise of cash crop agriculture and foreign investment led to new wealth among Chinese, mestizos, and wealthy natives.
Social Stratification and Education
- Society was divided into Peninsulares, Insulares, Mestizos, and Natives, with Spaniards enjoying the most privilege.
- Education was a status symbol, accessible primarily to the elite and those with Spanish blood.
- Wealth allowed the Rizal (Mercado) family to access quality education and rise in status.
Educational Reforms and Effects
- The Industrial Revolution demanded educational reforms for skilled labor.
- The Educational Decree of 1863 mandated free primary education for boys and girls in every town.
- Jesuit return and establishment of secondary schools (e.g., Ateneo) introduced liberal and nationalist ideas.
- Literacy rates rose, exposing more Filipinos to progressive thoughts and nationalism.
Political and Social Injustice
- The colonial regime was marked by racial discrimination, lack of political rights, and economic exploitation.
- The judicial system was corrupt, favoring the wealthy and Spanish, while oppressing native Filipinos.
- The church and government prioritized their own power and wealth, fostering widespread resentment and calls for reform.
Rizal and Nationalism
- Exposure to liberal ideas and educational opportunities helped Rizal and the Ilustrados seek reforms and equality.
- Widespread injustice fueled nationalist sentiments and the desire for democracy and human rights.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Industrial Revolution — Period of industrialization marked by machine-based production and rapid economic change.
- Ilustrado — Literate, enlightened Filipino, often reform-minded and educated abroad.
- Peninsulares — Spaniards born in Spain, holding top colonial positions.
- Insulares — Pure-blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines.
- Mestizo — Person of mixed ancestry, often Spanish or Chinese and Filipino.
- Galleon Trade — Trade route between Manila and Acapulco (Mexico) during Spanish colonization.
- Educational Decree of 1863 — Law mandating the establishment of free primary schools in every Philippine town.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review the impact of social and economic changes on Rizal’s development.
- Read further about the role of the Ilustrados in Philippine nationalism.
- Reflect on how historical context shapes personal and national identity.