the ankle complex is consisted of the tibial bone fibular bone and tailor um the three bones forms uh three joints we have proximal uh tbio joint disto uh tibio fibula joint and um Taylor accural joints that's form uh amount tibia fibula and the Tais bone um for tibial uh fibular joints we have a proximal and the distal ones um they are u a joint that doesn't have much movement going on especially the proximal uh TBO FIB joints um for the distal um TPO fi joints um it its key function is to maintain um the stability of the ankle because of the Bony structure that prevent the an from uh displacement and um to secure U the stability of dist TBI fiet joints um there are three major ligaments that are functioning um to to do this um there are uh anterior and posterior tibial fibula ligaments and um calal uh fibular ligaments so these uh three ligaments kind of uh secure the lateral side or the distal tibial fibrous joint of the ankle for Tao cural joints it's basically the joint space that form am tibia fibula and the taus and the primary movement for this taow cural joint is to do ankle dosy flexion and Pla flexion um it is very important joint that our body uh bear the weight um but be um careful that the uh the surface between the fibula bone the fibula bone and the Tais bone um this part doesn't take much responsibility on uh wave bearing like I I mentioned earlier uh the the the primary um purpose for this is to secure um the um the alignment of the ankle so that being said the majority of the way bearing job falls under um the join um space between tibia and tus um bones in addition to the lateral side of the three ligaments that protect uh that's protecting the fibular uh tibular uh joints um there are posterior anterior tibial fibula and Cal calcal fibular ligaments um two additional uh ligaments that we can find to be able to enhance the stability of taow cural joints one is anterior um Tao fabula U ligaments the other is posterior um Tao uh FIB ligaments and on the medial side um there's a deltoid ligaments um that's um that's in charge of the medial side of the stability of the angle joint or sorry taor cural joints um but the deltoid ligament has four parts it it is uh anterior uh tibio tailor ligaments and then posterior parts that connecting to the tiio and to um um Taylor's bone and um and then uh a ligament that connect tibia to um navicular bones and tibia to calc calanus uh bone so these four parts form um to be the delto liament that in charge of that is in charge of the medial side of the stability of Taylor Coral joints um The taor cural Joint um the the movement for this joint is dosy flexion imp plant of flexion right and the close pack position for Tor cural joint is when the joint is in full uh dosy flexion but open pack is when um the joint is at the 10 degrees of plant flection the end field should be uh firm because it's protected by the surrounding ligaments the foot is so many uh bones um um in short uh we can categorize the bones at the foot to be uh hint foot midfoot and for foot hint foot is consist of uh tailor uh tailor and the calcus bone right here this two and the mid fooot is uh consisted of uh navicular um Q forms um on the middle side and and uh cuboard form on the later side here and for the for foot is consisted of the metat Taro and um um and other uh little toes uh joints this is another um uh view um to look at the foot again we have in foot midf foot and 4 foot uh when we we look deeper among these uh foot joints we can see uh The Joint uh that's consists between uh the tailor bone and calanus bone called sub tailor joint this joint is in charge of ankle inversion and ersion and the function of this um sub tailor joint is to uh stabilize the fot when we're um um um working on on the uneven ground and also it allows the body weight to shift from side to side when we are trying to walk or um trying to move side to side um the foot itself um the stability of the foot is created by three arches they medial longitudinal Arch lateral longitudinal Arch and transverse um uh Arch um the function of these arches are to uh bear the weight and absorb the shock and also uh to transmit and uh disperse the force that's acting on the foot and uh we will look at the Arches here uh for the medial uh longitudinal Arch is consist of the calanus um taus um n navicular and the three um CI forms bone right here and the first three uh metatarsal bone so basically it's the M side of U the foot bones the lateral longitudinal Arch is formed by the calcus um the cuboid that's on the lateral side and uh the fourth and the fifth merasal bone right here and the transvers first Arch is basically um the the um um bone in the mid foot so they are uh medial intermediate and lateral U CI forms and the cuboid so these are the three arches that um that the foot bones form to enhance the stability of the foot now the muscles acting on ankle and foot has uh four compartments the first compartment that I want to talk about is uh Su superficial posterior compartment uh when we look at uh the leg from the back uh superficially we can identify that these muscles they are ankle plantar fraxus and they are gastro nus middle head and lateral head underneath uh beneath it we can find the Solus muscle right here here and uh the uh plantas these three kind of form together as the Aus tangent that insert at the calanus and uh don't forget these three also uh acting um to be the knee uh flexors except the Solus um the deeper uh compartment posteriorly when we take out the superficial post posterior compartment we can see three additional extrinsic muscles um from The Superficial layer to the deeper layer U they are tbus posterior um and and uh when we go deeper we can see a flexor digitorum uh longus and then deeper we see flexor hysis longus it's hard to remember so um there's a saying um the T DH and they're like Tom dickon Harry these are the muscles that people offer uh often referred to like Tom Deon Harry muscles and that means the tbls posterior um flexo digitorum longus and flexo hysis longus in the front uh we can find uh ankle doy flexors and they are uh anterior sorry uh TBI anterior uh right here and then um uh extensor digitorum longus that's that will toy Flex or extend the toes and de layer we find Extend holis longus so these are uh the ankle do flexors on the lateral side we can find uh basically three muscles but um I'm listening to um I will talk about that later but um the lateral uh compartment are U the enco plal flexors and E ERS or um doing ersion on the um superficial uh side we can locate the fibularis uh lus that uh it's insertion is actually at the uh base of the first metat tassal bone and and fibularis brevis its insertion is at the fifth aasal bone so this is how I identify the two the third muscle called fibularis Tous but not everybody has it so I'm not going to uh confuse people the movement of ankle and foot in a um open chained movement in a doif flexion it's uh convex moving on the concave um the primary athro kinematic movement is rolling and gliding the prime mover for doif flection is um U the doif flexors that are located at the anterior compartment of uh the leg when we're doing uh plal flection is uh convex moving on concave so the AR kinematics uh kind of change um to be rolling posteriorly and gliding anteriorly and the prime movers are U the planta flexors they are um the posterior compartments the two posterior compartments