we will have all this anatomy in lab so you might have had it already or might not so it may be a review or it may be brand-new but our heart is actually two pumps I was stupid when I learned this and somebody explained to me how blood flow worked it didn't make any sense at all because in my head I thought the heart pumped and shipped blood and then it pumped and shipped blood I didn't think of it that each side of the heart was actually an independent pump but the path anatomically is very similar we're starting on whether you're on the left or right side we're starting with the atria we have to go through an atrial ventricular valve which is a valve between the atria and the ventricle they have other names of course into the ventricles and then out the semilunar valves so the atria those are those smaller upper chambers in the heart the AV valves now remember in lab you need to call them right or left AV valve if you want to use AV valve otherwise on the left side is the bicuspid valve and on the right side is the tricuspid valve the bicuspid valve is also called the mitral valve so isn't Anatomy super fun so remember in lab you're writing these out in lecture I try to put all the multiple answers but if I forget you can always ask me hey can I also is this also called the mitral valve and I would say yes because there are so many names for the same thing so as we go through the AV valves then we go into the ventricles which are the larger inferior chambers of the heart and then we either shoot out the aorta or the pulmonary trunk through the semilunar valves which are also just called the pulmonary and aortic valves or you can call them pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve sorry I wish someone had shown me this picture because I think I would have been a lot less confused about the dual pump so the ultimate goal here is to make sure that we separate clean blood from dirty blood that we separate that beautiful blood that's full of oxygen and low and carbon dioxide we separate that from the blood that's very low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide so I always say this is like kind of similar to making sure that's your waterline and your sewer line are separate in your house we don't want any mixing so the right side shown here in blue is all about getting things to the lungs so remember the right side collects or if you haven't had it in lab yes yet the right side collects all of the dirty blood from the entire body so it's got to ship that blood to the lungs so that way it can get rid of all the carbon dioxide and pick up more oxygen so we call the right side the pulmonary circuit and we call the left side the systemic circuit because the left side pictured here in red is to illustrate oxygenated blood that needs to be shipped to the entire body so every cell in your body is waiting for that oxygen that the left side is going to deliver so we call it the systemic circuit because it's going to all of your body's systems the only problem I have with this picture is something I've said in lab blood is never blue so anytime you see blue what they're trying to show us is oxygen poor but some people think or have learned at some point that blood is blue until oxygen touches it and that's not true blood is two colors it's either bright red which means oxygen or dark red which means low in oxygen if you've ever watched the nurse draw the blood out of your arm it's not blue it's dark dark red so the major vessels that are gonna bring things to and from and back and forth to the heart the first one the superior vena cava which is shown here so this is one of the largest veins in the body you can see it's above the heart and this is collecting all the dirty blood from your head and shoulders so this is bringing everything kind of superior to the diaphragm from your head your neck your shoulders your arms so all of the deoxygenated blood the inferior vena cava is collecting everything south of the diaphragm so everything from your abdomen and your legs or your legs and your toes so it's bringing everything from south so again a very very large thing this is something else I never thought about besides the heart being two pumps I was stupid and I just thought okay the heart pumps blood I never thought about the heart needing blood for itself and so the heart feeds itself of course that muscle tissue especially has to have that oxygen and so the blood that is deoxygenated has to collect somewhere so in this picture here you can see the coronary sinus so this is a major vein that's on the backside of the heart that has collected all of the dirty blood from the heart itself so heart valves heart valves are a way to keep the blood flowing so heart valves are like doors after a concert especially when everybody's rushing to their cars you want to make sure everybody's going in the same direction because you don't want traffic to slow down well in this case you want to make sure blood doesn't slow down we have a minute for blood to go from the heart to your body and back to the heart we have cells that are waiting on that good stuff and waiting for their trash to be picked up and they will die without those things so we need to make sure everything's flowing in the right direction so we have the right and left IV valves which you can call them that or the tricuspid bicuspid mitral valves other answers so these guys have the same structure if you remember from lab or you will be seeing in lab they look like little parachutes the chordae tendineae are the little strings that make sure that kind of like you won't want your parachute to invert you don't want to plummet to your death we want to make sure these valves stay flowing in the right direction those chordae tendineae are attached to the papillary muscle papillary means finger like projections so these are like little fingers that come out of the heart heart wall and grab those tendon cords mitral valve prolapse we want to make sure that this valve doesn't like invert and so especially on the left side which is the mitral valve or the bicuspid that would be incredibly dangerous because remember the left side of the heart is that oxygenated blood and so we've got cells that will die in just a few minutes without that blood so we don't have time for that that valve to behave badly the semilunar valves remember you can take out for lab the word semilunar the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve pulmonary valves in the park in the pulmonary trunk and the aortic valve is in the left ventricle and we also have conditions we call murmurs which is when the valves are leaky so I always think it's kind of like a door how you'll have a space under a door where air can still get through or stenotic where the valve is very narrow usually a heart murmur is not too big of a deal because it's just you're losing a little bit of blood it's not closing completely it's not usually life-threatening so the anatomy we will be having in lab you've probably had this already but if you haven't I'll have this exact picture up in lab so just to kind of review some of the major things if you look there the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava are those large veins that are returning everything to the right atria because remember it's his right not your right which I know can be confusing so the right atria is collecting all of the dirty blood from the entire body including the back of the heart so that coronary sinus is going to drain into the right atria as well so the blood goes from the right atria to the right ventricle through the right AV valve or tricuspid valve then it's gonna shoot out that pulmonary trunk I always think of the pulmonary trunk like a tree trunk how you have the trunk and then it branches the pulmonary trunk is gonna branch into the left and right pulmonary artery so here's the exception to the color rule anytime in lab when you see blue it means vein red means artery except for around the heart blue remember is there to denote low and oxygen so the pulmonary artery is moving blood away a in a way that always works arteries always move blood away from the heart so this blood is moving away from the heart to the lungs because of the word pulmonary well why would I go to the lungs if I already had plenty of oxygen so this guy is going to go to the lungs he's low in oxygen that's why he's going there which is what makes him an artery because he's a away he's leaving the heart so then we're in the lungs we pick up all that oxygen get rid of that carbon dioxide and now we're gonna come back to the heart so since we're coming back to the heart it's a vein because a and away arteries away veins towards the heart pulmonary because we're coming from the lungs so these guys if you look are bright red this is the best blood in your whole body this guy has the most oxygen of any blood in your body it's just been to the lungs and picked it up so when it dumps into the left atrium that's the best blood there is so the blood moves from the left atria to the left ventricle we again go through the left AV valve or the bicuspid valve or the mitral mitral valve into the left ventricle and then we shoot out the aorta through the aortic valve which is that little valve that's tucked in there so the semilunar valve you don't have to say the word semilunar but if you look at the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve they look like little moons so that's why they call them that so the left side another thing to notice is how thick that muscle layer the myocardium is on the left side that's because the left side has to squeeze right like really powerful if it's going to get to your entire body think of the force needed for the blood to fight gravity to get to your brain and then also needed to get to your toes so the most of the other details of the anatomy we'll be covering in lab but I just put this picture in here so we could review it what I want you to appreciate from this picture is in lab I will reference this as well that if I give you a cow heart on the lab practically and open it up you should immediately be able to tell left from right look at how thick and beasty that left side Maya Kandra is that's crazy but again we need the left side to be so muscular because it has to squeeze the blood to the entire body if you look at the heart valve picture there it's really showing those chordae tendineae which are there to just make sure we anchor those heart valves because we do not have time for that door to swing the other way we do not have time for blood to back pool in the heart you will never have to write out the flow of blood through the heart but it is good to know it helps with the anatomy and it helps with the physiology so the superior and inferior vena cava are bringing blood back from the entire body the superior from your head and shoulders and your arms the inferior from your knees and toes and everywhere else from South the diaphragm but then we also have that coronary sinus remember the heart has dirty blood also because the heart fed itself so all three of those blood vessels are draining into the right atria the right atria collects all of the dirty blood then the blood goes through the tricuspid valve in or the right AV valve into the right ventricle out the pulmonary trunk through the pulmonary semilunar valve or just pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery we go to the lungs we pick stuff up we come back through the pulmonary veins we then dump all that beautiful good oxygenated blood into the left atrium we go through the left AV valve or bicuspid valve or mitral valve into the left ventricle and then out the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve or just a or tack valve into the ascending aorta so you want to be comfortable with the flow chart of that it helps with the anatomy this picture I just included so you could practice some people like to draw the blood flow through the heart on an actual diagram I just wanted you to have one so if you noticed in that picture there are three large arteries from the aortic arch the brachiocephalic artery the carotid artery and the subclavian artery so we call this bcs that's not a word but that's just how I remember it anytime I look at a heart model I just go bcs so brachio means arm cephalic means head carotid artery you can feel in your neck you can feel your pulse and subclavian sub means below and clave ian comes from clavicle so these are the three branches coming off the aorta that are gonna feed your head and your arms and your shoulders so the brain gets some of the best blood in the body which makes sense right the remainder of the blood then has to feed the rest of your body so that's gonna go down the descending aorta above the diaphragm in the chest we call it the thoracic aorta below the diaphragm we call it the abdominal aorta so this is one of the frustrations with arteries and veins it's very similar to last semester with nerves where you'd be cruising it's a nerve you'd be cruising and then it Forks and its name changes so it's the same thing with blood it's like a road you're on Main Street all of a sudden it becomes Route one so it's just it's the same tube but its name changes based on where you are in the body so the aorta is the largest artery it branches off to other arteries smaller arteries arterioles capillaries veins larger veins and then back to those vena cavas so it's a big loop there is one word we need to add here that I made a mistake between capillary exchange and veins we need to add venules ven u le this is fixed on other slides when we really get into the detail of this so right now the detail of this blood flow is not that important we'll be getting there