foreign hi everyone okay so one more time I I'm sorry for repeating myself that I will introduce myself again my name is Kathy and I'm an academic advisor here at the Hialeah campus and this is the fourth Workshop in a series of four workshops that we did to discuss the four competencies that will be tested in the Florida Civic literacy exam so this is a state requirement it is important that we take the class and we pass the exam in order to graduate with our AAA so this is a mandatory exam that you can take for free at the Hialeah campus testing center and today the competency that I'm going to be talking about is competence C4 um competency for students should be able to identify Landmark legislation Landmark U.S Supreme Court cases and executive actions students should be able to explain their impact on Law and Society [Music] so in this presentation I'm going to separate those uh three legislations laws executive actions and we're going to be going over a few examples this is a very vast section of the exam so there's a lot of content that needs to be covered but we can't do so in an hour so I just want you to be aware of that that you can find more information on our libguide which I have provided the link at the end of this presentation so just bear with me some of the examples that I picked out I thought would be good for us to discuss but there is more than this so one a landmark legislation which is the first thing that we're going to be talking about is Congress passing laws that change our constitution um the second one is Supreme Court cases so these are decisions made by the Supreme Court of the United States which sets precedent for future decisions so if we know Congress passes laws the Supreme Court the court system the judicial system they interpret the laws and then we have our third which is the executive actions the executive is our president that's our presidential office and these are decisions made by the president in special circumstances so in Landmark legislation legislation is voted on and passed through Congress which creates laws there are over nine Landmark legislations or laws passed by Congress that students are expected to recall for this exam but they are definitely much more and then I do want to encourage you when you're studying when you're study setting up your study guide that you divide these landmark legislations by the topic in which um they affect so maybe I also I love history so I like to remember things by the historical time in which it occurred but sometimes it's easier to remember keywords by knowing um what topics fall what laws fall under certain topics and I'll show you some examples in the next slide yeah okay so some examples and I started off big with one of the ones that I think may be the trickiest right is the New Deal the New Deal happened from 1929 to the 1930s when we were going through the Great Depression that we experienced a period of economic um depression and we needed to do a vast recovery why do I think that this one can trip you up because if you see what it says it says in a response President Roosevelt announced a series of social programs and funding to help improve the lives of Americans this included work projects Administration and the farm Security Administration FSA why do I think this can trip you up because a president was the one that introduced this right so it may sound like an executive action but this is actually something that Congress ended up adopting and creating laws which still affect us today right we still have have um Social Security today this is one of those things where our social security income comes in right Medicare Medicaid for those in need we have social programs to assist maybe we know someone or maybe ourselves we received food stamps right maybe in high school we received reduced or free lunch this all comes out from the idea of the new deal and although it was presented by the president at the time it was adopted by Congress and that is why it is considered a landmark legislation we also have the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 and I added those um because it's one of my personal favorite reminders of the United States this was passed in preparation for an anticipated war with France the Alien and Sedition Acts tighten restrictions on foreign-born Americans and limited speech critical of the government so even though the year says 1798 I want you to know that Sedition Acts were also passed in early 1900s when we were going through World War One why decided to talk about it here is because we always talk about Free Speech right we live in the United States and we say we can say whatever we want we'll just know that there have been multiple times throughout our history where the government has decided that they actually can tell us right what we can and we can't say so it's important to remember those things we also have very popular maybe some of you were born on that year maybe some of you were born after that year but the USA Patriot Act of 2001. so passed after the 9 11 attacks this act expanded law enforcement surveillance abilities improve approved interagency communication and increased penalties for terrorist terrorism crimes so I like to point this one out as well um because it's something that I think sometimes we forget we take for granted but yes definitely after 9 11 we have more government surveillance on our information and then the last one which most of us have probably heard being called for ObamaCare patient protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. this law was passed in March 2010 and was designed to make affordable health insurance available to more people so why I also want to bring it up some people might be confused although Obama presented this right this was a law that was enacted by Congress this went through Congress and was passed so it's considered a landmark legislation I hope that that distinction was made obvious where when Congress is involved when Congress is the one who passes these laws it is considered a landmark legislation so in the next one and I dare I say my favorite right our Supreme Court cases so what are Supreme Court cases these are case decisions made by Supreme Court judges of the United States these decisions set precedent for how our laws are interpreted and should be enforced in the future for this exam there are over 26 cases that students should expect to recall and I do want to let you know that all those cases are listed with summaries on our libguide online and for this presentation I'm going to spend most of the time speaking on some of these cases so I do want to ask a little bit of a pop question here does anybody know how many Supreme Court judges or justices some people call them are there do we know how many we currently have foreign yeah that is correct we do have nine I'm glad to to see that some people know that because a lot of people don't and that's okay but now we do it's also nice to know um I'll I'm not gonna say I remember all their names from the top of my head but I like to sometimes have that knowledge because you can see based on even though judges are not supposed to bring in their political beliefs and their decisions um you can see that in the U.S Supreme Court that is not the case so here are some examples of Supreme Court cases and some of these I hope that you would have heard in your American history class because these are really important very first one is Plessy versus Ferguson which was decided in 1896. so how does a case go to the Supreme Court there's an issue right there has to be an issue two people are disagreeing on how to resolve that issue and it goes to court here in Plessy versus Ferguson it was established that racial segregation and accommodations on a train did not violate the 14th Amendment to the Constitution okay so segregation this is where this famous quote um separate but equal comes from right so it says that black people and white people do not have to sit in the same we we think I mean this was way before that but this is knowing history we know that right we used to say uh black people had to sit in the back of the bus in the United States why people sat in the front this is where that comes from and started off on a train okay so this is something that gets tested on and then immediately under I put the Brown versus Board of Education which is years later it's established that the principal which was established in Classy versus Ferguson separate but equal in educational facilities for racial minorities is inherently unequal and thus it violates the equal protection Clause of the 14th Amendment please give me a moment I have a question yes [Music] that is correct that is correct so he wasn't I mean ever you we it's a personal decision on how you want to identify as white or black but I will say right that that's crazy that is true um he was one eighth block okay so black two back to Brown versus Board of Education so years later we have a case that goes up to the Supreme Court and they find that wow okay um having schools just for black people having schools just for white people um having restaurants having um situations where we're completely segregated is actually inherently unequal and that's overturned so that is an example another uh case that is also discussed and we've seen tested in the past is corre Matsu versus United States um korematsu is a Japanese name and this was established that the exclusion order of Americans of Japanese descent during World War II was lawful and did not show racial prejudice so what are what what happened in this case if you wanted to know more information right so on our website you can see the outcome but if you wanted to know the story in korematsu if you learned in World War um in American history in World War II when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor the United States created I mean we don't call them concentration camps here right but that's you know for lack of a better word they were going into Japanese neighborhoods and taking Japanese people and placing them in these camps where they can monitor them um and of course that went to court as saying that that was that was um violating Japanese Americans constitutional rights and at the time the court determined that that was not in violation of their um rights their constitutional rights we also have very very famous Miranda versus Arizona this is one that you should definitely know the fifth amendment requires that law enforcement officials advise suspects of their right to remain silent and to obtain an attorney during interrogations while in police custody so we always hear oh you haven't read my Miranda rights you always see it in movies right when the cop is arresting and putting the handcuffs and the person's like what did I do you need to read my Miranda rights so this is that your Miranda Rights are not read in the moment they are arrested they're read right before you get interrogated in an interrogation room um fun fact but this is another thing that is always um asked about um because it's one of the most famous cases that we have because prior to this right police officers did not need to let you know that you were being under investigation so people used to reveal a lot of information that would get them in trouble and this is a mechanism that was put in place to protect we also have Gideon versus Wayne Wright which established that the sixth amendment guarantees a right to assistance of counsel applies to criminal defendants in State Court by way of the 14th Amendment so again this is something that I took straight from our website but a good uh reminder of understanding what Gideon versus Wayne Wright was this person was could not afford an attorney so they had to represent themselves in court and what was discovered right was that the average person struggles being able to defend themselves in court using legal jargon so this Case established that if you cannot afford an attorney the state must provide you an attorney okay so District of Columbia versus Heller another very famous case the Court held that a ban on registering handguns and the requirement to keep guns in the home disassembled or non-functional with a trigger lock mechanism violated the Second Amendment so at the time District of Columbia Washington DC was experiencing a lot of gun violence and they started implementing laws to minimize those um the gun violence that they were experiencing and this is one of those cases and then on the last case uh I it is added as something that you should know it's not one of the more popular ones but I still want to plug it in there angle versus Vitali is that how I would say that name you guys know how I would say that yeah so established that the states cannot hold prayers in public schools even if participation is not required and the prayer is not tied to a particular religion so we know that our country was established on the basis of church right is separate from the state so a public school would not be able to enforce or even encourage prayer and then finally and again I went through those pretty quickly those were eight cases but there are 26 cases and all of them are listed in our uh libguide so now we're going to go over executive actions and executive actions these are actions signed by the president they're written and published their directives from president of the United States there are over eight executive actions that students are expected to recall but of course we've had so many presidents there are so many executive actions you can go on the whitehouse.gov website and see each year how many pres how many executive actions presidents passed um I was seeing that the most one that we've had in the recent years was Trump 2017 he passed 55 which is pretty cool can anybody just as a point of conversation can anybody think of an executive action that has passed in recent years can be anything it doesn't even have to be one of the eight right because the eight are pretty old executive actions that open it's okay if we don't know I'll give you guys one uh DACA so DACA is an executive action signed by President uh Barack Obama um that's the allowing um people who were brought here undocumented as children giving them status in this country to be able to go to school to be able to have jobs to be able to pay taxes legally um so DACA is an example of an executive action signed by a President um but for this exam that will not be there at least it's not listed as one of the tested so these are some examples of executive actions that have happened in the past the Treaty of Paris in 1898 this treaty concluded the Spanish-American war in exchange for 20 million dollars the United States gained control of the Philippines Guam and Puerto Rico so the United States is still in control of Puerto Rico and Spain also relinquished its claim to Cuba um side note though Cuba did have a revolution it wasn't just done because of that so I do want to mention that and then suspension of habeas corpus is a reason for me bringing this up I took the test myself and I saw that habeas corpus came up quite a bit especially to trip up so even if the answer is in habeas corpus they would use it as a form of confusion right to confuse you guys so the suspension of habeas corpus this is a Doctrine um that gives people you have to be in court if you are under arrest and that you are being charged with a crime you are required to be in the courtroom you should know what is going on with your case well in response to the Civil War President Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and um in Maryland right and and a lot of people that was something that he was judged for they said that he had subverted the Constitution because the Constitution required presence but he argued that in cases of rebellion when the National Security was at stake he was allowed to create an executive action like that so habeas corpus if we see that that is the right of any person under arrest to appear in person before the court it always takes a moment okay there we go and then um I also decided to bring up the Japanese-American intermittent camps right that we had talked about korimatsu versus United States well that went to court because President Franklin Roosevelt he's the one that authorized he's the one that did an executive action that forced the removal of all ports of all persons deemed a threat to National Security from the west coast to relocation centers further Inland resulting in the incarceration of Japanese Americans so President Roosevelt wrote an executive action that was passed saying that basically taking all Japanese Americans out of their home and putting them in a camp was okay of course right we have people who take issue with that they sue in court and at the time the court determined that that was okay desegregation of the Armed Forces on July 26 1948 President Truman signed this executive order Banning segregation in the armed forces so imagine that all the way up until 1948 African Americans would serve in our military but they were not allowed to be in the same uh barracks right as a white serving military and if you learn about history things that I'm really interested in that I find very good to know is part of the reason why this was signed is because this was a really big War World War II they needed a lot of people in the Army and black people rightfully so were unwilling to go to war when they were where they weren't treated fairly right especially when you could see other countries that did have um their diff like people of different backgrounds different races mixing together and being treated the same right so that's where that comes from and it's I say these things because the more you know the easier it is for you to recall any little word that comes out at you in an exam so I'm gonna show in the next few slides some examples of questions that have been tested before and I can we can talk about and we can discuss what I mean about the more you know um the better it is for you about history so first question which we talked about today which of the following cases resulted in a decision that undermines civil rights and Liberties in prioritization of National Security so this is a question directly from the exam yep that is correct B so kodematsu versus United States Japanese Americans taken out of their homes and put and we don't use the word concentration camps here but right okay so the next question thank you so much Ariana that was excellent the next question is this U.S Supreme Court enabled which government practice to continue in its ruling in Plessy versus Ferguson foreign correct correct correct excellent and that is so I'm reading now Ariana's comment yes that is what happened the Japanese rights were uh are below when it comes to National Security but we don't necessarily subscribe to that same thought process because this is a decision that was made that was very controversial at the time and I just want to add that that in and they are Americans yeah they are Americans and there's if you if you Google a Gopher Broke um Japanese Americans this was a there were um Japanese Americans at the time who to prove themselves innocent enlisted in the Army and they are actually one of the most decorated um military groups Army groups that existed in the United States and they were Japanese Americans so I just wanted to side note that because yes that did happen um but the hope is that it never happens again in the future okay so the last question right is what do the people of America want more than anything else to my mind they want two things work and with work a reasonable measure of Security based on the passage which government program would the speaker support excellent that is really good it is the new deal it is so that question all these three questions were questions that came up in the last exam so that concludes I'm gonna go one more slide I don't know why it's frozen there we go so really quick I do want to share with you guys our libguide this is a QR code that you can access the libguide at and I'm sure the flyer also has a link to it um and I would strongly encourage you guys to use our libguide I thought it was very nicely done um it separates things so I mentioned in the beginning a pro tip is separating Things based on their topic right uh libguide is separated based on topic and it's very easy to identify at least I I used it for our Landmark case presentation and it was very easy for me to identify what was what so I'm plugging that in there there is a practice foreign you can hear me okay because it's showing me my audio went out and um I strongly encourage you guys sorry I was just reiterating that to use the libguide I thought it was really good when I was trying to do my presentation you can see all the cases that are going to be tested on the libguide and you'll have a short summary giving you um the most important thing to remember about it but of course sometimes even Googling you can Google YouTube a video of a case and you can watch like a little reenactment of the case to help you remember um I did that a lot in law school that was the best thing I could do to remember my cases and I encourage you guys to do the same um thank you so much for participating in today's Workshop I think it's important and it shows how much you guys are interested and wanting to pass this exam that is a mandatory exam for students to be able to graduate um are there any questions that you guys may have for me you can def this is being recorded and it will be uploaded on the libguide thank you and now you show us how we're gonna do it please I'm really sorry the audio on my end sounds really bad is there any way that you can type that out for me that is a good question um I would say sometime next week um it will it should be live on our website can you show us how uh sure so what I can do is I can go back to the QR code that is oops so using this QR code you're able to access our libguide the recordings won't be uploaded until sometime next week but you will be able to find them there and worst case scenario you you're using your phone so you don't have an opportunity to you know capture this QR code Googling MDC fcle libguide first thing that comes up is is this so I'll write it in the chat just in case because there was a lot of uh letters you got it thank you but definitely you can use a QR code and uh people who the those who attended today will receive an email with the recordings if there are no more questions you guys are free to leave thank you so much foreign thank you so much I really appreciated you guys coming