hello class let's begin the next part of Texas history so we brought we just got done looking at basically the Republic era the statehood and Civil War and reconstruction now we're going to be looking at Texas in the late 19th century and early 20th century and so let's look at postbellum Texas Society and see what changes are going on within Texas Society so let's look at first Texas in the larger picture industrialization is beginning to emerge in in Texas you're going to have big businesses making therefore raised forays in the Texas as you'll see it's mainly going to be railroads there gonna be some of the first big businesses I mean though the first big businesses in the United States as a whole but basically whenever you have railroads being built you're going to have industry and commercial agriculture following behind because now goods can get to you in whatever goods you're making is going to be able to get out to the rest of the country so you are connected to markets and so that's vital immigration is important immigrations gonna be a little bit different up to this point it's been mainly you know people from the United States and the Germans and and people from Mexico but at this point things are going to start changing because the the Americans that have been coming over are mainly from northern and western Europe so that's the Irish to English the Germans now it's going to be more Southern and Eastern Europe so this is when you know the Italian so more people are speaking with their hands in Texas so you're gonna have talking more about the immigration later labor unions going to be forward but really you have some Texas workers join unions to kind of get some protection but generally going to be unsuccessful during this period so we're not gonna spend we're not gonna spend any real time on that but probably the biggest change at least initially is going to be more urbanization and this kind of goes hand-in-hand with the expansion of railroads and big businesses in the city so cities are going to start getting bigger and so we're going to look at the top three big cities in Texas now of course the biggest city and in my opinion the most important city in Texas San Antonio it is hands down the fastest growing city in Texas in the nineteenth century one of the main reasons is kind of one of the main reasons why San Antonio is still large today it has a lot of military installations and so not only that but the headquarters for the United States military in Texas is in San Antonio is it a coincidence no San Antonio is centrally located you have access to a lot of roads particularly out west to the frontier and so what you have or guys coming into Texas you know soldiers coming into Texas predominantly from the coast they come up into San Antonio they report in they get assigned to the various four forts out on on the frontier it might be good to actually forward the slide for you and so you can kind of see the fort network that's established in Texas so you can see where people are the soldiers are coming into San Antonio and then coming out here into West Texas and so you can kind of see here's highway 90 yeah yeah before it was highway 90 coming out coming out west I 10 going out as well and you see these fort chains and you see them getting smaller and you know getting the ring getting closer and closer to constrict the Native Americans also San Antonio is kind of kind of a hub city not not a railroad hub city at least not initially not until the railroads get there but because it's central location it's it really facilitates a lot of trade and within within within the area so you have you know especially when it comes to livestock and cattle coming into Texas and so it's a kind of a midway point kind of think of it as people here from North Texas and are trying to get down to the coast or out here on the frontier they come into San Antonio and then they make their way down to the coast so San Antonio runs is important for that reason Houston go on down here down to Houston as a commercial center it's basically the headquarters for railroad companies in Texas this is where they're making their first major for a rail roads were beginning to be built right before the Civil War and the building of railroads are going to expand West from from Houston and it's also an international city for international trade so you're going to have you know big businesses having having I guess you can say houses there to be able to facilitate trade particularly textile companies being a buying and selling cotton for Texas cotton Galveston is going to be important to just think of it as a little bit better port city so also a commercial center really - you know so for example hides that are coming off the frontier from buffaloes and from cows are gonna be loaded up there in Galveston and then shipped out cotton wheat you name it our cultural products will be going through through Galveston but overall yes Texas cities are getting bigger the population as we will see is growing but Texas cities are going to lag behind the rest of the nation you know you got some businesses here but it's mainly gonna be based on agriculture whenever you're gonna have anything based on agriculture cities are you know they'll get a little bit bigger to facilitate the needs of the farmers and the ranchers but they're not going to be growing to two large - and basically compared to more industrial areas of the country and so you know combine that with our transportation system it's going to take a while because think about this I mean Texas is absolutely huge you know Texas is going to give away about as much land as as the size of Alabama - railroad companies so it just kind of shows how much it will take to really get Texas tied in to into completely in the national markets well let's shift gears let's look at that social life so first off its look at demographics some things are you know one thing that's always going to be that's always going to change in Texas and it's always going to occur is that the population is going to continue to increase just like today everybody in the United States you know particularly in places that are you know you got a lot of regulations they want to come to Texas California Washington they're coming into Texas and in its edges floors mom it just blows my mind I'm behind these people in line at different places you know I was at the bank and this one lady just had this pile of papers to do one little thing and the teller at the bank was like you don't need all that you're in Texas now you know we don't we don't you don't have to you don't have to provide all that paperwork we you know we don't have as much regulations in in our banking industry and our housing and everything and it always just floors floors these transplants in Texas so Texas population is going to absolutely explode even more during this time period so to give an idea again don't have to remember specific numbers but just get the idea in 1960 the Texas population was about 600,000 by about 1900 it's over 3 million people in the state of Texas within four years the Texas population more than doubles which is just mind-blowing but one thing is gonna remain the same it is going to be a male dominated estate because if you look at it it's gonna be mostly male and it's gonna be mostly young miss always floors me wouldn't you look at some of these numbers so to kind of in 1880 when they took the census they did a ratio between men and women and there was a hunt for every hundred men Oh for every 100 women there was a hundred and eleven men and so again that's good if you're female because you have a lot more choice of suitors but if you're a guy it's very difficult to get a wife to get a girlfriend etc etc in Texas and it leads and again that's this allows a a bit more flexibility when it comes to interracial relationships also the average age of of a Texan was it was what was it 18 years old put things into perspective in the 1900 census 41 percent of Texas population was under the age of 15 that's a lot of teen angst going on in in Texas I smells a lot like teen spirit so hit me if you get the reference shoot me a quick email if you get that reference so but what's going on why is Texas population growing well some of the same some of the old adages are still there so Texas has a cheap land everybody wants the land land gives you it gives you a future in so Texas as a very generous land policy people are still taking texts upon that land on that on that policy because remember Texas still is land rich cash poor and so let's get a little bit more specific you're gonna have southerners continuing you know we talked a little bit about this in the the last lecture you're gonna have a lot of southerners coming from more devastated areas from impoverished areas they're having difficulties recovering from recovering from the Civil War coming into Texas because same racial attitudes same politics same crops coming in so they can continue their southern culture in Texas Europeans are coming in still the largest group are going to be the Germans yeah you go to Texas this is gonna be a major area for for Italians I mean you have some coming in but aliens are gonna really want to go to more urban settings they want to go get factory jobs the Germans they want land they want to be able to grow crops they want to continue their culture and so Texas is still a major destination for far as the Germans you have other Europeans like I mentioned you have some Italians poles continue to come in Dutch you're going to have Chinese coming to Texas predominantly out here in El Paso to work on the railroad lines and so one of the end results is with the with the population boom you know you some people are getting land but your goals are gonna have the rise and tenant farming which is different than sharecropping it really didn't address sharecropping before so I might as well just kill a whole bunch of birds with one stone with this sharecropping and I think we'll probably go more in detail in this in a later lecture but might as well get this out sharecropping is one of the responses for african-americans after the Civil War is an economic response because you have emancipation but African Americans are gonna want to farm that's what that's the job set that's the skills most possess most most freedmen possess and so but the problem is they have no land to work landowners don't have cash money to pay for labor and so they basically say all right well I'll give you a portion of my land you can work on it you just have to give me a percentage of your crops in the end this is you know it will devolve into you know slavery by a different name because what happened is you have if you don't have a really great crop you have to make a decision of you know do I give my percentage or what I owe the landowner and let my family go hungry or do I renegotiate get worse terms but at least my family gets fed well that's kind of a no-brainer your wants your family to be fed and so it's slavery by different name now tenant farming is a little bit different this is where you actually rent land and by the way sharecropping wasn't relegated only to African Americans that's kind of a myth that always hid the battle because I always have students say well only you know is it you know it was completely racist no it wasn't because even poor whites are having to participate in sharecropping so again you can see with the emancipation of you know with the abolition of slavery you had the whole social structure in turmoil where even poor whites are now compared are or half and are going to be relegated to similar situations to african-americans socially and economically and so you can see you can see that impact as well and so what happens is people start renting land mainly they're not running land to feed themselves in that sense but it's - they were gonna rent land so they can grow more crops to take it to market and make more money so this is kind of industrialism and commercial agriculture really hitting in texas so basically a third of all farmer it's gonna be tenant farmers in Texas because everybody's just trying to expand their operations as much as as they can and so what this does this leads to this lead some more commercial farming and it starts a decline of the yeoman farmer now I've talked about yeoman farmers before but yeoman farmers are the subsistence farmers if you go way back in US history Thomas Jefferson you know pitched the idea that the most ideal American is this noble yeoman farmer this person that is self-sufficient they don't need the government to tell them or do you know tell them what to do or or provide them anything and they also believe in the common goods always use the analogy where it's still kind of applies today because in society there is a huge difference between people from the city and people from the country me myself coming from the country I'm not trying to toot my own horn but we're a little bit different than than people in in cities so and I dare you when you see this whenever you see a car pulled over long side of the road and I have a flat tire and there's somebody there that doesn't know how to change it who is normally the person that volunteers that stops and chain and will help them or more cases and not will actually just change the tire for them it normally if you want to describe that person they're normally in a pickup truck you know they normally go by the nickname Bubba and they you know they're all about the common good yeah I can't tell you how many times that's happened for you know like for my mom how many times that me my brothers have stopped when you see somebody on side the road help you to stop and you do it because you you brat you know you you're looking out for the greater good for for the people and so their own declined because people are no longer just farming for themselves that feed their families they are getting into this commercial business and so when it and so think of it as you know they're getting there's more about the money then then the lifestyle kind of aspect to it and I guess I've never really thought about that way but it makes a bit of sense you're learning you're doing it to earn money instead of feeding your family and then motivation that changes motivation significantly and so what happens is you know combined one of the things that kind of causes this explosion of commercial farming is the implementation of mechanization so is it a coincidence that they're starting agriculture and mechanical universities anm universities no because they're combining growing crops with mechanization because they need to grow more crops because of what's going on you know particularly outside of Texas cities are exploding industry is rising busy you know you're gonna have the rise of big business and you need to feed the labor force and so you have these technological advancements where you can we have Reapers that can that can that can cut grass to make hay you have you know steam shellers that can that can shuck corn you have you know various processes that are developed to make farming more industrial and so what this does is this kind of takes away that whole aspect of the lifestyle and it's becoming it's becoming all about all about the Benjamins baby also because the farmers are getting bigger and you know farms are getting bigger and producing more as well see the price of the crops are gonna start dropping in the number of farmers is gonna start dropping and this is going to lead to a lot of problems for farmers but trust me we got a whole lecture dedicated to that coming up here soon all right let's talk about social life in rural areas you can kind of see where this well I mean I'll tie this into the last part you know this industrialization commercialization of Agriculture is going to cut into the social life of farmer because farms are getting bigger there's greater distances between neighbors less contact more isolation out in rural areas but generally you have places where people gather together like General Stores you know growing up in the country there was there was one General Store that was you know a few miles from our house but that was the social hub for the area I mean where I grew up is now you know full of subdivisions and everything but back in the day that was the only siblings of civilization it was actually kind of cool it was in a movie one time they actually filmed a movie there in you know they'll the the old the old couple that ran the place were actually in it but you know you'd always see old men sitting out front drinking coffee is where the farmers went to you know kind of a little bit of a socialization so general stores kind of serve that purpose churches you know provide a social hub you know especially Baptist churches and all their potluck dinners don't to get me started how many times I went to those and how much Fried Chicken I ate at all those potluck dinner so if you grew up Baptists you understand so if you all remember I grew up Baptist became Methodist to to get a scholarship for college and now I'm Catholic so um you know I guess all I gotta do is hit Unitarian Unitarianism and Mormons and then I've hit the full spectrum of Christianity and so and so but you do have holidays people gather together you know you have you know fourth of July Juneteenth or just the name just name a few Christmas or social gatherings as well community social gatherings in urban centers you know you're gonna have a little bit more options for entertainment now I know the slide I'm about the show isn't an urban setting but it's you know it's a it's a landmark in Texas and I gotta include it and that of course is Luckenbach if you ever get a chance make your way out to Luke and Bucky is kind of commercialized now it's kind of sad and when I was a lot younger I mean it was just kind of a little sleepy place but now they they sell all kinds of stuff out there and he kind of disappointing but it's still you know the namesake of it's not even the name of the song the name of the song is back to basics of love it's not lick but everybody always calls it the Luckenbach song so look that up but you have these areas where you can go listen to music you have theaters dance halls etc even though even though this pictures not even the dance hall they're looking Bach but it did serve it at one time you also going to have national performers and this kind of goes in line with with the railroads circuses are going to be really popular you know they just they buy their own rail cars and they just take the rail city to city give their performances one of the more interesting ones is Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show because the frontier is closing and Americans want to have that sense of the you know they want to they want to experience the frontier and so since they can't go to the frontier the frontier is coming to them and so cities in Texas are going to be experiencing this because even by this point the frontier is far from San Antonio and also musicians can travel by rail and kind of be able to expand their markets sports are going to expand and we're in urban settings horse-racing is also paella is gonna you know still going to be popular boxing even though people are trying to limit boxing by 1890 by saying it's more violent was it more it was bloodier that's for sure than it is today but was it more violent no because they didn't use boxing gloves it was bare-knuckle boxing and so of course you always see a movie it tends to be a white guy then whenever there's a fight they put their dukes like this and like put them up put them up well that's how you box bare-knuckle because you delivered your punches vertically and flatly you do this so you don't break a knuckle and so you don't have as many concussions and bare-knuckle fighting but the fights can go a long you know very long and you do because and you will have a look they will tend to be a little bit bloodier and you know there's instances where they would go into like the 70th round one case I do too I popped out and so they only stopped the fight long enough to make a decision do we continue or would it be a disadvantage to let the guy put the eye back in and so they said no let's keep the fight going but don't worry he wasn't looking at the floor and the guy at the same time when your eye pops out of your socket it automatically stops working but the second you pop it back in it'll turn right back on it's kind of freaky if you think about it then doing him in dis official story the guy did lose his eye he did have to have it cut off later amateur sports are going to emerge I mean there's no bigger sport in in Texas and knee not size as a whole as as baseball and so you know you have every town always you know every town would have you know at least three in in Texas at least three teams you have your white team your brown team and your black team and baseball rules were a little bit different back then though pitcher down at the bottom is actually a team that was started at my alma mater MacMurray I wasn't there also I would have played it been fun but do you notice they don't have gloves so if he catch a pop fly off with one bounce it's it's an out and so so this team and they actually there is a 19th century baseball league in Texas that still plays today and this group had been part of it but I think it's oh yeah it's definitely defunct now from from McMurry University but you gotta love it football is emerging but footballs only is is mainly a college sport at this time really don't have you really don't have Friday Night Lights yet very unfortunate all right let's talk about women women the legal status for women is going to be is going to start changing in Texas because you have so many migrants from the south culturally things are going to change a little bit for women as we will see some things will remain the same some of the changes the shift from the Spanish influence is going to be women are now prohibited from selling their property without the consent of their husband and also in still cannot could not serve on juries cannot act as lawyers but they were still able to petition for for divorce in Texas now generally in the rest of the world so I had to you know I had to set the stage here rest of the world women I just want to make sure I didn't I had I could never fight at its light or not women are really influenced by Victorian perception of gender so this is a Victorian era it's not just a bunch of nice houses but it's kind of it's during the reign of Queen Victoria in England and so you're gonna have you know they're going to be calling and so worldwide you're gonna see the influence of Queen Victoria because England is you know it is empire of the world the Sun doesn't set on the on the English flag at all because they have they have colonies all around the world and so one of the things like that you know that Victoria influence role women is that the woman's job is to you know raise the children support their husband they're responsible for the home they were not supposed to get into the economic or political field they're not supposed to work outside of the house they're strict you know they're there another major role is there's the the the moral and spiritual you know center of the family you know they keep the husband they get you know they kind of Center the husband that goes off into that evey evil world and and to keep him on the straight and narrow that's how generally the United States perceives women but guess what mrs. Texas things are different because we don't have that luxury Texas is still a frontier society we're still an agricultural based society and so basically women worked side by side with the husband's now that women have different jobs within the house yes we're women you know were women responsible for cooking yes is that difficult you bet it's not like today I know a lot of people love to cook really have everything's already prepared these ladies are literally making everything from scratch it's not scratching open the box it's scratching everything and I mean yeah hey you want chicken let's go ring the neck of the chicken and you know you Duncan boiling water so the feathers come out and you rip it open pull the guts out and then you start cooking the meat and if he want to fry it you gotta have some some fat some lard stored somewhere and you got to melt it down and you know you gotta have in generally your decorations in your house you know are going to be your spices so you have your rosemary just hanging there on the wall drying so whenever you're cooking you bring you take a little bit of it down you chop it up and you know you organize everything so cooking is very difficult cleaning cleaning the house itself it's not that difficult because houses are extremely small Beckton especially compared today the typical house in Texas was a dog trot house I'll show you you know I think I have a slide of that in a later lecture or where you basically have two rooms in a little alleyway in between actually I think I've shown it but in a previous lecture before but and cleaning clothes is a big ordeal but the second cut is done it's off to the fields to help the husband that's that's working out in the fields and so there's no rest for the weary also if a woman lives in a city or you know it was almost expected for women to work outside of the house to contribute to the family's income and so so women worked as who you know hotel employees seamstresses laundresses domestics so laundresses and seems to sure as they would work from home people would bring dresses they'll sew them they'll fix and whatnot but the rest you're actually going out into community but and contrary to probably leave some women actually held some some male jobs such as lawyers doctors and teachers even though you know legal status women couldn't do it in some areas where you don't have the you know you don't have that many lawyers women could step up and perform those duties you'll have some feminist activism in Texas mainly it's going to be women in the middle class they have the time they have the money to indulge in these activities now don't interpret that as me the meaning no it's literally I mean if you are a very if you are a poor woman you don't have the time to go in talk or to participate in and you know in rallies and marches and so but one of the main thing and most of the activism is going to be tied towards a temperance phone because again women are still happen to be the moral guide so remember I talked about Victoria they have to undo all that work and then some in Texas and so women were or join these temperance movements because they thought that alcohol was the evil of society if we can get rid of alcohol it would it would fix all the social ills and so you don't have groups like the women's Christian Temperance Union form trying to ban alcohol I mean you're also gonna have women form other organizations such as kindergardens to allow women to work you know so they can get their kids into school early so they can work mothers clubs you still have mothers clubs today you know here are new problems you have you know Facebook page dedicated to it the mothers of New Braunfels yeah there's some you know some of our friends really got into it and then of course the dreaded PTA I'm a big fan of PTA I apologize to anybody does because there are some people out there they really dig PTA I'm just like I don't want to be selling anything just give me a number I will gladly fork over money instead of begging beat me on bus I'm trying to sell stuff so parent-teacher associations is PTA also because you have we got look at it on another side of life in Texas and one that really marks urbanization and in the growth of of society and culture and that is literature in the arts so you're gonna have some literature that's going to be formed you're going to have again those frontier those memoirs from people living on the frontier to record their experiences you're also going to have the first histories of Texas written they're mainly going to be you know examining the heroes of the Texas Revolution and others so for example William Porter the book Oh went by the pen name oh Henry wrote shorter stories about frontier life in Texas you're gonna have artists in Texas one the more prominent is AJ McCord 'el Henry a McArdle he painted famous images of the Texas Revolution so this is a famous painting of the Battle of the Alamo he'd and William huddle will also paint other scenes so this one this scene you've seen previously in in in class the surrender Santa Ana at San Jacinto but you're also have other artists such as Robert and Julian otter dunk that are painting the Texas landscapes see here I didn't think I had a paint they're one of their paintings they kind of capture this moment before because you people are seeing industrialization they're seen as urbanization and want to capture things and it's true form before before it's adulterated but probably the most famous in hands-down I would agree is the most talented artist in Texas this time period is Elizabeth May she did a lot of sculptures of Texas heroes so he have him Davy Crockett down here at the bottom but the one there on top is one I've talked about before in class that is the grave of Albert Sidney Johnston who was you know he fought in the Texas Revolution he was a Texas Ranger he was the second highest ranking general in the Confederate Army died in the Battle of Shiloh and so this is at the Texas State Cemetery and so the the sculpture is so detailed is absolutely amazing because I can't remember which is which but he has a blanket on him you can't see it on here nor the pillow but the blanket is I want to say the blanket is is a flag of Texas and you can actually see the stars and everything the star on it and then the pillow is the Confederate flag and you can see you know you can see everything so just think about the amount work and skill it took to come up with with that much detail health-wise yeah coronavirus so health wise is always a major problem he always you know Texas is worried about epidemics and epidemics is very common in this time period you know you have you know you have you know the spread of cholera typhoid smallpox malaria yellow fever you know for example yellow fever is the reason why so late University left East Texas and moved up to just north of Austin and so you had these epidemics that come through he has you know whenever you had these epidemics you even have cemeteries dedicated to to these issues in response the University of Texas is going to develop a medical school in Galveston 1890s which it almost went defunct after Hurricane Ike came through but they were able to rebuild there so basically the one to kind of sum up this lecture the frontiers began the pass cities are beginning to emerge getting on the larger scale we're still woefully behind the rest of the nation but we're developing we have more organizations for women we have you know the organization of sports and I guess one thing I didn't make it I don't think I made evident in sports sports gives a rallying point for communities it's something that people can relate to you know always of mine mentioned this before in another lecture but you know you walk down the street in San Antonio and you yell go Spurs go and you're gonna make an instant friend with people walking around but and also you can see because the frontier is getting pushed further out you have the luxury of the arts being formed in Texas and we do have some very very skilled artists you know especially Elizabeth ney here which I forgot to mention she is actually an immigrant from from Austria and has a if you go to the State Capitol you'll steel you'll see a lot of her work there just outside in inside the rotunda so with that you're seeing Texas is making strides and urbanized a in urbanizing and in developing but it still has a long way to go to shake its agricultural roots with that that's the end of this lecture hope everybody's doing well