The future depends on all of us. And whether you like Facebook or not, I think we need to recognize what is at stake and come together to stand for voice and free expression at this critical moment. It's really great to be here at Georgetown with all of you today.
Before we get started, I just want to take a moment to acknowledge that today we lost an icon, Elijah Cummings. He was a powerful voice for equality and for social progress and for bringing people together. Back when I was in college, our country had just gone to war in Iraq, and the mood on our campus was disbelief. A lot of people felt... like we were acting without hearing a lot of important perspectives.
And the toll on soldiers and their families and our national psyche was severe, yet most of us felt like we were powerless to do anything about it. And I remember feeling that if more people had a voice to share their experiences, then maybe it could have gone differently. And those early years shaped my belief that giving more people a voice gives power to the powerless and pushes society to get better over time. Now, back then I was just building an early version of Facebook for my community, but I got a chance to see my values and beliefs play out at a smaller scale. When students got to express who they were and what mattered to them, they started more.
student groups, they organize more businesses, and they even challenge some established ways of doing things around campus. And it taught me the lesson that while a lot of the world often focuses on the big events and institutions, the bigger stories that most progress in our lives actually comes from individuals having more of a voice. So since then, I've focused on building services that do two things. Give people a voice and bring people together.
And these two simple ideas of voice and inclusion go hand in hand. And we've seen this throughout history, even if it doesn't always seem that way today. More people being able to share their experiences and perspectives has always been necessary to build a more inclusive society.
And it is our commitment to each other that we hold each other's... right to express ourselves and be heard, above our own desire to always get our way in every debate, that's how we make progress together. But this view is increasingly being challenged.
Now, some people believe that giving more people a voice is driving division rather than bringing people together. More people across the spectrum believe that achieving the political outcomes that they think matter is more important than every person having a voice and being heard. And I think that that's dangerous.
So today, I want to talk about why. And some of the important choices. around free expression that I think that we face going forward.
Throughout history, we've seen how being able to use your voice, how people being able to use their voice helps people come together. We've seen this in the civil rights movement. Frederick Douglass once called free expression the great moral renovator of our society.
He said, slavery cannot tolerate free speech. Civil rights leaders argued time and again that their protests were a protected form of expression, and one noted that nearly all of the cases involving the civil rights movement were decided on First Amendment grounds. We've seen this globally, too, where the ability to speak freely has been central to the fight for democracy worldwide.
The most repressive societies have always restricted speech the most, and when people are finally able to speak, they often use their voice to call for change. change. In this year alone, people have used their voices to end multiple long-running dictatorships in Northern Africa, and we're already starting to hear from people whose voices had been excluded just because they were women or... because they believed in democracy.
Now, our idea of free expression has become much broader over even the last 100 years. Many Americans know about the Enlightenment history and how we enshrined the First Amendment into our Constitution, but fewer know Just how dramatically our cultural norms and legal protections have expanded, even in recent history. The first Supreme Court case to seriously consider free speech in the First Amendment was in 1919, Schenck versus the United States. And back then, the First Amendment only applied to the federal government, so states could and often did restrict your right to speak.
Our ability to call out things that we felt were wrong also used to be a lot more restricted. Liable laws used to impose damages if you said something negative about someone, even if it was... true.
The standard then shifted, so that way it was okay as long as you could prove that your critique was true. And we didn't get the broad free speech protections that we have now until the 1960s, when the Supreme Court ruled in opinions like New York Times versus Sullivan that you can criticize public figures as long as you're not doing so with actual malice, even if what you're saying is false. So we now have significantly broader power to call out things that we feel are unjust and share our own personal experience. experiences. And we see movements like Black Lives Matter and Me Too spread and go viral on Facebook.
The hashtag Black Lives Matter was actually mentioned for the first time on Facebook. And this just wouldn't have been possible in the same way before. You know, just a hundred years back, many of the stories that people are sharing now would have been against the law to even write down.
And of course, without the internet, they certainly wouldn't have reached so many people. So with Facebook today, more than 2 billion people now have a greater opportunity to express themselves and to help others. Now, while it's easy to focus on the big social movements, I think it's important to remember that most progress happens in our individual lives.
It's the Air Force moms who start a Facebook group so that their children and other service members who can't come home for the holidays have a place to go. It's the church group. that comes together after the hurricane to provide food and to volunteer to help rebuild. It's the small business on the corner that now has access to the same sophisticated tools that only the big guys used to have access to, so now they can get their voice out to reach customers, create more jobs in their town, and become a social hub in their community.
Progress and social cohesion come from billions of stories like this happening all around the world. People having the power to express themselves at scale is a new kind of force in the world. It is a fifth estate alongside the other power structures in our society.
And, you know, people no longer have to rely on traditional gatekeepers and politicians. or media to make their voices heard. And that has important consequences.
And I understand the concerns that people have about how tech platforms have centralized power. But I actually believe that the much bigger story is how much these platforms have decentralized power by putting it directly into people's hands. It's part of this amazing expansion of voice that we've experienced through law and culture and now technology as well.
So giving people a voice and broader inclusion go hand in hand. And the trend has certainly been towards us getting much greater voice over time. But there's also an important counter trend, which is that in times of social tension, our impulse is often to pull back on free expression.
Because we want the progress that comes from free expression, but we don't want the tension. We saw this when Martin Luther King Jr. wrote his famous letter from a Birmingham jail where he was unconstitutionally jailed for protesting peacefully. And we saw this in the effort to shut down campus protests during the Vietnam War. We saw this way back when America was deeply polarized about its role in World War I, and the Supreme Court ruled at the time that The socialist leader Eugene Debs could be imprisoned for making an anti-war speech. In the end, all of these decisions were wrong.
Pulling back on free expression wasn't the answer, and in fact, it often ends up hurting the minority views that we seek to protect. Now from where we are today, it seems obvious that of course protests for civil rights or making a speech against a war should be allowed. Yet this desire to suppress this expression was filled deeply by a lot of society at the time. And today, we are in another moment of social tension. We face real issues that are going to take a long time to work through.
Massive economic transitions from globalization and technology. Fallout that remains from the 2008 financial crisis. Very polarized reactions to social issues and greater migration, not just here, but across the EU and around the world. And many of our issues flow downstream from these changes.
And in the face of these tensions, once again, a popular impulse is to pull back on free expression. We're at another crossroads. We can either continue to stand for free expression, understanding its messiness, but believing that the long journey towards greater progress requires confronting ideas that challenge us.
Or we can decide that the cost is simply too high. grade. And I'm here today because I believe that we must continue to stand for free expression. Now, at the same time, I know that free expression has never been absolute.
There are some people people who argue that internet platforms should allow all expression that is protected under the First Amendment, even though the First Amendment explicitly doesn't apply to companies. Now, I'm proud that our values at Facebook are inspired by the American tradition, which is more supportive of free expression than anywhere else in the world. But even American tradition recognizes that some speech infringes on other people's rights. Rules about what you can and can't say often have unintended consequences.
were implemented in the UK in the last century, Parliament noted that they were often applied more heavily to citizens from poorer backgrounds because the way they expressed things didn't match the elite Oxbridge style. And I believe that in everything we do, we need to make sure that we are empowering people and not simply reinforcing existing institutions and power structures. So that brings us back to the crossroads that we find ourselves at today.
Are we going to continue fighting to give more people a voice to be heard? Or are we going to pull back from free expression? Now I see three major threats ahead. The first is legal. We're increasingly seeing laws and regulations around the world that undermine free expression in people's human rights.
And these local laws are each individually troubling, especially when they shut down speech in places where there isn't democracy or freedom of the press. But it's even worse when countries try to impose their speech restrictions on the rest of the world. So this raises the larger question about the future of our global internet.
China is building its own internet, focused on very different values. And it's now exporting their vision of the internet to other countries. Until recently, the internet in almost every country outside of China has been defined by American platforms with strong free expression values.
But there's no guarantee that these values will win out. A decade ago, almost all of the internet was designed to be free expression. all of the major internet platforms were American. Today, six of the top 10 are Chinese.
And we're beginning to see this in social media, too. While our services, like WhatsApp, are used by protesters and activists everywhere due to strong encryption and privacy protections, on TikTok, the Chinese app growing quickly around the world, mentions of these same protests are censored, even here in the US. Is that the internet that we want?
So this is one of the reasons why we don't operate Facebook, Instagram, or our other services in China. I wanted our services in China because I believe in connecting the whole world and I thought maybe we could help create a more open society. This is something that I worked hard on for a long time. But we could never come to agreement on what it would take for us to operate there and they never let us in.
And now we have more freedom to speak out and stand up for the values that we believe in and fight for free expression around the world. So this question of which nations'values are going to determine what speech is allowed for decades to come really puts into perspective our debates about the content issues of the day. Because while we may disagree on exactly where to draw the line, the line on specific issues, we at least can disagree.
That's what free expression is. And the fact that we can even have this conversation means that we're at least debating from some common values. If another nation's platform set the rules, our discourse can be defined by a completely different set of values. So to push back on this, as our policymakers work to define internet policy and regulation, to address public safety and the important social issues, I think that we should also be proactive.
and write policy that helps the values of voice and expression triumph around the world. The second challenge to expression is from the platforms themselves, including us. Because the reality is that we make a lot of decisions that affect people's ability to speak.
Now I'm committed to the values that we're discussing today, but we won't always get it right. I understand that people are concerned about how much control we have over how people communicate on our services. And I understand people are concerned about bias and making sure that their ideas are treated fairly. And frankly, I don't think that we should be making so many important decisions about speech on our own either. We benefit from a more democratic process and clearer rules for the internet and some new institutions.
So that's why we're establishing an independent oversight board, for people to appeal our content decisions. The board is going to have the power to make final binding decisions about whether content stays up or comes down across our services. And these are going to be decisions that our team and I cannot overturn. And we're going to appoint members to this board who have a diversity of views and backgrounds, but who each hold free expression as a paramount value.
Building this institution is important to me personally, because I'm not always going to be here. And I want to ensure that these values of voice and free expression are enshrined deeply into how this company is governed. And the third challenge to expression is the hardest, because it actually comes from our culture itself. We're at a moment of particular tension here and around the world. And we're seeing the impulse to restrict speech and enforce new norms on what people can and cannot say.
And increasingly, we're seeing people across the spectrum try to define more speech as dangerous, because it may lead to political outcomes that they see as unacceptable. Some hold the view that since the stakes are now so high, they can no longer trust their fellow citizens with the power to communicate and to decide what to believe for themselves. I personally believe that this is more dangerous for democracy over the long term than almost any speech.
Democracy depends on the idea that we hold each other's right to express ourselves and be heard above our desire to always get the outcomes that we want. You can't impose tolerance top-down. It has to come from people opening up, sharing experiences, and developing a shared story for our society that we all feel like we're a part of. That's how we make progress. So how do we turn the tide?
Well, someone once told me that our founding fathers thought that free expression was like air. You don't miss it until it's gone. When people don't feel like they can express themselves, they lose faith in democracy and are more likely to support populist parties that prioritize specific policy outcomes over the health of our democratic and civic norms.
I'm a little more optimistic. I don't think we need to lose our freedom of expression to realize how important it is. I think that people get it and understand and appreciate the voice that they have now. And at some fundamental level, I think that most people believe in their fellow people too. And as long as our governments respect people's right to express themselves, as long as our platforms live up to their responsibilities to support expression and prevent harm, and as long as we all commit to being open and making space for more perspectives, I think we're going to make progress.
It's going to take time, but I think that we're going to work through this moment. We overcame deep polarization after World War I and intense political violence in the 1960s. Progress isn't linear.
Sometimes we have to take two steps forward and one step back. But if we can't agree to let each other talk about the issues, then we can't even take the first step. So even when it's hard, this is how we build a shared understanding. So yes, we have big disagreements.
Maybe more now than at any time in recent history. But part of this is because we're getting our issues out on the table. Issues that for a long time weren't talked about enough.
More people from more parts of our society now have a voice than ever before. And it's going to take time to... Hear all these voices and knit them together into a coherent narrative.
Sometimes we hope for a singular event to come along and resolve these conflicts, but that's never been how it works. We focus on the major institutions, our government, the large companies, but the bigger story has always been regular people using their voice to take billions of individual steps forward to make all of our lives and our communities better. The future depends on all of us.
And whether you like Facebook or not, I think we need to recognize what is at stake and come together to stand for voice and free expression at this critical moment. I believe in giving people a voice because at the end of the day, I believe in people. And as long as enough of us keep fighting for this, I believe that more people's voices will eventually help us work through these issues together and write a new chapter in our history where from all of our individual voices and perspectives, we can bring the world closer together. Thank you.