things greetings everyone my name is lakita maka today's lesson is all on animal nutrition and digestion is a process in which food is taken in and processed to turn it into basic nutrients that can be absorbed into the bloodstream so this can happen in both animals as well as humans but for the purposes of our topic because this is part of the great of agricultural sciences lesson according to the caps document so for the interest of our subject we'll just be discussing um animals both ruminants as well as non-prominent animals before we discuss digestion i want us to look into the elementary canal so we're going to start with the elementary canal of a ruminant so an elementary canal is the passage along which food passes through the body so it will start from the mouth then ends in the anus so the canal contains a series of organs of the body which are involved in in the in the digestion so it also absorbs water as well as excretes part of food that cannot be digested so this food that cannot be digested anymore will be excreted through the anus so the external structure of the elementary canal of ruminants as well as non-ruminants is different so i want us to look into the structure in front of us this is a structure of a ruminant this is a cow so cows as well as sheep will have the same the same structure of course in other animals that are ruminant animals so their elemental elementary canal consists of the mouth the esophagus they consist of the four stomach so this form first stomach is divided into four into the rumen reticulum or mesam as well as abomasa then the elementary canal has got the small intestine as well as the large intestine then we have the structure of non ruminants as i have mentioned earlier that these two are different so the main difference between these two is the stomachs so the ruminants have got four stomachs and the non-ruminants have no four stomachs meaning that they've got to what we call a true stomach so if you look into the structure in front of us this is the the the elementary canal of a pig so pig is a non-ruminant it has got a true stomach and no for stomach that means it doesn't have a rumen it doesn't have a reticulum it doesn't have an or may some it doesn't have an apomas so the elementary tract will contain the mouth it will contain esophagus it will contain stomach small intestine as well as the large intestine then the interesting part now with the small intestine of a pig is that it is divided into three into the duodenum the jejunum as well as the ilium then with the with the large intestine it is divided into the small column there is also a large column will also have the rectum as well as the anus now i want us to look into another non-ruminant another non-dominant animal which is a fowl or a chicken so chickens as well do not have four stomachs they have got um true stomachs or just a simple stomach as we can if you want to say that way so the elementary canal of a chicken will start from the mouth as well it will have esophagus it will have the crop it will have the stomach now this stomach or what we call info the gastric complex is divided into two compartments these compartments are called the pro-ventricular as well as the gizzard then it will have the small intestines as well as the large intestine yes the the the the chicken as well will have the rectum as same as the the the peak and also instead of the anus it doesn't have an anus it has what will ha what we call a clovaka right so coming to the differences in the external structure of both these animals just to summarize what we have been trying to say with the ruminants ruminants have got four stomach that means they have got a woman a reticulum or mesa as well as obamacare right but with the non-ruminants they don't have four stomach they just have a simple stomach right now with the ruminants the last stomach the last part of the four stomach which is the fourth stomach which is called abomasum it functions as a simple stomach off basically of non ruminants right but when it comes to the intestines now the small intestines with with with the ruminants the ruminants have got very long small intestine but within with the non ruminants they have got quite short intestines i think this can be argued because they've got they are small animals of course but there are a lot of um and they've got their functions of course so now that we have discussed the external structure of both the ruminant as well as non-ruminant now i want us to look into the internal structure of the elementary canal of a ruminant remember i said that the elementary canal of the ruminant consists of four stomach which has got four co compartments which include the rumen which is the largest part of the stomach then the reticulum the omisam as well as the abomination so we we're going to start from the reticule the the rooming i mean this this area here so the food will move through the esophagus then to the rumen then what happens yeah inside the rumen there are small tongue like protrusions which are also called papillae that can be seen with a naked eye now these are used to absorb the breakdown products of microbial digestion which are mainly volatile fatty acids so they develop when the young ruminant begins to feed on forage or grain then this food is then moved from the rumen to the reticulum so this area here which is called the reticulum is the second part of this four stomach this is the second compartment which received from food from the woman then it passes it through to the au mesa the third part here so what happens in the in the reticulum with the reticulum there are it looks like a honeycomb uh structure so this structure helps to form fibrous food such as grass into lumps or balances and these boluses are retained by the esophagus to the mouth through the process that we call rumination so this is basically chewing the cut so what happens when this food moves back to the mouth through the esophagus it regurgitates right it is chewed now again or ritued again into finer particles then this food again will move from the reticulum to the amazon right then with the omesa the internal structure how it looks like it is composed of like many folds like about 100 volts or leaves we which are arranged against each other like pages of a book you will see this this kind um this compartment on the next next slides one of our next slides so when we are discussing now the like the how the digestion happens right so what it does it squeezes water from the contents of of of the four stomach so that it can be passed now through this part the abomination so with the abomasum of a ruminant this is similar to the simple stomach found in non-ruminants such as pig so it has a smooth slippery internal surface so basically here this is just this is called a true stomach this is the simplest this this acts as a simplest stomach when you when we compare it to the non ruminants so the upper part now of of of this the the stomach um this this upper patch the upper part of the stomach um contains the glands which produce hydrochloric acid and then the lower parts contains glands which produce gastric enzymes right then after that we have we we connect the stomach connects to the small intestine so what happens in the small intestine thus is usually moist and it's smooth so it contains the microscopic finger like projections called veli so we cannot see this because they can be they cannot be seen with the naked eye so this really increases the absorb um the absorptive ability of the intestines so then now i want us to look into the digestion in both non-ruminants as well so with the digestion in ruminants they there are two two reactions or two actions so the digestion in nine ruminants has got a combination of both mechanical action which is the breaking down of food into smaller pieces then the chemical action which is the breaking down of the components of feed into their basic chemical constituents right as mentioned that there are there are two processes or actions involved in the digestion of a non-ruminant so i want to look at these actions through the process of digestion on different organs how how they how they plot which role they play and how these actions okay so we're gonna start with where digestion starts and that is the mouth this part here so the mechanical breakdown of food into finer particles is called chewing so that is the mechanical part then the tongue will move the food around the mouth then back to and then send it back to the the throat or the at the back of the mouth and this is where it can be swallowed now coming to the chemical part what will happen is the saliva is secreted into the mouth in response to the presence of food now this saliva softens the food and the the enzyme known as salivary amylase then began the chemical breakdown of starch into sugar called maltose right then we move to to the stomach so what happens here this area here so the food will pass from the esophagus to the stomach right so this area here this is the esophagus to the stomach right then the stomach will contract and moves the ingestion around the muscular force so this is the mechanical part then now what about the chemical part so what will happen the metal the mechanical action of the stomach mixes the hydrochloric acid and the digestive enzyme in the stomach with the food so that its chemical breakdown can begin so the hydrochloric acid is produ uh produced reacts with the enzyme pepsinogen to form pepsi right then this break downs the proteins into smaller components called peptides right so the digestive enzyme renin reacts with the protein in milk called carcinogen and it causes it to clot then the enzyme reaction uh the enzyme reaction forms the protein casein which is which can be digested digested let's look at the digestion in ruminants so the first stomach of the ruminant is designed to contain microbes and it provides them with a large storage container as well as a large amount of water so the the digestive tract of a cow consists of the mouth the esophagus a four compartment stomach which includes the rumen the reticulum which is the second part of the stomach the rumen is the first part and is the largest then the reticulum is the second part and then the omesam as well as abomesa then it includes the small intestine as well as a large intestine i know that we have been talking about this and it may start to be boring now but i want us to clearly understand the the role that these organs play in the digestive system of a ruminant all right then now we look into the intake of food and chewing off the cut this is something that i have mentioned earlier so the cattle use they are long mobile muscular tongues to grasp the food right of feet which is their food so this is made possible by at the rough surface of the tongue so what happens now the shop lower in sizes help to cut the grass and is pulled into the mouth the food forms a loose mess or a bolus in the mouth but it is hardly chewed at all before it is moved by the tongue to the back of the throat and it's swallowed then what happens from there what happens from there now is it will move down the esophagus by the process of peristalsis and this process is assisted by the large amount of saliva secreted into the mouth then the food will enter the forest stomach where the grass is mixed with water and is coated by the microorganisms and coated in the microorganisms by the contractions of the rumen right then the honeycomb surface of the reticulum will now trap the coarse lung fibers of the grass and will squeeze them into the bowlers right then from there this bonus will move up to the esophagus and into the mouth into the mouth by the process called the reverse peristalsis now then the food is then chewed again now the this is where we say the cows to the cut or they ruminate for up to eight hours each day so the cows make about 40 000 chewing movements per day now i want us to look at the differences in the digestive tract of a mature and young ruminants looking at the size of their stomach compartment so the major difference here is of course the size of their stomachs so as the young romanian grows older it begins to graze and the four stomach also develop also begins to develop right so at beth the roman reticulum amazon of the cough are small and they are under developed so the abu mesam now is the largest stomach the rumen starts to enlarge in size when the cough begins to ruminate and it's functional when the cough is about 30 months old whereas the rumen is the largest stomach uh compartment in a mature ruminant remember we said with the youngest or the young ruminant the abomisam is the largest compartment but with a much more uh ruminant the rumen is the mature is the largest compartment so it is important now for for us or for farmers to provide young ruminants with concentrates and hay so that the women can develop as soon as possible so in this diagram here it's different um step stomach compartment from when they cuff as sick as is just um in in their first week to three to four months and up to when the amma church so you can see the difference in size with with this one with the first one here the first one in the first week of course the uh the abomination is the largest part but all these other one is quite smaller but from from three to four months now the rumen begins to enlarge it's larger than the others and also when it has reached a mature stage the roman now also becomes the largest stomach compartment so that's it from me thank you very much for attending this session for for today i really appreciate your presence so to access the revision questions and memos please make sure that you leave your email addresses on the comment section below so what i will do is to just email to you the revision questions on this particular topic 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