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What is the role of phagocytic leukocytes concerning antibodies?
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Phagocytic leukocytes engulf and digest agglutinated bacteria.
What happens to agglutinated bacteria?
Agglutinated bacteria are identified, engulfed, and digested by phagocytic leukocytes.
Give an example of antigens used for identifying specific bacteria.
The structure of cell membranes and glycoproteins are used as antigens for identifying specific bacteria.
Explain the specificity of antibodies.
Specific antibodies bind to specific antigens.
How does antigen similarity relate to cell relation?
Closely related cells have more similar antigens due to genetic control.
How are antigens used by the body?
They are used to identify cells.
What is agglutination and how is it initiated?
Agglutination is the clumping of bacteria, initiated by antibodies binding to antigens.
What type of cells secrete antibodies?
B-cells, a type of lymphocyte.
What is the function of the binding sites on an antibody?
The binding sites attach to antigens on foreign bacteria.
What effect do antibodies have on bacteria?
They cause agglutination (clumping) of bacteria.
Describe the structure of an antibody.
An antibody is a Y-shaped protein molecule with two binding sites at the ends.
What is the primary molecular structure of antigens?
Large protein molecules, often glycoproteins in cell membranes or cell walls.
How does genetic control affect antigens?
Genetically controlled antigens result in closely related cells having more similar antigens than unrelated cells.
What happens after antibodies bind to antigens?
Post-binding, bacteria are agglutinated and targeted by the immune system.
What does the term 'specificity' refer to in the context of antibodies?
It refers to the ability of antibodies to bind only to particular antigens.
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